Muutke küpsiste eelistusi

Principles of Sustainable Energy Systems, Third Edition 3rd edition [Kõva köide]

, (University of Colorado Boulder, USA), (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 654 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1380 g, 365 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498788920
  • ISBN-13: 9781498788922
  • Kõva köide
  • Hind: 157,50 €*
  • * hind on lõplik, st. muud allahindlused enam ei rakendu
  • Tavahind: 223,80 €
  • Säästad 30%
  • Raamatu kohalejõudmiseks kirjastusest kulub orienteeruvalt 2-4 nädalat
  • Kogus:
  • Lisa ostukorvi
  • Tasuta tarne
  • Tellimisaeg 2-4 nädalat
  • Lisa soovinimekirja
  • Formaat: Hardback, 654 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1380 g, 365 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Sep-2018
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1498788920
  • ISBN-13: 9781498788922

PRINCIPLES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS, Third Edition, surveys the range of sustainable energy sources and the tools that engineers, scientists, managers, and policy makers use to analyze energy generation, usage, and future trends. The text provides complete and up-to-date coverage of all renewable technologies, including solar and wind power, biofuels, hydroelectric, nuclear, ocean power, and geothermal energy. The economics of energy are introduced, with the SAM software package integrated so students can explore the dynamics of energy usage and prediction. Climate and environmental factors in energy use are integrated to give a complete picture of sustainable energy analysis and planning.

Foreword xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xix
Authors xxi
Contributors xxiii
1 Introduction to Sustainable Energy 1(54)
Susan Krumdieck
1.1 Sustainability Principles
2(5)
1.1.1 Energy Crisis: Security Issues
3(2)
1.1.2 Sustainable Development
5(1)
1.1.3 Sustainability Principles in Practice
6(1)
1.1.4 Challenges for Sustainability Engineering
7(1)
1.2 Carrying Capacity and Exponential Growth
7(8)
1.2.1 Population Issue
7(2)
1.2.2 Water Issue
9(2)
1.2.3 Food Supply Issues
11(1)
1.2.4 Per Capita Energy Use
12(1)
1.2.5 Mathematics of Exponential Growth
12(3)
1.3 Context for Sustainable Energy
15(3)
1.3.1 Historical Energy Development in the United States
15(2)
1.3.2 Current Energy Use
17(1)
1.3.3 Future Energy Scenarios for the United States
18(1)
1.4 Key Sustainability Considerations
18(10)
1.4.1 The Challenge of Climate Change
18(5)
1.4.2 Energy Economic Efficiency
23(1)
1.4.3 Energy Return on Energy Invested
23(2)
1.4.4 Cost of Energy Production
25(1)
1.4.5 Other Costs of Energy Development
26(2)
1.5 Energy Efficiency and Conservation
28(3)
1.5.1 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Buildings
29(1)
1.5.2 Energy End-Use Demand Reduction in Transportation
30(1)
1.5.3 Energy Management in Industry and Manufacturing
30(1)
1.6 Conventional Energy
31(1)
1.6.1 Fossil Fuels
31(1)
1.6.2 Nuclear Power
31(1)
1.7 Renewable Energy
32(8)
1.7.1 Wind Energy
33(1)
1.7.2 Solar Photovoltaics
34(1)
1.7.3 Solar Thermal
35(1)
1.7.4 Ocean and Geothermal Energy
36(2)
1.7.5 Biomass and Biofuel
38(1)
1.7.6 Hydroelectric Generation
39(1)
1.8 Hydrogen
40(2)
1.9 NREL System Advisor Model
42(3)
Energy Units and Conversion Factors
45(1)
Problems
45(3)
Discussion Questions
48(2)
Online Resources
50(1)
References
51(2)
Suggested Readings
53(2)
2 Economics of Energy Generation and Conservation Systems 55(22)
2.1 Unit Cost of Energy
55(1)
2.2 Payback Period
56(1)
2.3 Time Value of Money
57(2)
2.4 Inflation
59(1)
2.5 Total Life Cycle Costs
60(3)
2.6 Internal Rate of Return
63(3)
2.7 Capital Recovery Factor
66(2)
2.8 Levelized Cost of Energy
68(3)
2.9 Societal and Environmental Costs
71(2)
Problems
73(2)
References
75(2)
3 Energy Systems Analysis Methodologies 77(30)
3.1 Life Cycle Approach
77(4)
1.2 Process Chain Analysis
81(2)
3.3 Input-Output (I/O) Analysis
83(4)
3.4 Embedded Energy
87(5)
3.5 Energy Return on Energy Invested
92(9)
3.5.1 Calculation of EROI
95(1)
3.5.2 EROI and Energy Budgets
96(3)
3.5.3 EROI for a Wind Energy System
99(2)
3.6 Greenhouse Gas Accounting
101(2)
Problems
103(2)
References
105(2)
4 Energy Use and Efficiency in Buildings and Industry 107(52)
4.1 Background
107(3)
4.2 Energy Audits and Energy Management
110(2)
4.3 Buildings
112(36)
4.3.1 Calculations of Heating and Hot Water Loads in Buildings
112(9)
4.3.1.1 Calculation of Heat Loss
112(4)
4.3.1.2 Internal Heat Sources in Buildings
116(1)
4.3.1.3 Degree-Day Method
116(4)
4.3.1.4 Service Hot Water Load Calculation
120(1)
4.3.2 Cooling Requirements for Buildings
121(4)
4.3.3 Vapor-Compression Cycle
125(5)
4.3.4 Evaporative Cooling
130(1)
4.3.5 Energy Efficiency in Commercial Buildings
130(7)
4.3.5.1 Commercial Buildings Case Studies
135(2)
4.3.6 Energy Efficiency in Residential Buildings
137(9)
4.3.6.1 Residential Case Study: Net-Zero Habitat for Humanity House
145(1)
4.3.7 Zero-Energy Urban Districts
146(2)
4.4 Industrial Energy Efficiency
148(6)
4.4.1 Background
148(1)
4.4.2 Improving Industrial Processes
148(3)
4.4.3 Improvements in Industrial Equipment
151(3)
Problems
154(2)
References
156(3)
5 Electricity Supply Systems 159(36)
5.1 Historical Development of the U.S. Electric Power System
159(1)
5.2 Electrical Transmission
160(3)
5.3 The Electric Grid and Electricity Markets
163(7)
5.3.1 Rate Structures
166(1)
5.3.2 Electricity Markets
166(29)
5.3.2.1 Energy Market
167(1)
5.3.2.2 Capacity Market
168(1)
5.3.2.3 Ancillary Services Market
169(1)
5.3.2.4 Financial Transmission Rights Market
170(1)
5.4 Grid Operations
170(5)
5.5 Integration of Variable Renewable Energy into the Grid
175(9)
5.6 Demand Response and Transactional Controls
184(3)
Problems
187(6)
References
193(2)
6 Fossil Fuels 195(28)
6.1 Fossil Fuel Resources and Extraction
195(8)
6.1.1 Coal
195(3)
6.1.2 Natural Gas
198(2)
6.1.3 Petroleum
200(3)
6.2 Fossil Fuel Combustion and Energy Conversion Technologies
203(7)
6.2.1 Heat of Combustion
203(1)
6.2.2 Fossil Fuel Use for Heat
204(1)
6.2.3 Electricity Generation from Pulverized Coal
205(3)
6.2.4 Electricity Generation from Natural Gas
208(1)
6.2.5 Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle
209(1)
6.3 Air Pollution from Fossil Fuel Combustion
210(7)
6.3.1 Local and Regional Scale Air Pollution
210(2)
6.3.2 Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Climate Change
212(3)
6.3.3 Carbon Capture and Sequestration
215(2)
6.3.4 Leaving It in the Ground
217(1)
Problems
217(2)
References
219(4)
7 Nuclear Energy 223(22)
7.1 Introduction
223(2)
7.2 Fission Mechanism
225(4)
7.3 Available Nuclear Resources
229(2)
7.3.1 Uranium Resources
229(2)
7.3.2 Plutonium
231(1)
7.4 Reactor Types
231(2)
7.4.1 Pressurized-Water Reactors (PWRs)
231(1)
7.4.2 Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs)
232(1)
7.4.3 Heavy Water Cooled and Moderated Reactor
233(1)
7.5 Nuclear Waste Management and Disposal
233(3)
7.6 Spent Fuel Storage and Reprocessing
236(1)
7.7 Nuclear Power Plant Accidents
237(1)
7.8 Current Status and Cost of Nuclear Technology
238(1)
7.9 Next-Generation Nuclear Technologies
238(3)
Discussion Questions
241(1)
Acknowledgment
242(1)
References
242(3)
8 Wind Energy 245(62)
Gary E. Pawlas
8.1 Introduction
245(3)
8.2 Environmental Impact
248(4)
8.2.1 Noise and Visual Impact
249(1)
8.2.2 Life Cycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Land, and Water Use
250(1)
8.2.3 Bird and Bat Fatalities
250(2)
8.3 Power and Energy of Wind
252(2)
8.4 Coefficient of Performance
254(1)
8.5 Aerodynamics
255(3)
8.6 Wind Characteristics
258(11)
8.6.1 Wind Generation
258(1)
8.6.2 Distribution of Wind
259(2)
8.6.3 Wind Speed Increasing with Height
261(1)
8.6.4 Log Law Wind Speed Profile
261(2)
8.6.5 Power Law Wind Speed Profile
263(2)
8.6.6 Probability of Observing a Given Wind Speed
265(4)
8.7 Turbine Performance
269(10)
8.7.1 Control Schemes
278(1)
8.8 Levelized Cost of Energy for a Wind Turbine
279(5)
8.9 Wind Farms
284(3)
8.10 Offshore Wind Energy
287(5)
8.11 System Advisor Model for Wind Farm Analysis
292(6)
8.12 Additional Topics for Study
298(2)
Acknowledgment
300(1)
Problems
300(3)
References
303(4)
9 Capturing Solar Energy through Biomass 307(44)
Robert C. Brown
Mark M. Wright
9.1 Biomass Production and Land Use
307(11)
9.1.1 Waste Materials
308(1)
9.1.2 Energy Crops
309(2)
9.1.3 Algae
311(1)
9.1.4 Land Use for Biomass Production
311(5)
9.1.5 Important Properties of Biomass
316(2)
9.2 Biomass Process Economics and Technology
318(24)
9.2.1 Biomass Process Economics
318(3)
9.2.2 Conversion of Biomass to Gaseous Fuels
321(5)
9.2.2.1 Biomass to Biogas
321(1)
9.2.2.2 Biomass to Synthetic Gas
321(5)
9.2.3 Conversion of Biomass to Liquid Fuels
326(10)
9.2.3.1 Corn Ethanol
327(1)
9.2.3.2 Cellulosic Ethanol
328(1)
9.2.3.3 Biomass Fermentation to Alternative Fuels
329(1)
9.2.3.4 Biomass to Fischer-Tropsch Liquids
330(1)
9.2.3.5 Biomass Pyrolysis Oil to Gasoline and Diesel
331(2)
9.2.3.6 Compressed Gases as Transportation Fuel
333(1)
9.2.3.7 Modern Concepts in Biofuel Conversion
333(3)
9.2.4 Conversion of Biomass to Electricity
336(4)
9.2.4.1 Direct Combustion
336(2)
9.2.4.2 Combustion Equipment
338(1)
9.2.4.3 Biomass Cofiring
339(1)
9.2.5 Fossil and Biomass Fuel Properties
340(2)
9.3 Use of Biomass in Developing Communities
342(2)
9.4 Conclusions
344(1)
Problems
345(2)
References
347(4)
10 Fundamentals of Solar Radiation 351(46)
Jan Kreider
10.1 Physics of the Sun and Its Energy Transport
351(1)
10.2 Thermal Radiation Fundamentals
352(9)
10.2.1 Black-Body Radiation
353(1)
10.2.2 Radiation Function Tables
354(3)
10.2.3 Intensity of Radiation and Shape Factor
357(3)
10.2.4 Transmission of Radiation through a Medium
360(1)
10.3 Sun-Earth Geometric Relationship
361(15)
10.3.1 Solar Time and Angles
364(5)
10.3.2 Sun-Path Diagram
369(5)
10.3.3 Shadow-Angle Protractor
374(2)
10.4 Solar Radiation
376(5)
10.4.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation
377(4)
10.5 Estimation of Terrestrial Solar Radiation
381(7)
10.5.1 Atmospheric Extinction of Solar Radiation
381(2)
10.5.2 Solar Radiation on Clear Days
383(1)
10.5.3 Solar Radiation on a Tilted Surface
384(4)
10.6 TMY Data to Determine Solar Radiation
388(1)
10.7 Measurement of Solar Radiation
388(6)
10.7.1 Instruments for Measuring Solar Radiation and Sunshine
389(3)
10.7.2 Detectors for Solar Radiation Instrumentation
392(1)
10.7.3 Measurement of Sunshine Duration
393(1)
10.7.4 Measurement of Spectral Solar Radiation
393(1)
10.7.5 National Solar Radiation Database
393(1)
Problems
394(1)
References
395(2)
11 Photovoltaics 397(50)
11.1 Semiconductors
399(7)
11.1.1 p-n Junction
402(1)
11.1.2 Photovoltaic Effect
402(4)
11.2 Analysis of Photovoltaic Cells
406(9)
11.2.1 Efficiency of Solar Cells
411(1)
11.2.2 Multijunction Solar Cells
411(1)
11.2.3 Design of a Photovoltaic System
412(3)
11.3 Manufacture of Solar Cells and Panels
415(5)
11.3.1 Single Crystal and Polycrystalline Cells
415(4)
11.3.2 Amorphous Silicon
419(1)
11.4 Design for Remote Photovoltaic Applications
420(5)
11.4.1 Estimation of Loads and Load Profiles
420(2)
11.4.2 Estimation of Available Solar Radiation
422(1)
11.4.3 PV System Sizing
422(2)
11.4.4 Water Pumping Applications
424(1)
11.5 Thin-Film PV Technology
425(2)
11.6 Multilayer PV Technology
427(7)
11.7 Today's PV Market
434(2)
11.8 Using System Advisor Model (SAM) for PV Performance Estimates
436(5)
Problems
441(3)
References
444(1)
Suggested Readings
445(2)
12 Solar Thermal Collectors and Systems 447(58)
Jan Kreider
Jeffrey H. Morehouse
12.1 Radiation Properties of Materials
447(4)
12.1.1 Selective Surfaces
449(1)
12.1.2 Reflective Surfaces
449(2)
12.2 Energy Balance for a Flat Plate Collector
451(2)
12.3 Experimental Testing of Collectors
453(3)
12.3.1 Testing Standards for Solar Thermal Collectors
454(2)
12.4 Evacuated Tube Collectors
456(1)
12.5 Transpired Air Collectors
457(3)
12.6 Concentrating Solar Collectors
460(6)
12.6.1 Line-Focus Concentrators
460(3)
12.6.1.1 Parabolic Troughs
460(3)
12.6.1.2 Linear Fresnel Collectors
463(1)
12.6.2 Point-Focus Concentrators
463(3)
12.7 Solar Domestic Hot Water, Space Heating, and Cooling Systems
466(16)
12.7.1 Solar Thermosyphon Water Heating
466(4)
12.7.2 Forced-Circulation Hot Water Systems
470(6)
12.7.3 Liquid-Based Solar Heating Systems for Buildings
476(1)
12.7.4 Passive Solar Heating Systems
477(3)
12.7.5 Solar Cooling Systems
480(2)
12.8 Solar Thermal Power Plants
482(16)
12.8.1 Parabolic Trough-Based Power Plants
482(8)
12.8.2 Power Towers
490(8)
12.9 Solar Industrial Process Heat
498(3)
Problems
501(1)
References
502(3)
13 Ocean, Hydropower, and Geothermal Energy Conversion 505(36)
13.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
505(11)
13.1.1 Closed-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
507(4)
13.1.2 Open-Cycle Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
511(2)
13.1.3 Direct Contact Evaporation and Condensation
513(1)
13.1.4 Comparison of Open-and Closed-Cycle OTEC Systems
514(1)
13.1.5 Cold-Water Pipe and Pumping Requirements
515(1)
13.1.6 Economics
516(1)
13.2 Tidal Energy
516(7)
13.3 Wave Energy
523(5)
13.3.1 Deep Water Wave Power
523(3)
13.3.2 Wave Power Devices
526(2)
13.4 Hydropower
528(3)
13.5 Geothermal Energy
531(6)
13.5.1 Geothermal Power
531(6)
13.5.1.1 Current Commercial Geothermal Power Technologies
534(2)
13.5.1.2 Technology Status
536(1)
13.5.2 Direct Use of Geothermal Energy
537(1)
Problems
537(2)
References
539(2)
14 Storage Technologies 541(44)
14.1 Overview of Storage Technology
541(3)
14.1.1 Applications
542(1)
14.1.2 Technology Characterization
542(2)
14.2 Mechanical Technologies
544(7)
14.2.1 Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage
546(3)
14.2.1.1 Turbines
548(1)
14.2.2 Compressed Air Energy Storage
549(1)
14.2.3 Flywheels
550(1)
14.3 Direct Electrical Technologies
551(1)
14.3.1 Ultracapacitors
551(1)
14.3.2 Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage
551(1)
14.4 Fundamentals of Batteries and Fuel Cells
551(4)
14.4.1 Principles of Battery Operation
553(2)
14.4.2 Cell Physics
555(1)
14.5 Rechargeable Batteries
555(7)
14.5.1 Lead-Acid Batteries
556(2)
14.5.2 Nickel Metal (Ni-Cd and Ni-MH)
558(1)
14.5.3 Lithium Ion
559(1)
14.5.4 Flow Batteries
560(2)
14.6 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
562(4)
14.6.1 Principles of Fuel Cell Operation
562(1)
14.6.2 Types of Fuel Cells
563(1)
14.6.3 Generation of Hydrogen
564(1)
14.6.4 Storage and Transport
565(1)
14.6.5 Thermodynamics and Economics
565(1)
14.7 Thermal Energy Storage
566(10)
14.7.1 Sensible Heat
566(1)
14.7.2 Phase Change Heat Storage
567(1)
14.7.3 Thermochemical Storage
568(2)
14.7.4 Applications
570(1)
14.7.5 Thermal Storage for Concentrating Collector Systems
570(1)
14.7.6 Overnight Storage for Buildings and Domestic Hot Water
570(6)
14.8 Virtual Storage in the Electric Transmission Grid
576(4)
Problems
580(2)
References
582(3)
15 Transportation 585(28)
15.1 Introduction
585(1)
15.2 Overview of Transportation Systems and Energy Use
586(3)
15.3 Well-to-Wheels Analysis
589(3)
15.4 Biofuels
592(2)
15.5 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
594(1)
15.6 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
595(3)
15.7 Combining HEVs or PHEVs with Biofuels
598(4)
15.7.1 Petroleum Requirement
599(1)
15.7.2 Carbon Dioxide Emissions
600(2)
15.8 Future All-Electric System
602(1)
15.9 Natural Gas as a Transportation Fuel
602(2)
15.10 Hydrogen for Transportation
604(2)
Problems
606(3)
References
609(2)
Online Resources
611(2)
Index 613
Charles F. Kutscher is a fellow of the Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, a joint institute between the University of Colorado-Boulder and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). He served as the director of the Buildings and Thermal Sciences Center at NREL from 2013 until his retirement in 2018. He has worked in the field of renewable energy for over four decades, during which time he has led research in solar heating and cooling, building energy efficiency, solar industrial process heat, geothermal power, and concentrating solar power. He is a fellow of the American Solar Energy Society (ASES) and served as the Societys chair in 2000 and 2001. He led the ASES study, Tackling Climate Change in the U.S., which detailed how energy efficiency and six renewable energy technologies could greatly reduce U.S. carbon emissions by 2030. He has served as an adjunct professor at the University of Colorado at Boulder and the Colorado School of Mines. He obtained a B.S. in physics from the State University of New York at Albany, an M.S. in nuclear engineering from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, and a Ph.D. in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado-Boulder.



Jana B. Milford is a professor and former department chair in the Mechanical Engineering Department at the University of Colorado-Boulder; she received her PhD from Carnegie-Mellon University, and J.D. from the University of Colorado Law School. Her research includes application of formal sensitivity and uncertainty analysis and optimization techniques to chemistry and transport models, and the use of these models in making decisions.



Frank Kreith is an internationally renowned expert in solar energy, heat transfer and thermal energy, and is the author of numerous textbooks and reference works in these fields. Dr. Kreith received his PhD from the University of Paris, and taught at the University of Colorado-Boulder until his retirement.