Foreword to the First Edition |
|
xiii | |
Preface |
|
xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xix | |
|
Introduction to Communications Circuits |
|
|
1 | (6) |
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
Lower Frequency Analog Design and Microwave Design Versus Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuit Design |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
Impedance Levels for Microwave and Low-Frequency Analog Design |
|
|
2 | (1) |
|
Units for Microwave and Low-Frequency Analog Design |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
Radio-Frequency Integrated Circuits Used in a Communications Transceiver |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (2) |
|
|
6 | (1) |
|
Issues in RFIC Design: Noise, Linearity, and Signals |
|
|
7 | (36) |
|
|
7 | (1) |
|
|
7 | (11) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
Available Power from Antenna |
|
|
9 | (1) |
|
The Concept of Noise Figure |
|
|
10 | (4) |
|
The Noise Figure of an Amplifier Circuit |
|
|
14 | (2) |
|
|
16 | (2) |
|
Linearity and Distortion in RF Circuits |
|
|
18 | (11) |
|
|
19 | (3) |
|
Third-Order Intercept Point |
|
|
22 | (2) |
|
Second-Order Intercept Point |
|
|
24 | (1) |
|
The 1-dB Compression Point |
|
|
25 | (1) |
|
Relationships Between 1-dB Compression and IP3 Points |
|
|
26 | (1) |
|
Broadband Measures of Linearity |
|
|
27 | (2) |
|
|
29 | (14) |
|
|
31 | (5) |
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
|
40 | (3) |
|
System Level Architecture and Design Considerations |
|
|
43 | (32) |
|
Transmitter and Receiver Architectures and Some Design Considerations |
|
|
43 | (5) |
|
Superheterodyne Transceivers |
|
|
43 | (2) |
|
Direct Conversion Transceivers |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
Low IF Transceiver and Other Alternative Transceiver Architectures |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
System Level Considerations |
|
|
48 | (22) |
|
The Noise Figure of Components in Series |
|
|
48 | (4) |
|
The Linearity of Components in Series |
|
|
52 | (2) |
|
|
54 | (2) |
|
Image Signals and Image Reject Filtering |
|
|
56 | (1) |
|
Blockers and Blocker Filtering |
|
|
57 | (2) |
|
The Effect of Phase Noise on SNR in a Receiver |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
60 | (1) |
|
Second-Order Nonlinearity Issues |
|
|
61 | (1) |
|
Receiver Automatic Gain Control Issues |
|
|
62 | (1) |
|
EVM in Transmitters Including Phase Noise, Linearity, IQ Mismatch, EVM with OFDM Waveforms, and Nonlinearity |
|
|
63 | (3) |
|
ADC and DAC Specifications |
|
|
66 | (4) |
|
Antennas and the Link Between a Transmitter and a Receiver |
|
|
70 | (5) |
|
|
73 | (2) |
|
A Brief Review of Technology |
|
|
75 | (26) |
|
|
75 | (1) |
|
Bipolar Transistor Description |
|
|
75 | (3) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
78 | (1) |
|
|
79 | (1) |
|
|
80 | (3) |
|
fT as a Function of Current |
|
|
82 | (1) |
|
Noise in Bipolar Transistors |
|
|
83 | (2) |
|
Thermal Noise in Transistor Components |
|
|
83 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
Base Shot Noise Discussion |
|
|
85 | (1) |
|
Noise Sources in the Transistor Model |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
Bipolar Transistor Design Considerations |
|
|
86 | (1) |
|
|
87 | (11) |
|
NMOS Transistor Operation |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
PMOS Transistor Operation |
|
|
90 | (1) |
|
|
90 | (2) |
|
fT and fmax for CMOS Transistors |
|
|
92 | (1) |
|
CMOS Small-Signal Model Including Noise |
|
|
92 | (6) |
|
Practical Considerations in Transistor Layout |
|
|
98 | (3) |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
98 | (1) |
|
|
99 | (1) |
|
ESD Protection and Antenna Rules |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
100 | (1) |
|
|
101 | (30) |
|
|
101 | (2) |
|
Review of the Smith Chart |
|
|
103 | (3) |
|
|
106 | (5) |
|
Conversions Between Series and Parallel Resistor-Inductor and Resistor-Capacitor Circuits |
|
|
111 | (1) |
|
Tapped Capacitors and Inductors |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
The Concept of Mutual Inductance |
|
|
114 | (2) |
|
Matching Using Transformers |
|
|
116 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
The Bandwidth of an Impedance Transformation Network |
|
|
118 | (2) |
|
Quality Factor of an LC Resonator |
|
|
120 | (2) |
|
Broadband Impedance Matching |
|
|
122 | (3) |
|
|
125 | (1) |
|
|
126 | (5) |
|
|
128 | (3) |
|
The Use and Design of Passive Circuit Elements in IC Technologies |
|
|
131 | (40) |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
The Technology Back End and Metalization in IC Technologies |
|
|
131 | (1) |
|
Sheet Resistance and the Skin Effect |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
|
136 | (1) |
|
Current Handling in Metal Lines |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Poly Resistors and Diffusion Resistors |
|
|
137 | (1) |
|
Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitors and Stacked Metal Capacitors |
|
|
138 | (1) |
|
Applications of On-Chip Spiral Inductors and Transformers |
|
|
139 | (1) |
|
Design of Inductors and Transformers |
|
|
140 | (2) |
|
Some Basic Lumped Models for Inductors |
|
|
142 | (1) |
|
Calculating the Inductance of Spirals |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
Self-Resonance of Inductors |
|
|
144 | (1) |
|
The Quality Factor of an Inductor |
|
|
144 | (4) |
|
Characterization of an Inductor |
|
|
148 | (1) |
|
Some Notes about the Proper Use of Inductors |
|
|
149 | (3) |
|
Layout of Spiral Inductors |
|
|
152 | (1) |
|
|
153 | (1) |
|
The Use of Slotted Ground Shields and Inductors |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
Basic Transformer Layouts in IC Technologies |
|
|
154 | (3) |
|
|
157 | (2) |
|
Characterizing Transformers for Use in ICs |
|
|
159 | (1) |
|
On-Chip Transmission Lines |
|
|
160 | (4) |
|
Effect of Transmission Line |
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
Transmission Line Examples |
|
|
161 | (3) |
|
High-Frequency Measurement of On-Chip Passives and Some Common De-Embedding Techniques |
|
|
164 | (1) |
|
|
165 | (6) |
|
Other Packaging Techniques and Board Level Technology |
|
|
168 | (1) |
|
|
169 | (2) |
|
|
171 | (68) |
|
Introduction and Basic Amplifiers |
|
|
171 | (10) |
|
Common-Emitter/Source Amplifier (Driver) |
|
|
171 | (4) |
|
Simplified Expressions for Widely Separated Poles |
|
|
175 | (1) |
|
The Common-Base/Gate Amplifier (Cascode) |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
The Common-Collector/Drain Amplifier (Emitter/Source Follower) |
|
|
178 | (3) |
|
|
181 | (5) |
|
Common-Emitter/Source with Series Feedback (Emitter/Source Degeneration) |
|
|
181 | (2) |
|
The Common-Emitter/Source with Shunt Feedback |
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
|
186 | (19) |
|
Input Referred Noise Model of the Bipolar Transistor |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
Noise Figure of the Common-Emitter Amplifier |
|
|
188 | (2) |
|
Noise Model of the CMOS Transistor |
|
|
190 | (1) |
|
Input Matching of LNAs for Low Noise |
|
|
191 | (10) |
|
Relationship Between Noise Figure and Bias Current |
|
|
201 | (2) |
|
Effect of the Cascode on Noise Figure |
|
|
203 | (1) |
|
Noise in the Common-Collector/Drain Amplifier |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (9) |
|
Exponential Nonlinearity in the Bipolar Transistor |
|
|
205 | (6) |
|
Nonlinearity in the CMOS Transistor |
|
|
211 | (1) |
|
Nonlinearity in the Output Impedance of the Bipolar Transistor |
|
|
211 | (2) |
|
High-Frequency Nonlinearity in the Bipolar Transistor |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
Linearity in Common-Collector/Drain Configuration |
|
|
213 | (1) |
|
|
214 | (1) |
|
|
215 | (5) |
|
Bipolar Differential Pair |
|
|
215 | (2) |
|
Linearity in Bipolar Differential Pairs |
|
|
217 | (1) |
|
|
218 | (1) |
|
Linearity of the CMOS Differential Pair |
|
|
219 | (1) |
|
Low Voltage Topologies for LNAs and the Use of On-Chip Transformers |
|
|
220 | (2) |
|
|
222 | (6) |
|
|
223 | (1) |
|
Temperature Independent Reference Generators |
|
|
224 | (3) |
|
Constant GM Biasing for CMOS |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Broadband LNA Design Example |
|
|
228 | (3) |
|
|
231 | (8) |
|
|
233 | (2) |
|
Steps in Designing the Distributed Amplifier |
|
|
235 | (1) |
|
|
236 | (1) |
|
|
237 | (2) |
|
|
239 | (52) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
|
239 | (1) |
|
Transconductance-Controlled Mixer |
|
|
240 | (2) |
|
|
242 | (3) |
|
Mixer with Switching of Upper Quad |
|
|
245 | (5) |
|
|
246 | (1) |
|
|
246 | (2) |
|
Analysis of Switching Modulator |
|
|
248 | (2) |
|
|
250 | (9) |
|
Summary of Bipolar Mixer Noise Components |
|
|
256 | (2) |
|
Summary of CMOS Mixer Noise Components |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
|
259 | (3) |
|
|
262 | (1) |
|
|
262 | (7) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Effect of Bond Pads and the Package |
|
|
264 | (1) |
|
Matching, Bias Resistors, Gain |
|
|
265 | (4) |
|
Image-Reject and Single-Sideband Mixer |
|
|
269 | (7) |
|
Alternative Single-Sideband Mixers |
|
|
270 | (1) |
|
Generating 90° Phase Shift |
|
|
271 | (3) |
|
Image Rejection with Amplitude and Phase Mismatch |
|
|
274 | (2) |
|
Alternative Mixer Designs |
|
|
276 | (15) |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Mixers with Transformer Input |
|
|
277 | (1) |
|
Mixer with Simultaneous Noise and Power Match |
|
|
277 | (2) |
|
Mixers with Coupling Capacitors |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
CMOS Mixer with Current Reuse |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (8) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Voltage Controlled Oscillators |
|
|
291 | (106) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Adding Negative Resistance Through Feedback to the Resonator |
|
|
292 | (2) |
|
Popular Implementations of Feedback to the Resonator |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
Configuration of the Amplifier (Colpitts or -Gm) |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Analysis of an Oscillator as a Feedback System |
|
|
296 | (8) |
|
Oscillator Closed-Loop Analysis |
|
|
296 | (2) |
|
Capacitor Ratios with Colpitts Oscillators |
|
|
298 | (3) |
|
Oscillator Open-Loop Analysis |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
Simplified Loop Gain Estimates |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
Negative Resistance Generated by the Amplifier |
|
|
304 | (5) |
|
Negative Resistance of the Colpitts Oscillator |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
Negative Resistance for Series and Parallel Circuits |
|
|
305 | (2) |
|
Negative Resistance Analysis of -Gm Oscillator |
|
|
307 | (2) |
|
Comments on Oscillator Analysis |
|
|
309 | (2) |
|
Basic Differential Oscillator Topologies |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
A Modified Common-Collector Colpitts Oscillator with Buffering |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Several Refinements to the -Gm Topology Using Bipolar Transistors |
|
|
312 | (3) |
|
The Effect of Parasitics on the Frequency of Oscillation |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Large-Signal Nonlinearity in the Transistor |
|
|
316 | (1) |
|
Bias Shifting During Startup |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Colpitts Oscillator Amplitude |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (10) |
|
Linear or Additive Phase Noise and Leeson's Formula |
|
|
322 | (6) |
|
Some Additional Notes About Low-Frequency Noise |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Impulse Sensitivity Noise Analysis |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Making the Oscillator Tunable |
|
|
331 | (16) |
|
Low-Frequency Phase-Noise Upconversion Reduction Techniques |
|
|
347 | (6) |
|
|
347 | (2) |
|
gm Matching and Waveform Symmetry |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Differential Varactors and Differential Tuning |
|
|
350 | (3) |
|
VCO Automatic-Amplitude Control Circuits |
|
|
353 | (9) |
|
Supply Noise Filters in Oscillators, Example Circuit |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (13) |
|
Quadrature Oscillators and Injection Locking |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
Phase Shift of Injection Locked Oscillator |
|
|
381 | (8) |
|
Parallel Coupled Quadrature LC Oscillators |
|
|
382 | (5) |
|
Series Coupled Quadrature Oscillators |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
Other Quadrature Generation Techniques |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (8) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
389 | (4) |
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
395 | (2) |
|
|
397 | (44) |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Integer-N PLL Synthesizers |
|
|
397 | (2) |
|
|
399 | (6) |
|
Voltage Controlled Oscillators (VCOs) and Dividers |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
|
403 | (2) |
|
Continuous-Time Analysis for PLL Synthesizers |
|
|
405 | (5) |
|
Simplified Loop Equations |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
PLL System Frequency Response and Bandwidth |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Complete Loop Transfer Function Including C2 |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Discrete Time Analysis for PLL Synthesizers |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
Transient Behavior of PLLs |
|
|
412 | (17) |
|
PLL Linear Transient Behavior |
|
|
413 | (3) |
|
Nonlinear Transient Behavior |
|
|
416 | (6) |
|
Various Noise Sources in PLL Synthesizers |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
In-Band and Out-of-Band Phase Noise in PLL Synthesis |
|
|
424 | (5) |
|
Fractional-N PLL Frequency Synthesizers |
|
|
429 | (12) |
|
Fractional-N Synthesizer with a Dual Modulus Prescaler |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Fractional-N Synthesizer with Multimodulus Divider |
|
|
432 | (2) |
|
Fractional-N Spurious Components |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
|
436 | (5) |
|
|
441 | (52) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
441 | (1) |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Matching to S22 Versus Matching to opt |
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
Class A, B, and C Amplifiers |
|
|
444 | (19) |
|
Class B Push-Pull Arrangements |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Models for Transconductance |
|
|
453 | (10) |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
464 | (6) |
|
Analysis of Class E Amplifier |
|
|
464 | (2) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Class E Equations for Finite Output Q |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
Saturation Voltage and Resistance |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (2) |
|
|
470 | (5) |
|
Variation on Class F: Second-Harmonic Peaking |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
Variation on Class F: Quarter-Wave Transmission Lines |
|
|
473 | (2) |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Summary of Amplifier Classes for RF Integrated Circuits |
|
|
476 | (1) |
|
|
477 | (1) |
|
Matching to Achieve Desired Power |
|
|
478 | (2) |
|
|
480 | (1) |
|
|
480 | (2) |
|
Current Limits in Integrated Inductors |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
|
482 | (1) |
|
Thermal Runaway---Ballasting |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
Breakdown Voltage and Biasing |
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
Effects and Implications of Nonlinearity |
|
|
486 | (3) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
CMOS Power Amplifier Examples |
|
|
489 | (4) |
|
|
490 | (3) |
About the Authors |
|
493 | (2) |
Index |
|
495 | |