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E-raamat: Runes and Germanic Linguistics [De Gruyter e-raamatud]

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Antonsen here synthesizes 40 years of study into the earliest inscribed record of any Germanic language, disagreeing with previous linguistics scholars at many points. He uses a modified American structuralist approach to language analysis as the most readily applicable to studying written language. He assumes readers to be familiar with the basic runological works, and does not provide detailed descriptions of the archaeological finds or photographs of the individual inscriptions, though he indicates where a good photographic reproduction of each inscription can be found. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The series publishes state-of-the-art work on core areas of linguistics across theoretical frameworks as well as studies that provide new insights by building bridges to neighbouring fields such as neuroscience and cognitive science. The series considers itself a forum for cutting-edge research based on solid empirical data on language in its various manifestations, including sign languages. It regards linguistic variation in its synchronic and diachronic dimensions as well as in its social contexts as important sources of insight for a better understanding of the design of linguistic systems and the ecology and evolution of language.



The older runic inscriptions (ca. AD 150 - 450) represent the earliest attestation of any Germanic language. The close relationship of these inscriptions to the archaic Mediterranean writing traditions is demonstrated through the linguistic and orthographic analysis presented here. The extraordinary importance of these inscriptions for a proper understanding of the prehistory and early history of the present-day Germanic languages, including English, becomes abundantly clear once the accu-mulation of unfounded claims of older mythological and cultic studies is cleared away.

Preface vii
Figures
xvii
Tables
xxi
What is runology?
1(16)
The role of paleography
1(2)
Proper focus
3(10)
Runology and mythology
13(4)
The oldest recorded Germanic
17(20)
Linguistic reconstruction
17(1)
Linguistic inventories vs. linguistic structures
18(1)
Proto-Germanic vowels
19(4)
Late Proto-Germanic
23(3)
Defining Proto-Germanic
26(3)
The end of Proto-Germanic
29(2)
What's in a name?
31(1)
Northwest Germanic: Language and inscriptions
32(2)
The end of Northwest Germanic
34(1)
Conclusion
34(3)
The earliest Germanic writing system
37(14)
The nature of runes
37(5)
The older, or Germanic fupark
42(9)
The graphemic system of the older runes
51(22)
Uncertain runes
51(1)
Distinctive features
52(3)
Runes with 2 staffs
52(1)
Runes with 1 staff and 1 branch
53(1)
Runes with 1 staff and 2 branches
53(1)
Runes with pockets or crooks
54(1)
Variant runes
55(18)
A d or not a d?
56(8)
When is an r an r?
64(2)
Questions about o
66(1)
Double-faced runes
66(3)
When is A not an A?
69(1)
Obscured by corrosion
70(3)
The fifteenth rune
73(20)
Earlier attempts at deciphering
73(1)
The rise of comparative linguistics
74(2)
The conflict over Schleswig-Holstein
76(1)
Peter Andreas Munch
76(3)
Ludvig Wimmer
79(2)
Present-day scholars
81(2)
Reinterpretation
83(4)
Chronology
87(2)
Northwest Germanic /r/ and /z/
89(1)
Conclusion
90(3)
Age and origin of the fupark
93(26)
Earlier views on the age and origin
93(1)
Erik Moltke and the Danish theory
93(6)
A structural approach to the question of origins
99(7)
The Latin theory
106(2)
``Primitive alphabets''
108(3)
Inscriptions on metal
111(3)
Writing traditions
114(2)
Conclusion
116(3)
Reading runic inscriptions
119(30)
Directionality and arrangement
119(1)
The Jarsberg stone
120(3)
Other runestones of more than one line
123(3)
The Tune stone
126(8)
A question of alignment: The Opedal stone
134(8)
Previous readings
134(2)
Previous interpretations
136(1)
Opedal's ``evidence'' for /e/ > /i/ before /-u/
137(2)
Two lines or one?
139(2)
The age of the Opedal inscription
141(1)
Hidden boustrophedon
142(2)
Transposed runes
144(4)
Conclusion
148(1)
Dating runic inscriptions
149(20)
Linguistic and runological evidence
149(1)
Pseudo-evidence for dating
150(5)
No help from archeologists: The Strom whetstone
155(7)
Grammatical analysis of the whetstone's inscription
156(1)
The verb forms
157(2)
Two unattested nouns
159(1)
The shape of two runes
160(2)
Different materials, different shapes?
162(1)
Relative dating from linguistic evidence
163(3)
Chronological stalemate in the older period
166(3)
Sacral or secular?
169(38)
Magical ``solutions'' and their consequences
169(1)
``Imaginative'' and ``skeptical'' runologists
170(2)
Not intended for human eyes
172(4)
The assumed magical power of the runes
176(9)
The Noleby stone
180(5)
The runemaster, erilaz, as ``runemagician''
185(3)
The runemaster and the cult of Odin
188(12)
Assumed Odin-designations
192(4)
The ``magic word'' alu
196(4)
``Runic tradition'' through the millenia
200(7)
Runic typology
207(30)
The role of typology
207(1)
The nature of the corpus
207(2)
Inscriptions with isolated words
209(5)
alu
209(1)
ehwu
210(1)
laukaz
211(1)
lapu
212(1)
hagalu
212(1)
salu
213(1)
Names in isolation
214(1)
Single runes
215(2)
Isolated names on loose objects
217(1)
Isolated names on stones
218(4)
Commemorative inscriptions
222(2)
The By stone
223(1)
Stones with only two names in the nominative
223(1)
Inscriptions without verbs
224(6)
The Nordhuglo stone
225(1)
The Veblungsnes cliff
226(1)
The Rosseland stone
226(1)
The Valsfjord cliff
227(1)
The Opedal stone
228(1)
The Vetteland stone
229(1)
Symbols of office
230(7)
The Kragehul lanceshaft
230(2)
The Lindholmen bonepiece
232(1)
The Nydam wooden axhandle
233(4)
Phonological rules and paradigms
237(24)
Laws of final syllables
237(3)
The phonological rules
240(2)
Root-consonant and i-stems
242(5)
The root-consonant paradigms
243(2)
The i-stem paradigms
245(2)
Repatterning of the paradigms
247(4)
Confirming evidence
251(3)
The genitive plural and trimoric vowels
254(2)
Proto-Indo-European vowel sequences
256(5)
Some controversial grammatical forms
261(24)
Proper names in -o
261(12)
Proper names without endings
273(6)
Nouns with nominative -s
279(1)
The verb */faihijanan/
280(2)
The ghost-form *irilaz
282(3)
Runic syntax
285(12)
Linguists' use of runic inscriptions
285(2)
Descriptive adjectives
287(4)
Attributive genitive
291(1)
Pronominal modifiers
292(1)
Position of the verb
293(3)
Conclusion
296(1)
``Archaicizing'' inscriptions
297(18)
Vernacular vs. elevated style
297(2)
The Setre comb
299(2)
The Ellestad stone
301(1)
The Strom whetstone
302(1)
The Bjorketorp and Stentoften stones
303(10)
Bjorketorp hAidR-, Stentoften hideR-
305(1)
Bjorketorp, Stentoften -runo
306(1)
Bjorketorp ronu, Stentoften ...no
307(1)
Bjorketorp fAlAhAk, Stentoften felAhekA
307(1)
Bjorketorp hAidera, Stentoften hederA
308(1)
Bjorketorp ginA-, Stentoften gino-
308(1)
Bjorketorp -runAR, Stentoften -ronoR
308(1)
Bjorketorp, Stentoften ArAgeu
309(1)
Bjorketorp hAerAmA-, Stentoften herAmA-
309(1)
Bjorketorp -IAuSR, Stentoften -IAS
310(1)
Bjorketorp uti
310(1)
Bjorketorp, Stentoften AR
310(1)
Bjorketorp, Stentoften welA-
310(1)
Bjorketorp -dAude, Stentoften -dud
311(1)
Bjorketorp SAR, Stentoften SA
311(1)
Bjorketorp, Stentoften pAt
311(1)
Bjorketorp bArutR, Stentoften bAriutip
312(1)
The evidence from Bjorketorp and Stentoften
312(1)
The Jelling stones 1 and 2
313(2)
The Weser runebones
315(14)
Pieper's rehabilitation of the Weser inscriptions
315(2)
Pieper's ``imaginative'' runological interpretation
317(3)
Critique of Pieper's interpretation
320(5)
A ``skeptical runological'' interpretation
325(4)
Bone 4990
325(1)
Bone 4988
325(1)
Bone 4991
326(1)
Complete text
327(2)
Old English digraphic spellings
329(14)
Diphthongs or monophthongs?
329(1)
The rise of syllabic variants
330(3)
Pre-Anglian developments
333(5)
West Saxon developments
338(1)
The role of the runes
339(4)
References 343(24)
Index of inscriptions 367(4)
Index of runic words 371(4)
Index of names 375(4)
Index of subjects 379


Elmer H. Antonsen is Professor emeritus of Linguistics and of Germanic Languages at the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA.