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Scattering, Natural Surfaces, and Fractals [Kõva köide]

(JPL - Jet Propulsion Laboratory , Pasadena, CA, U.S.A.), (Università Federico II di Napoli, Italy)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 600 g, Illustrated; Illustrations, unspecified
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Feb-2007
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0122656555
  • ISBN-13: 9780122656552
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Scattering, Natural Surfaces, and FractalsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: Hardback, 304 pages, kõrgus x laius: 229x152 mm, kaal: 600 g, Illustrated; Illustrations, unspecified
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Feb-2007
  • Kirjastus: Academic Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 0122656555
  • ISBN-13: 9780122656552
Teised raamatud teemal:
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9780122656552.html
Märksõnad:
This book provides a comprehensive overview of electromagnetic scattering from natural surfaces, ranging from the classical to the more recent (fractal) approach. As remote sensing applications become increasingly important, this text provides readers with a solid background in interpretation, classification and thematization of microwave images. The “scattering problem? is discussed in detail with emphasis on its application to electromagnetic wave propagation, remote sensing, radar detection, and electromagnetic diagnostics. Natural surface and fractals complete this treatise focusing on how the fractal model represents our natural environment and other planets in our solar system, most recently as used to research the planet Venus and Titan, one of the moons of Saturn. An example of how scattering, fractals, and natural surfaces are of great importance is the following: Natural oil slicks in the ocean have been found to be fractal while man-made ones (generated by illegal washing of oil carrying ships) are not. Processing of an ocean image from space may detect the latter by means of a fractal analysis.

*An elegant and clear treatment of a rigorous topic with informative prose and realistic illustrations of scattering
*Provides readers with a solid background in interpretation, classification, and thematization of microwave images
*The only book available on fractal models and their application to scattering

Muu info

A comprehensive overview of electromagnetic scattering; essential to satellite mapping.
Preface xiii
The Scattering Problem
1(20)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
1(1)
The Scattering-Problem Definition
2(1)
Motivations
3(1)
Surface Models and Electromagnetic Methods
4(1)
Deterministic versus Stochastic Models for the Natural Surfaces
5(4)
Surface Deterministic Models
5(1)
Surface Stochastic Models
6(3)
Deterministic versus Stochastic Evaluation for the Scattered Field
9(3)
Scattered-Field Deterministic Descriptions
9(1)
Scattered-Field Stochastic Descriptions
10(2)
Analytic versus Numerical Evaluation of the Scattered Field
12(2)
Closed-Form Evaluation of the Electromagnetic Field Scattered from a Natural Surface
14(4)
Book Outline
18(1)
References and Further Readings
19(2)
Surface Classical Models
21(40)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
21(1)
Fundamentals of Stochastic Processes
22(4)
Stochastic Processes: Definition
22(1)
Stochastic Processes: Relevant Averages
23(2)
Stochastic Processes: a Relevant Property
25(1)
Spectral Characterization of Stochastic Processes
26(4)
Isotropic Surfaces
30(3)
Classical Models for Natural Surfaces: First-Order Stochastic Characterization
33(1)
Classical Models for Natural Surfaces: Second-Order Stochastic Characterization
34(6)
Physical Counterpart of Natural-Surfaces Classical Parameters
40(4)
Standard Deviation
41(1)
Correlation Length
41(3)
Surface Classical Models Selection for Electromagnetic Scattering
44(1)
References and Further Readings
44(17)
Appendix 2.A Surface Classical Models
45(1)
Gaussian Autocorrelation
46(1)
Exponential Autocorrelation
47(1)
Intermediate Gaussian-Exponential Autocorrelation
48(2)
Power-Law Autocorrelation
50(1)
Multiscale Gaussian Autocorrelation
51(4)
Multiscale Exponential Autocorrelation
55(1)
Mixed Gaussian-Exponential Autocorrelation
56(5)
Surface Fractal Models
61(54)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
61(2)
Fundamentals of Fractal Sets
63(5)
Hausdorff Measure
64(1)
Fractal Dimension
65(2)
Scaling Properties
67(1)
Mathematical versus Physical Fractal Sets
68(3)
Deterministic versus Stochastic Fractal Description of Natural Surfaces
71(1)
Fractional Brownian Motion Process
72(22)
Mathematical fBm Processes
72(19)
Physical fBm Processes
91(3)
Weierstrass-Mandelbrot Function
94(4)
Mathematical WM Functions
94(2)
Physical WM Functions
96(2)
Connection between fBm and WM Models
98(2)
A Chosen Reference Fractal Surface for the Scattering Problem
100(1)
Fractal-Surface Models and their Comparison with Classical Ones
101(5)
Classical Parameters for the fBm Process
103(2)
Classical Parameters for the WM Function
105(1)
References and Further Readings
106(9)
Appendix 3.A Generalized Functions
106(1)
Appendix 3.B Space-Frequency and Space-Scale Analysis of Nonstationary Signals
107(1)
Introduction
107(1)
fBm Wigner-Ville Spectrum
108(2)
fBm and Wavelet Approach
110(5)
Analytic Formulations of Electromagnetic Scattering
115(28)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
115(1)
Maxwell Equations
116(2)
The Integral-Equation Method
118(7)
Incident and Scattered-Field Coordinate-Reference Systems
125(3)
The Kirchhoff Approximation
128(4)
Physical-Optics Solution
132(2)
Extended-Boundary-Condition Method
134(4)
Small-Perturbation Method
138(2)
References and Further Readings
140(3)
Scattering from Weierstrass-Mandelbrot Surfaces: Physical-Optics Solution
143(28)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
143(1)
Analytic Derivation of the Scattered Field
144(4)
Scattered-Field Structure
148(8)
Number of Modes Significantly Contributing to the Scattered Field
149(4)
Mode Directions of Propagation
153(2)
Modes Amplitude and Phase
155(1)
Limits of Validity
156(1)
Influence of Fractal and Electromagnetic Parameters over the Scattered Field
157(12)
The Role of the Fundamental-Tone Wavenumber
159(3)
The Role of the Tone Wave-Number Spacing Coefficient
162(2)
The Role of the Number of Tones
164(2)
The Role of the Overall Amplitude-Scaling Factor
166(2)
The Role of the Hurst Exponent
168(1)
Statistics of the Scattered Field
169(1)
References and Further Readings
170(1)
Scattering from Fractional Brownian Surfaces: Physical-Optics Solution
171(22)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
171(1)
Scattered Power-Density Evaluation
172(7)
Persistent fBm
175(1)
Antipersistent fBm
176(3)
Scattered Power Density
179(1)
Scattered Power Density: Special Cases
180(2)
Scattering in the Specular Direction
181(1)
Brownian Surfaces (H=1/2)
181(1)
Marginally Fractal Surfaces (H→1)
181(1)
Quasi-Smooth Surfaces (kT << 1)
182(1)
Backscattering Coefficient
182(2)
Validity Limits
184(2)
Influence of Fractal and Electromagnetic Parameters over the Scattered Field
186(5)
The Role of the Spectral Amplitude
188(1)
The Role of the Hurst Exponent
189(2)
The Role of the Electromagnetic Wavelength
191(1)
References and Further Readings
191(2)
Scattering from Weierstrass-Mandelbrot Profiles: Extended-Boundary-Condition Method
193(46)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
193(2)
Profile Model
195(1)
Setup of the Extended-Boundary-Condition Method
196(8)
Incident Field
196(1)
Integral Equations
197(4)
Surface-Field Expansions for WM Profiles
201(3)
Surface-Fields Evaluation
204(1)
Fields Expansions
205(2)
EBCM Equations in Matrix Form
207(2)
Matrix-Equations Solution
209(1)
Matrices Organizations
210(3)
Scattering-Modes Superposition, Matrices Truncation, and Ill-Conditioning
213(2)
Influence of Fractal and Electromagnetic Parameters over the Scattered Field
215(14)
The Role of the Fundamental-Tone Wavenumber
219(1)
The Role of the Tone Wavenumber Spacing Coefficient
219(4)
The Role of the Number of Tones
223(2)
The Role of the Overall Amplitude-Scaling Factor
225(2)
The Role of the Hurst Exponent
227(2)
References and Further Readings
229(10)
Appendix 7.A Evaluation of the Dirichlet- and Neumann-Type Integrals
230(1)
Evaluation of the Dirichlet-Type Integral
231(3)
Evaluation of the Neumann-Type Integral
234(5)
Scattering from Fractional Brownian Surfaces: Small-Perturbation Method
239(30)
Introduction and
Chapter Outline
239(1)
Rationale of the SPM Solution
240(3)
Extended Boundary Condition Method in the Transformed Domain
243(5)
Set up the Small Perturbation Method
248(3)
An Appropriate Coordinate System
251(1)
Zero-order Solution
252(4)
First-order Solution
256(4)
Small Perturbation Method Limits of Validity
260(2)
Influence of Fractal and Electromagnetic Parameters Over the Scattered Field
262(5)
The Role of the Spectral Amplitude
263(1)
The Role of the Hurst Exponent
264(2)
The Role of the Electromagnetic Wavelength
266(1)
References and Further Readings
267(2)
Appendix A: Mathematical Formulae 269(4)
Appendix B: Glossary 273(4)
Appendix C: References 277(6)
Index 283
Giorgio Franceschetti was appointed professor of Electromagnetic Theory at the University Federico II of Napoli, Italy in 1969, a position that he holds to this day. He has been Fulbright Scholar and Research Associate at Caltech, Visiting Professor at the University of Illinois, at UCLA, at the Somali University (Somalia) and at the University of Santiago de Compostela (Spain). He is currently Adjunct Professor at UCLA, Distinguished Visiting Scientist at JPL and Lecturer at the Top-Tech Master of University of Delft, The Netherlands, in Satellite Navigation. Daniele Riccio is professor of Electromagnetic Theory at the University of Napoli Federico II, Italy where he teaches courses on Applied Electromagnetic and Remote Sensing. He has also been Guest Scientist at DLR, Munich, Germany and Visiting Professor at UPC, Barcelona, Spain. The material of this book is included in the courses that he delivers at University.