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E-raamat: Stardust from Meteorites: An Introduction to Presolar Grains illustrated edition [World Scientific e-raamat]

(Univ Of Cambridge, Uk)
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  • World Scientific e-raamat
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Teised raamatud teemal:
The study of presolar meteoritic grains is a new inter-disciplinary field that brings together topics from nuclear physics to astronomy and chemistry. Traditionally, most of the information about the cosmos has been gathered by observing light through telescopes. However, with the recent discovery that some dust grains extracted from primitive meteorites were produced in stellar environments, we now have the opportunity to gather information about stars and our Galaxy from the laboratory analysis of tiny pieces of stardust. Stellar grains represent a unique and fascinating subject of study. Their analysis is a breakthrough in research on stellar nucleosynthesis and the origin of the elements.While a number of specialized reviews exist on the topic, this book is the first work that brings together in a unified and accessible manner the background knowledge necessary for the study of presolar grains together with up-to-date discoveries in the field.The book includes exercise questions and answers, an extensive glossary for easy reference, and more than 40 figures and tables from schematic diagrams to electron microscope images and graphs of results from stellar grain measurements and theoretical stellar models.
Preface vii
Meteoritic Presolar Grains and Their Significance
1(24)
Presolar isotopic signatures and their carriers
3(5)
The discovery of presolar stellar grains
8(2)
Meteorites carrying stellar grains
10(1)
Types of presolar grains
11(7)
Diamonds
13(1)
Silicate grains
14(1)
Silicon carbide grains
14(2)
Graphite grains
16(1)
Oxide grains
17(1)
Silicon nitride grains
17(1)
New information from presolar grains
18(6)
Stellar evolution, nucleosynthesis and mixing
18(2)
Physical and chemical properties of the gas around stars and supernovae
20(2)
The interstellar medium, molecular clouds and early solar system
22(2)
Outline
24(1)
Exercises
24(1)
Basics of Stellar Nucleosynthesis
25(34)
Hydrogen burning, and the life of most stars
27(9)
The pp chain
29(3)
The CNO, NeNa and MgAl cycles
32(4)
Helium burning, and the evolution of stars of low mass
36(3)
The α process: C, Ne and O burnings, and the evolution of stars of high mass
39(1)
The e process: Si burning, and supernova explosions
40(5)
The production of elements heavier than Fe
45(12)
The s process
49(2)
The r process
51(5)
The p process
56(1)
Exercises
57(2)
Laboratory Analysis of Presolar Grains
59(18)
The isolation of diamond, graphite and SiC grains
59(3)
Looking at presolar grains
62(1)
Isotopic measurements with mass spectrometers
63(8)
Noble-gas extraction
65(1)
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS)
65(3)
The advent of Resonant Ionization Mass Spectrometry (RIMS) in trace element analysis
68(3)
Location and analysis of rare types of presolar grains
71(3)
Concluding remarks
74(1)
Exercises
75(2)
The Origin of Presolar SiC Grains
77(36)
Classification of SiC grains on the basis of their C, N and Si compositions
77(4)
Where did mainstream presolar SiC grains come from?
81(7)
Theoretical modelling of AGB and C(N) stars
83(5)
Carbon and nitrogen in mainstream SiC grains and in AGB stars
88(6)
The Ne-E(H) anomalous component
94(4)
The presence of 26Al
98(1)
The puzzle of the silicon isotopic composition of mainstream SiC grains
99(6)
Titanium isotopic composition of mainstream SiC grains
105(3)
A, B, X, Y and Z: The minor SiC grains populations
108(3)
The Y and Z populations
108(1)
The A and B populations
109(1)
The X population
110(1)
Exercises
111(2)
Heavy Elements in Presolar SiC Grains
113(38)
Modelling the s process in AGB stars
114(12)
The neutron source in AGB stars
115(2)
The production of a 13C pocket
117(4)
The current model
121(2)
The neutron flux in the 13C pocket
123(1)
The neutron flux in the thermal pulse
124(2)
SiC grain data and the s process in AGB stars
126(16)
Class I: Isotopic ratios involving p-only and r-only isotopes
126(4)
Class II: Isotopic ratios involving isotopes in local equilibrium
130(2)
Class III: Isotopic ratios involving isotopes with magic neutron numbers
132(5)
Class IV: Isotopic ratios involving isotopes depending on branchings
137(4)
Class V: Isotopic ratios involving isotopes produced by radioactive decay
141(1)
The heavy noble gases: Kr and Xe
142(5)
Exercises
147(4)
Diamond, Graphite and Oxide Grains
151(14)
Diamond
151(3)
Graphite
154(3)
Oxide grains
157(5)
Exercises
162(3)
Appendix A Glossary
165(8)
Appendix B Solutions to Exercises
173(10)
B.1
Chapter 1
173(1)
B.2
Chapter 2
173(2)
B.3
Chapter 3
175(2)
B.4
Chapter 4
177(2)
B.5
Chapter 5
179(2)
B.6
Chapter 6
181(2)
Appendix C Selected Books and Reviews for Quick Reference
183(2)
C.1 Presolar grains
183(1)
C.2 Stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis
183(1)
C.3 AGB stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis
184(1)
Bibliography 185(22)
Index 207