Contributors to This and Previous Editions |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgements |
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xxi | |
Master Competency Checklist |
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xxii | |
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PART ONE Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities |
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1 The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities |
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3 | (16) |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (7) |
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The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency |
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5 | (1) |
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The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum |
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6 | (1) |
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How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced? |
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7 | (1) |
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Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations |
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7 | (2) |
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Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy |
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9 | (2) |
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Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Thermal Energy Modalities |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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Electrical Energy Modalities |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (4) |
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2 Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process |
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19 | (18) |
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How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation? |
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19 | (2) |
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The Importance of Understanding the Healing Process |
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21 | (4) |
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Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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21 | (3) |
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Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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24 | (1) |
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Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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25 | (1) |
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Factors That Impede Healing |
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25 | (2) |
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How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used Throughout the Rehabilitation Process? |
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27 | (4) |
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Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury |
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27 | (2) |
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Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase |
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29 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase |
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29 | (1) |
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Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase |
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30 | (1) |
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Indications and Contraindications |
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31 | (1) |
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Other Considerations in Treating Injury |
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31 | (6) |
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33 | (4) |
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3 The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing |
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37 | (34) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (2) |
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Effects of Hot and Cold Agents on Blood Flow |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (6) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (2) |
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Effects of Laser on Tissue Repair |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (3) |
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Pneumatic Compression Therapy |
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54 | (1) |
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Review of Clinical Research Evidence |
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54 | (3) |
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Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds |
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57 | (14) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (12) |
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4 Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities |
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71 | (26) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (3) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (4) |
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Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control |
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82 | (4) |
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The Gate Control Theory of Pain |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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β-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control |
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84 | (1) |
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Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (11) |
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90 | (7) |
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PART TWO Electrical Energy Modalities |
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5 Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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97 | (78) |
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Components of Electrical Currents |
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98 | (1) |
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Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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99 | (1) |
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Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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Series and Parallel Circuits |
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102 | (1) |
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Current Flow through Biologic Tissues |
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103 | (1) |
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Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (12) |
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104 | (1) |
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Pulses versus Phases and Direction of Current Flow |
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105 | (3) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (5) |
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Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current |
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116 | (7) |
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Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects |
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117 | (1) |
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Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents |
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117 | (3) |
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Muscular Responses to Electrical Current |
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120 | (2) |
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Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells |
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122 | (1) |
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Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents |
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123 | (24) |
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124 | (11) |
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Asymmetric Biphasic Currents (TENS) |
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135 | (3) |
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138 | (3) |
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Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Current Generators) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (3) |
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Premodulated Interferential Current |
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146 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (1) |
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Functional Electrical Stimulation |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation |
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148 | (1) |
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Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment |
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149 | (26) |
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151 | (24) |
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175 | (24) |
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Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis |
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175 | (1) |
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Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer |
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176 | (2) |
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Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis |
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176 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions in Solution |
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176 | (1) |
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Movement of Ions Through Tissue |
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177 | (1) |
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Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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178 | (11) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (4) |
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Selecting the Appropriate Ion |
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184 | (2) |
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Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis |
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186 | (3) |
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Treatment Precautions and Contraindications |
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189 | (10) |
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189 | (1) |
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Sensitivity Reactions to Ions |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (9) |
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199 | (24) |
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Electromyography and Biofeedback |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Instrumentation |
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200 | (1) |
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Peripheral Skin Temperature |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Skin Conductance Activity |
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201 | (1) |
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Electromyographic Biofeedback |
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201 | (5) |
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202 | (1) |
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Measuring Electrical Activity |
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203 | (1) |
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Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity |
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203 | (2) |
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Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information |
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205 | (1) |
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Processing the Electromyographic Signal |
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205 | (1) |
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Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques |
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206 | (4) |
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207 | (2) |
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Displaying the Information |
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209 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Biofeedback |
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210 | (13) |
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210 | (1) |
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Relaxation of Muscle Guarding |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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Treating Neurologic Conditions |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (11) |
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8 Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing |
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223 | (62) |
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225 | (1) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup |
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226 | (5) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (2) |
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Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope) |
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229 | (1) |
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Auditory Feedback (Speakers) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Eliciting an Action Potential |
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229 | (2) |
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231 | (1) |
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Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System |
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231 | (1) |
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Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction |
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232 | (3) |
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Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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The Elements of the Spinal Nerve |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (19) |
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Limb Temperature and Age Considerations |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (18) |
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The Electromyographic Examination |
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254 | (14) |
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256 | (9) |
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Somatosensory Evoked Potentials |
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265 | (2) |
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Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room |
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267 | (1) |
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Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures |
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267 | (1) |
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Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (17) |
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269 | (16) |
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PART THREE Thermal Energy Modalities |
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9 Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy |
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285 | (78) |
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer |
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286 | (1) |
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Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities |
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286 | (1) |
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Clinical Use of the Conductive Energy Modalities |
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287 | (3) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation |
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288 | (1) |
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Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm |
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289 | (1) |
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Effects of Temperature Change on Performance |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (21) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling |
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290 | (3) |
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Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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293 | (18) |
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311 | (11) |
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Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating |
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311 | (1) |
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Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques |
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312 | (10) |
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322 | (41) |
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323 | (40) |
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PART FOUR Sound Energy Modalities |
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10 Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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363 | (54) |
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Ultrasound as a Heating Modality |
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364 | (1) |
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Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues |
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364 | (3) |
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Transverse Versus Longitudinal Waves |
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364 | (1) |
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Frequency of Wave Transmission |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (2) |
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Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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367 | (8) |
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Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator |
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367 | (8) |
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Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound |
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375 | (3) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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Ultrasound Treatment Techniques |
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378 | (8) |
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378 | (1) |
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378 | (2) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (5) |
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Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound |
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386 | (7) |
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Soft-Tissue Healing and Repair |
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386 | (1) |
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Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture |
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387 | (1) |
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Stretching of Connective Tissue |
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387 | (2) |
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389 | (1) |
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389 | (2) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (2) |
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393 | (2) |
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Using Ultrasound in Combination With Other Modalities |
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395 | (3) |
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396 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Cold Packs |
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396 | (1) |
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Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (1) |
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Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment |
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398 | (19) |
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400 | (17) |
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11 Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy |
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417 | (16) |
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History of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT) |
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417 | (1) |
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Physical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Shock Wave |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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Physical Parameters of Shock Waves |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (4) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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Medial-Lateral Epicondylitis |
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425 | (1) |
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Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder |
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425 | (1) |
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Evaluation of ESWT Literature for Evidenced-Based Practice |
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426 | (7) |
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426 | (7) |
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PART FIVE Electromagnetic Energy Modalities |
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12 Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy |
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433 | (30) |
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Physiologic Responses to Diathermy |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Equipment |
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435 | (11) |
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Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes |
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436 | (6) |
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Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy |
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442 | (1) |
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443 | (3) |
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446 | (2) |
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Clinical Applications for Diathermy |
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447 | (1) |
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Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities |
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448 | (1) |
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Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications |
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449 | (14) |
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452 | (11) |
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13 Low-Power Laser Therapy |
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463 | (26) |
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464 | (1) |
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464 | (2) |
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Laser Treatment Techniques |
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466 | (4) |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (2) |
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470 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications for Lasers |
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470 | (4) |
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470 | (3) |
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473 | (1) |
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473 | (1) |
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Suggested Treatment Protocols |
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474 | (2) |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (3) |
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Precautions and Contraindications |
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477 | (2) |
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479 | (10) |
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479 | (10) |
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PART SIX Mechanical Energy Modalities |
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489 | (34) |
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The Physical Effects of Traction |
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489 | (4) |
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Effects on Spinal Movement |
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489 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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490 | (1) |
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491 | (1) |
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Effects on Articular Facet Joints |
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492 | (1) |
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Effects on the Muscular System |
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492 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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Effects on the Entire Body Part |
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492 | (1) |
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Traction Treatment Techniques |
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493 | (22) |
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Lumbar Positional Traction |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (4) |
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Mechanical Lumbar Traction |
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500 | (9) |
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509 | (1) |
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Mechanical Cervical Traction |
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510 | (5) |
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Indications and Contraindications |
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515 | (8) |
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515 | (8) |
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15 Intermittent Compression Devices |
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523 | (22) |
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523 | (2) |
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Purposes of the Lymphatic System |
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523 | (1) |
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Structure of the Lymphatic System |
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524 | (1) |
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Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function |
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524 | (1) |
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525 | (2) |
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Formation of Pitting Edema |
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526 | (1) |
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526 | (1) |
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The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation |
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527 | (1) |
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527 | (2) |
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Intermittent Compression Treatment Techniques |
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529 | (6) |
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529 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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530 | (1) |
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Sequential Compression Pumps |
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531 | (1) |
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Patient Setup and Instructions |
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532 | (3) |
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Cold and Compression Combination |
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535 | (1) |
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Indications and Contraindications for Use |
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536 | (9) |
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537 | (8) |
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545 | (38) |
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Physiologic Effects of Massage |
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545 | (2) |
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546 | (1) |
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546 | (1) |
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546 | (1) |
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Psychological Effects of Massage |
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547 | (1) |
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Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines |
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547 | (4) |
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550 | (1) |
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Massage Treatment Techniques |
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551 | (19) |
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551 | (6) |
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557 | (1) |
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Transverse Friction Massage |
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558 | (2) |
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Connective Tissue Massage |
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560 | (1) |
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561 | (3) |
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564 | (1) |
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Positional Release Therapy |
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565 | (1) |
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Active Release Technique® |
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566 | (1) |
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566 | (2) |
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568 | (1) |
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568 | (2) |
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570 | (1) |
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Indications and Contraindications for Massage |
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|
570 | (13) |
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|
571 | (12) |
Appendix A Location of Motor Points |
|
583 | (4) |
Appendix B Units of Measure |
|
587 | (2) |
Answers to Self-Test Questions |
|
589 | (2) |
Index |
|
591 | |