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Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation, Fourth Edition 4th edition [Kõva köide]

  • Formaat: Hardback, 624 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 282x218x25 mm, kaal: 1486 g, 225 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-May-2011
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Medical
  • ISBN-10: 0071737693
  • ISBN-13: 9780071737692
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 624 pages, kõrgus x laius x paksus: 282x218x25 mm, kaal: 1486 g, 225 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 16-May-2011
  • Kirjastus: McGraw-Hill Medical
  • ISBN-10: 0071737693
  • ISBN-13: 9780071737692
Teised raamatud teemal:
Comprehensive Coverage of Therapeutic Modalities Used in a Clinical SettingTherapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation is a theoretically based but practically oriented guide to the use of therapeutic modalities for practicing clinicians and their students. It clearly presents the basis for use of each different type of modality and allows clinicians to make their own decision as to which will be the most effective in a given situation. Presented in full color, the text describes various concepts, principles, and theories that are supported by scientific research, factual evidence, and experience of the authors in dealing with various conditions. The chapters in this text are divided into six parts:Part I--Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities begins with a chapter that discusses the scientific basis for using therapeutic modalities and classifies the modalities according to the type of energy each uses.. Guidelines for selecting the most appropriate modalities for use in different phases of the healing process are presented. Part II--Electrical Energy Modalities includes detailed discussions of the principles of electricity, and electrical stimulating currents, iontophoresis, and biofeedback. Part III--Thermal Energy Modalities discusses those modalities which produce a change in tissue temperatures through conduction including thermotherapy and cryotherapy. Part IV--Sound Energy Modalities discusses those modalities that utilize acoustic energy to produce a therapeutic effect. These include therapeutic ultrasound and a lesser known modality-extracorporal shockwave therapy.Part V--Electromagnetic Energy Modalities includes chapters on both the diathermies and low-level laser therapy.Part VI--Mechanical Energy Modalities includes chapters on traction, intermittent compression and therapeutic massage.Each chapter ins Parts II-IV discuss: the physiologic basis for use, clinical applications, specific techniques of application through the use of related laboratory activities, and relevant individual case studies for each therapeutic modality--Provided by publisher. Comprehensive Coverage of Therapeutic Modalities Used in a Clinical SettingTherapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation is a theoretically based but practically oriented guide to the use of therapeutic modalities for practicing clinicians and their students. It clearly presents the basis for use of each different type of modality and allows clinicians to make their own decision as to which will be the most effective in a given situation. Presented in full color, the text describes various concepts, principles, and theories that are supported by scientific research, factual evidence, and experience of the authors in dealing with various conditions. The chapters in this text are divided into six parts:Part I––Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities begins with a chapter that discusses the scientific basis for using therapeutic modalities and classifies the modalities according to the type of energy each uses.. Guidelines for selecting the most appropriate modalities for use in different phases of the healing process are presented. Part II––Electrical Energy Modalities includes detailed discussions of the principles of electricity, and electrical stimulating currents, iontophoresis, and biofeedback. Part III––Thermal Energy Modalities discusses those modalities which produce a change in tissue temperatures through conduction including thermotherapy and cryotherapy. Part IV-Sound Energy Modalities discusses those modalities that utilize acoustic energy to produce a therapeutic effect. These include therapeutic ultrasound and a lesser known modality-extracorporal shockwave therapy.Part V––Electromagnetic Energy Modalities includes chapters on both the diathermies and low-level laser therapy.Part VI––Mechanical Energy Modalities includes chapters on traction, intermittent compression and therapeutic massage.Each chapter ins Parts II-IV discuss: the physiologic basis for use, clinical applications, specific techniques of application through the use of related laboratory activities, and relevant individual case studies for each therapeutic modality.
Contributors to This and Previous Editions xv
Preface xvii
Acknowledgements xxi
Master Competency Checklist xxii
PART ONE Foundations of Therapeutic Modalities
1 The Basic Science of Therapeutic Modalities
3(16)
William E. Prentice
Bob Blake
Forms of Energy
3(2)
Electromagnetic Energy
5(7)
The Relationship Between Wavelength and Frequency
5(1)
The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum
6(1)
How Is Electromagnetic Energy Produced?
7(1)
Effects of Electromagnetic Radiations
7(2)
Laws Governing the Effects of Electromagnetic Energy
9(2)
Electromagnetic Energy Modalities
11(1)
Thermal Energy
12(1)
Thermal Energy Modalities
13(1)
Electrical Energy
13(1)
Electrical Energy Modalities
13(1)
Sound Energy
14(1)
Sound Energy Modalities
14(1)
Mechanical Energy
15(4)
Mechanical Energy Modalities
15(1)
Summary
15(4)
2 Using Therapeutic Modalities to Affect the Healing Process
19(18)
William E. Prentice
How Should the Clinician Use Therapeutic Modalities in Rehabilitation?
19(2)
The Importance of Understanding the Healing Process
21(4)
Inflammatory-Response Phase
21(3)
Fibroblastic-Repair Phase
24(1)
Maturation-Remodeling Phase
25(1)
Factors That Impede Healing
25(2)
How Should Therapeutic Modalities Be Used Throughout the Rehabilitation Process?
27(4)
Using Modalities in the Immediate First Aid Management of Injury
27(2)
Modality Use in the Inflammatory-Response Phase
29(1)
Modality Use in the Fibroblastic-Repair Phase
29(1)
Modality Use in the Maturation-Remodeling Phase
30(1)
Indications and Contraindications
31(1)
Other Considerations in Treating Injury
31(6)
Summary
33(4)
3 The Role of Therapeutic Modalities in Wound Healing
37(34)
Pamela E. Houghton
Introduction
37(1)
Superficial Hot and Cold
38(2)
Effects of Hot and Cold Agents on Blood Flow
38(1)
Hydrotherapy
39(1)
Electrical Stimulation
40(6)
Ultrasound
46(3)
Laser
49(2)
Effects of Laser on Tissue Repair
49(2)
Ultraviolet Light
51(3)
Pneumatic Compression Therapy
54(1)
Review of Clinical Research Evidence
54(3)
Choosing the Best Modality for the Treatment of Delayed or Nonhealing Wounds
57(14)
Contraindications
58(1)
Summary
59(12)
4 Managing Pain With Therapeutic Modalities
71(26)
Craig R. Denegar
William E. Prentice
Understanding Pain
71(1)
Types of Pain
72(1)
Pain Assessment
72(3)
Pain Assessment Scales
73(2)
Goals in Managing Pain
75(1)
Pain Perception
76(2)
Sensory Receptors
76(1)
Cognitive Influences
77(1)
Neural Transmission
78(4)
Facilitators and Inhibitors of Synaptic Transmission
79(1)
Nociception
80(2)
Neurophysiologic Explanations of Pain Control
82(4)
The Gate Control Theory of Pain
82(1)
Descending Pain Control
83(1)
β-Endorphin and Dynorphin in Pain Control
84(1)
Summary of Pain Control Mechanisms
85(1)
Pain Management
86(11)
Summary
90(7)
PART TWO Electrical Energy Modalities
5 Basic Principles of Electricity and Electrical Stimulating Currents
97(78)
Daniel N. Hooker
William E. Prentice
Components of Electrical Currents
98(1)
Electrotherapeutic Currents
99(1)
Generators of Electrotherapeutic Currents
100(1)
Electrical Circuits
101(3)
Series and Parallel Circuits
102(1)
Current Flow through Biologic Tissues
103(1)
Choosing Appropriate Treatment Parameters
104(1)
Waveforms
104(12)
Waveform Shape
104(1)
Pulses versus Phases and Direction of Current Flow
105(3)
Current Modulation
108(2)
Frequency
110(1)
Intensity
111(1)
Duration
111(1)
Polarity
111(5)
Physiologic Responses to Electrical Current
116(7)
Direct and Indirect Physiologic Effects
117(1)
Nerve Responses to Electrical Currents
117(3)
Muscular Responses to Electrical Current
120(2)
Biostimulative Effects of Electrical Current on Nonexcitatory Cells
122(1)
Clinical Uses of Electrical Stimulating Currents
123(24)
High-Volt Currents
124(11)
Asymmetric Biphasic Currents (TENS)
135(3)
Microcurrent
138(3)
Russian Currents (Medium-Frequency Current Generators)
141(2)
Interferential Currents
143(3)
Premodulated Interferential Current
146(1)
Low-Volt Currents
146(1)
Bone Growth Stimulators
147(1)
Functional Electrical Stimulation
147(1)
Clinical Uses of FES
148(1)
Placebo Effect of Electrical Stimulation
148(1)
Safety in the Use of Electrical Equipment
149(26)
Summary
151(24)
6 Iontophoresis
175(24)
William E. Prentice
Iontophoresis Versus Phonophoresis
175(1)
Basic Mechanisms of Ion Transfer
176(2)
Pharmacokinetics of Iontophoresis
176(1)
Movement of Ions in Solution
176(1)
Movement of Ions Through Tissue
177(1)
Iontophoresis Equipment and Treatment Techniques
178(11)
Type of Current Required
178(1)
Iontophoresis Generators
178(1)
Current Intensity
179(1)
Treatment Duration
180(1)
Dosage of Medication
180(1)
Electrodes
180(4)
Selecting the Appropriate Ion
184(2)
Clinical Applications for Iontophoresis
186(3)
Treatment Precautions and Contraindications
189(10)
Treatment of Burns
189(1)
Sensitivity Reactions to Ions
190(1)
Summary
190(9)
7 Biofeedback
199(24)
William E. Prentice
Electromyography and Biofeedback
199(1)
The Role of Biofeedback
200(1)
Biofeedback Instrumentation
200(1)
Peripheral Skin Temperature
201(1)
Finger Phototransmission
201(1)
Skin Conductance Activity
201(1)
Electromyographic Biofeedback
201(5)
Motor Unit Recruitment
202(1)
Measuring Electrical Activity
203(1)
Separation and Amplification of Electromyographic Activity
203(2)
Converting Electromyographic Activity to Meaningful Information
205(1)
Processing the Electromyographic Signal
205(1)
Biofeedback Equipment and Treatment Techniques
206(4)
Electrodes
207(2)
Displaying the Information
209(1)
Clinical Applications for Biofeedback
210(13)
Muscle Reeducation
210(1)
Relaxation of Muscle Guarding
211(1)
Pain Reduction
212(1)
Treating Neurologic Conditions
212(1)
Summary
212(11)
8 Principles of Electrophysiologic Evaluation and Testing
223(62)
John Halle
David Greathouse
Introduction
225(1)
Electrophysiologic Testing Equipment and Setup
226(5)
Electrodes
226(1)
Amplifier
227(2)
Visual Feedback (Oscilloscope)
229(1)
Auditory Feedback (Speakers)
229(1)
Testing Units
229(1)
Eliciting an Action Potential
229(2)
Generating a Record
231(1)
Evaluation of the Peripheral Nervous System
231(1)
Anatomy of the Spinal Nerve and Neuromuscular Junction
232(3)
Sensory Receptor and Size of the Axon
233(1)
Synapse
233(1)
Alpha Motor Neuron
234(1)
Neuromuscular Junction
234(1)
Muscle Fiber
234(1)
The Elements of the Spinal Nerve
234(1)
Testing Procedures
235(19)
Limb Temperature and Age Considerations
235(1)
Nerve Conduction Study
236(18)
The Electromyographic Examination
254(14)
Clinical EMG Procedures
256(9)
Somatosensory Evoked Potentials
265(2)
Electrophysiologic Testing Within the Operating Room
267(1)
Other Electrophysiologic Testing Procedures
267(1)
Requesting NCS/EMG Examinations
268(1)
Conclusion
268(17)
Summary
269(16)
PART THREE Thermal Energy Modalities
9 Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy
285(78)
William E. Prentice
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
286(1)
Appropriate Use of Cryotherapy and Thermotherapy Modalities
286(1)
Clinical Use of the Conductive Energy Modalities
287(3)
Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Circulation
288(1)
Effects of Tissue Temperature Change on Muscle Spasm
289(1)
Effects of Temperature Change on Performance
290(1)
Cryotherapy
290(21)
Physiologic Effects of Tissue Cooling
290(3)
Cryotherapy Treatment Techniques
293(18)
Thermotherapy
311(11)
Physiologic Effects of Tissue Heating
311(1)
Thermotherapy Treatment Techniques
312(10)
Counterirritants
322(41)
Summary
323(40)
PART FOUR Sound Energy Modalities
10 Therapeutic Ultrasound
363(54)
David O. Draper
William E. Prentice
Ultrasound as a Heating Modality
364(1)
Transmission of Acoustic Energy in Biologic Tissues
364(3)
Transverse Versus Longitudinal Waves
364(1)
Frequency of Wave Transmission
364(1)
Velocity
365(1)
Attenuation
365(2)
Basic Physics of Therapeutic Ultrasound
367(8)
Components of a Therapeutic Ultrasound Generator
367(8)
Physiologic Effects of Ultrasound
375(3)
Thermal Effects
375(1)
Nonthermal Effects
376(2)
Ultrasound Treatment Techniques
378(8)
Frequency of Treatment
378(1)
Duration of Treatment
378(2)
Coupling Methods
380(1)
Exposure Techniques
381(5)
Clinical Applications for Therapeutic Ultrasound
386(7)
Soft-Tissue Healing and Repair
386(1)
Scar Tissue and Joint Contracture
387(1)
Stretching of Connective Tissue
387(2)
Chronic Inflammation
389(1)
Bone Healing
389(2)
Pain Reduction
391(1)
Plantar Warts
391(1)
Placebo Effects
391(2)
Phonophoresis
393(2)
Using Ultrasound in Combination With Other Modalities
395(3)
Ultrasound and Hot Packs
396(1)
Ultrasound and Cold Packs
396(1)
Ultrasound and Electrical Stimulation
397(1)
Treatment Precautions
398(1)
Guidelines for the Safe Use of Ultrasound Equipment
398(19)
Summary
400(17)
11 Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy
417(16)
Charles Thigpen
History of Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy (ESWT)
417(1)
Physical Characteristics of Extracorporeal Shock Wave
418(2)
Shock Wave Generation
420(1)
Physical Parameters of Shock Waves
420(1)
Biologic Effects
421(1)
Bone
421(1)
Tendon
422(1)
Clinical Applications
422(4)
Fractures
422(1)
Plantar Fasciitis
423(2)
Medial-Lateral Epicondylitis
425(1)
Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder
425(1)
Evaluation of ESWT Literature for Evidenced-Based Practice
426(7)
Summary
426(7)
PART FIVE Electromagnetic Energy Modalities
12 Shortwave and Microwave Diathermy
433(30)
William E. Prentice
David O. Draper
Physiologic Responses to Diathermy
434(1)
Thermal Effects
434(1)
Nonthermal Effects
434(1)
Shortwave Diathermy Equipment
435(11)
Shortwave Diathermy Electrodes
436(6)
Pulsed Shortwave Diathermy
442(1)
Treatment Time
443(3)
Microwave Diathermy
446(2)
Clinical Applications for Diathermy
447(1)
Comparing Shortwave Diathermy and Ultrasound as Thermal Modalities
448(1)
Diathermy Treatment Precautions, Indications, and Contraindications
449(14)
Summary
452(11)
13 Low-Power Laser Therapy
463(26)
Ethan Saliba
Susan Foreman-Saliba
Physics
464(1)
Types of Lasers
464(2)
Laser Treatment Techniques
466(4)
Losing Techniques
466(2)
Dosage
468(2)
Depth of Penetration
470(1)
Clinical Applications for Lasers
470(4)
Wound Healing
470(3)
Pain
473(1)
Bone Response
473(1)
Suggested Treatment Protocols
474(2)
Pain
474(1)
Wound Healing
475(1)
Scar Tissue
475(1)
Edema and Inflammation
476(1)
Safety
476(3)
Precautions and Contraindications
477(2)
Conclusion
479(10)
Summary
479(10)
PART SIX Mechanical Energy Modalities
14 Spinal Traction
489(34)
Daniel N. Hooker
The Physical Effects of Traction
489(4)
Effects on Spinal Movement
489(1)
Effects on Bone
490(1)
Effects on Ligaments
490(1)
Effects on the Disk
491(1)
Effects on Articular Facet Joints
492(1)
Effects on the Muscular System
492(1)
Effects on the Nerves
492(1)
Effects on the Entire Body Part
492(1)
Traction Treatment Techniques
493(22)
Lumbar Positional Traction
493(2)
Inversion Traction
495(1)
Manual Lumbar Traction
496(4)
Mechanical Lumbar Traction
500(9)
Manual Cervical Traction
509(1)
Mechanical Cervical Traction
510(5)
Indications and Contraindications
515(8)
Summary
515(8)
15 Intermittent Compression Devices
523(22)
Daniel N. Hooker
The Lymphatic System
523(2)
Purposes of the Lymphatic System
523(1)
Structure of the Lymphatic System
524(1)
Peripheral Lymphatic Structure and Function
524(1)
Injury Edema
525(2)
Formation of Pitting Edema
526(1)
Formation of Lymphedema
526(1)
The Negative Effects of Edema Accumulation
527(1)
Treatment of Edema
527(2)
Intermittent Compression Treatment Techniques
529(6)
Inflation Pressures
529(1)
On-Off Sequence
530(1)
Total Treatment Time
530(1)
Sequential Compression Pumps
531(1)
Patient Setup and Instructions
532(3)
Cold and Compression Combination
535(1)
Indications and Contraindications for Use
536(9)
Summary
537(8)
16 Therapeutic Massage
545(38)
William E. Prentice
Physiologic Effects of Massage
545(2)
Reflexive Effects
546(1)
Effects on Metabolism
546(1)
Mechanical Effects
546(1)
Psychological Effects of Massage
547(1)
Massage Treatment Considerations and Guidelines
547(4)
Equipment
550(1)
Massage Treatment Techniques
551(19)
Haffa Massage
551(6)
Friction Massage
557(1)
Transverse Friction Massage
558(2)
Connective Tissue Massage
560(1)
Trigger Point Massage
561(3)
Strain-Counterstrain
564(1)
Positional Release Therapy
565(1)
Active Release Technique®
566(1)
Myofascial Release
566(2)
Graston Technique®
568(1)
Rolfing
568(2)
Trager
570(1)
Indications and Contraindications for Massage
570(13)
Summary
571(12)
Appendix A Location of Motor Points 583(4)
Appendix B Units of Measure 587(2)
Answers to Self-Test Questions 589(2)
Index 591
Author Profile

William E. Prentice, PhD, ATC., PT

Professor, Coordinator of Sports Medicine Program

Department of Exercise and Sport Science

University of North Carolina

Chapel Hill, NC





Bill Prentice, PhD, PT, ATC has been Coordinator of the Athletic Training specialization at the University of North Carolina since 1980 and is a Professor in the Department of Exercise and Sport Science. Dr. Prentice is recognized as an author, educator, and clinician. He served for ten years as the Director of Sports Medicine Education for the Healthsouth Corporation, and is the author of nine textbooks and more than 75 journal articles. He has received numerous awards, and was inducted into the National Athletic Trainers Association's Hall of Fame in 2004.