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1 Introduction: Artificial Intelligence and Ethics |
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1 | (6) |
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1.1 Why Ethics in AI? Why Now? |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 Current Initiatives in AI and Ethics |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Codes of Ethics in Context: Other Approaches to Ethical Questions in AI |
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4 | (3) |
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1.3.1 Epistemic Strategies: Precision and the Reduction of Uncertainty |
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4 | (1) |
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1.3.2 Technological Strategies to Ensure Safe and Beneficial AI |
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5 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Moral Strategies in the Pursuit of Beneficial AI |
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5 | (2) |
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2 What Do We Need to Understand About Ethics? |
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7 | (20) |
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2.1 A Preliminary Plea: Ethics Is Not About `Banning' Things |
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8 | (1) |
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2.2 Normative Ethical Theories |
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8 | (1) |
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2.3 Ethics and Empirical Evidence |
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9 | (1) |
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2.4 So Why Do We Even Need Ethics? |
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9 | (2) |
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2.5 So, With What Sort of Issues Is Ethics Concerned? |
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11 | (1) |
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2.6 Who (or What) Is The Proper Object of Moral Concerns, and How Widely Should Our Concerns Extend? |
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12 | (1) |
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2.7 Four Domains of Ethics: Self, Friend, Stranger, World |
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13 | (1) |
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2.8 What Counts as Adequate Justification and Argument in Ethics? |
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14 | (8) |
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2.8.1 How Do We Gain Moral Knowledge? |
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15 | (1) |
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2.8.2 The Elimination of `Bias' |
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16 | (1) |
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2.8.3 When Is Ethical Justification `Finished'? |
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17 | (1) |
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2.8.4 Can We Necessarily Even Fully Articulate All Our Key Values? |
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18 | (1) |
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2.8.5 Can There Be Such a Thing as Moral Progress? |
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19 | (3) |
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2.9 Moral Relativism, Moral Justification and AI |
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22 | (1) |
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2.10 A Distributed Morality? |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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2.13 AI, Codes of Ethics and the Law |
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25 | (2) |
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3 Does AI Raise Any Distinctive Ethical Questions? |
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27 | (12) |
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3.1 Methodology: Focusing in on Ethical Questions |
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27 | (1) |
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3.1.1 How Do We Identify Ethical Problems as New? |
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28 | (1) |
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3.2 Many Ethical Issues in AI Are Shared with Other Rapidly Developing Technology |
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28 | (1) |
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3.3 Ethical Questions Arise from AI's Typical Use to Enhance, Supplement, or Replace the Work of Humans |
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29 | (2) |
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3.4 We Also Need to Consider the Methods of Production of AI |
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31 | (1) |
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3.5 Hype in AI and Implications for Methodology in Ethics |
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31 | (5) |
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3.5.1 Hype Can Both Distort Our Ethical Reasoning, and Reveal Things of Potential Interest |
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32 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Hype About AI Can Channel Our Thinking About Solutions |
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33 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Impacts of Hype on Moral Thinking |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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4 Codes of Professional Ethics |
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39 | (20) |
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4.1 Introduction: The Varieties of Ethical Codes |
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39 | (2) |
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4.1.1 The Purposes of Codes and Statements of Principle |
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40 | (1) |
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4.2 Professional Codes of Ethics Tend to Have Certain Commonalities |
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41 | (6) |
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4.2.1 Relations Between Professionals, Clients and Others |
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41 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Professional Codes of Ethics, Enforcement, and Authority |
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42 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Professional Codes of Ethics and Professional Values |
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43 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Values Underlying Professional Codes of Ethics |
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43 | (1) |
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4.2.4.1 The Example of Autonomy |
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44 | (1) |
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4.2.4.2 Articulating Values Underlying Professional Codes of Ethics |
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45 | (2) |
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4.2.4.3 Underlying Professional Values May Be Focused Towards Protecting Individuals |
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47 | (1) |
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4.3 Codes of Ethics and Institutional Backing |
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47 | (1) |
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4.4 The Context of Codes of Ethics |
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48 | (5) |
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4.5 Can Codes of Ethics Make the Situation Worse? Yes |
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53 | (6) |
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5 How AI Challenges Professional Ethics |
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59 | (8) |
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5.1 AI Professional Organisations and Companies, and the Nature of Its Development and Production |
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59 | (2) |
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5.2 Gradients of Professional Power and Vulnerability in AI |
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61 | (2) |
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5.3 A Third Layer of Complexity in Codes of Professional Ethics for AI: The Behaviour of Machines |
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63 | (1) |
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5.4 The Authority of Any Resulting Codes |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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6 Developing Codes of Ethics Amidst Fast Technological Change |
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67 | (18) |
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6.1 Social, Cultural and Technological Change and Ethics |
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67 | (6) |
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6.1.1 Methodology and Moral Theory in Times of Change |
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68 | (1) |
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6.1.2 Social and Cultural Change Is Perennial |
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69 | (1) |
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6.1.3 Social, Cultural and Technological Change Is Multifactorial |
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70 | (1) |
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6.1.4 Change and Moral Uncertainty |
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71 | (2) |
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6.2 Social, Cultural, Economic and Technological Change: The Example of AI and Employment |
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73 | (3) |
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6.3 Regulating for Whom? The Global Reach of AI, Universalism, and Relativism |
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76 | (3) |
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6.4 Diversity in Participation as Part of the Solution |
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79 | (6) |
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7 Some Characteristic Pitfalls in Considering the Ethics of AI, and What to Do About Them |
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85 | (14) |
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7.1 The Idealisation of Human and of Machine Agency |
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85 | (4) |
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7.1.1 The Abstract and the Concrete in Ethics |
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85 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Artificial Intelligence, and Intelligence as the Hallmark of Humanity |
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86 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Idealisation and Overreach Often Applies in Thinking About the Ethics of AI |
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87 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Idealisation in Thought About Autonomous Vehicles |
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88 | (1) |
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7.2 Building Ethics into AI and the Idealisation of Moral Agency |
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89 | (2) |
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7.3 Replacing and Enhancing Human Agency, Boundaries and AI |
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91 | (3) |
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7.3.1 Case by Case Consideration Is Needed |
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91 | (1) |
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7.3.2 What Kind of Questions Do We Need to Ask in Such Cases? |
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92 | (1) |
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7.3.3 AI, Ethics, and Effects on Complex Systems |
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93 | (1) |
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7.3.4 Pay Attention: Technology Can Hide, and Technology Can Blind Us |
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93 | (1) |
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7.4 Addressing the Increased Gradient of Vulnerability |
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94 | (1) |
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7.5 Common Language, Miscommunication and the Search for Clarity |
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95 | (4) |
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7.5.1 Common Language May Mask Disagreement: A Tale of Two Autonomies |
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96 | (3) |
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8 Some Suggestions for How to Proceed |
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99 | (14) |
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8.1 Organisations and Codes |
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99 | (1) |
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8.2 Procedures for Drawing Up and Implementing Codes |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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8.4 Thinking About Ethical Issues in Developing and Implementing Codes of Ethics |
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103 | (1) |
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8.5 Asilomar AI Principles |
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104 | (9) |
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8.5.1 The Process of Producing the Principles |
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104 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Research Issues in the Asilomar Principles |
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105 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Ethics and Values in the Asilomar Principles |
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106 | (4) |
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8.5.4 Longer-Term Issues in AI |
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110 | (1) |
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8.5.5 General Comments on the Asilomar Principles |
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110 | (3) |
| References |
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113 | (8) |
| Index |
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121 | |
Lisainfo e-raamatute kohta