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xv | |
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xxiii | |
About the editors |
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xxv | |
Preface |
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xxvii | |
Acknowledgment |
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xxix | |
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1 The Current Status of Wind Power |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 History of wind power harvesting |
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1 | (2) |
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1.3 Current installed wind capacity |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Current status of rotors |
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4 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Rotor shape modification through bio-mimicry |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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1.4.3 Addition of complimentary components to wind turbines |
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5 | (1) |
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1.4.4 Rotor blade life and post-life management |
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5 | (1) |
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1.5 Current status of towers |
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6 | (1) |
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1.6 Current status of offshore foundations |
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7 | (1) |
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1.7 Current status of drive trains |
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8 | (1) |
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1.8 Advances in utility-scale wind turbines and wind farms |
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9 | (2) |
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1.8.1 Aerodynamics of wind turbines and wind farms |
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9 | (1) |
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1.8.2 Field data collection and control of wind turbines and wind farms |
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9 | (1) |
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1.8.3 Addressing the environmental issues |
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10 | (1) |
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1.8.4 Addressing the intermittency issue |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (8) |
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2 Advances in the aerodynamics of horizontal axis wind turbines |
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19 | (20) |
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19 | (2) |
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2.2 Wind turbine's blade technology development |
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21 | (1) |
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2.3 Progress in the aerodynamics of HAWT rotor blades |
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22 | (7) |
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2.4 Augmenting horizontal axis wind turbines with diffusers |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (6) |
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3 Scaling utility-scale wind turbines |
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39 | (10) |
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3.1 Why test scale Turbines? |
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39 | (1) |
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3.2 How to properly scale wind turbines for wind tunnel Testing? |
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40 | (3) |
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3.3 Practical steps for implementation in Python |
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43 | (1) |
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3.4 Blade element theory when applied to wind turbine scaling |
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44 | (1) |
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3.5 Blockage corrections for model Turbines |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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4 Advances in aerodynamics of wind farms |
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49 | (38) |
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49 | (1) |
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4.2 Length scales in wind farms |
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50 | (2) |
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4.3 State-of-the-art numerics for farm modeling |
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52 | (6) |
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4.3.1 Large eddy simulation |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Wind turbine model---actuator line and actuator disk |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (8) |
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4.4.1 Frandsen-Calaf theory |
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58 | (2) |
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4.4.2 Large eddy simulation of infinite wind farms |
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60 | (1) |
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4.4.2.1 Turbulent statistics |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Two-scale momentum theory |
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64 | (2) |
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4.5 Interaction of large scale turbulence in wind farms |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (4) |
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67 | (3) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (4) |
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4.7.1 Aerodynamic roughness in wind farms |
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73 | (2) |
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4.8 Wind farms in complex terrain |
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75 | (2) |
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4.9 Reducing farm-level aerodynamic interaction |
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77 | (2) |
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4.9.1 Modification of wind turbines |
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77 | (1) |
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4.9.2 Modification of farm layout: multiscale wind farms |
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77 | (2) |
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4.9.3 Modification of farm land: windbreak models |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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4.10.2 Dynamic induction control |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (5) |
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5 Wind farm layout optimization |
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87 | (18) |
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Francisco Haces-Fernandez |
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5.1 Introduction to wind farm layout optimization |
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87 | (3) |
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5.1.1 Wind farm layout change trend |
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87 | (2) |
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5.1.2 Wake models and cost models |
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89 | (1) |
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5.2 Different wind farm layout optimization methods |
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90 | (4) |
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90 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Particle swarm optimization method |
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91 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Other algorithms used in wind farm layout optimization |
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92 | (1) |
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5.2.4 Wind farm layout optimization with Geographic Information Systems |
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93 | (1) |
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5.3 Single objective and multiple objectives wind farm layout optimization |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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5.5 Discussion and future trend |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (7) |
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6 Analyzing data obtained via wind farm supervisory control and data acquisition |
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105 | (34) |
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105 | (1) |
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6.2 Wind farm operation and maintenance with SCADA data and CMS data |
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106 | (13) |
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6.2.1 Reliability assessment and maintenance strategies |
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106 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Condition monitoring and prognosis with SCADA and CMS data |
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108 | (7) |
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6.2.3 Performance monitoring with SCADA data |
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115 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Wind speed/power prediction |
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116 | (2) |
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6.2.5 Predictive maintenance planning |
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118 | (1) |
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6.3 A unified framework for cyber-physical wind farms |
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119 | (3) |
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122 | (11) |
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6.4.1 SCADA-based power curve monitoring |
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122 | (4) |
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6.4.2 Condition monitoring of drivetrain system |
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126 | (4) |
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6.4.3 Intelligent wind field operation and maintenance system |
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130 | (3) |
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6.5 Summary and future perspectives |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (5) |
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7 Innovative control strategies for wind turbines |
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139 | (44) |
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7.1 Wind turbine model for MPPT design |
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139 | (4) |
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7.1.1 Wind turbine rotor aerodynamics |
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140 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Wind turbine mechanical dynamics |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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7.2 MPPT under turbulence |
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143 | (9) |
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7.2.1 Turbulence characteristics |
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144 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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7.2.1.2 Turbulence intensity |
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144 | (1) |
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7.2.1.3 Integral length scale |
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145 | (1) |
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7.2.1.4 Power spectral density |
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145 | (1) |
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7.2.1.5 Turbulence frequency |
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146 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Turbine tracking loss |
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146 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Turbine tracking invalidity |
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147 | (5) |
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7.3 Effects of turbulence on MPPT performance |
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152 | (7) |
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152 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Turbulence intensity |
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153 | (1) |
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7.3.3 Turbulence frequency |
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153 | (1) |
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7.3.3.1 Direct effects of turbulence frequency |
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154 | (1) |
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7.3.3.2 Indirect effects of turbulence frequency |
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154 | (5) |
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7.4 MPPT reference input modification to increase wind energy extraction |
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159 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Reference input modification analysis |
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160 | (2) |
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162 | (2) |
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7.4.3 Reduction of tracking range |
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164 | (2) |
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166 | (11) |
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166 | (3) |
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7.5.2 ETR estimation based on wind energy distribution |
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169 | (2) |
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7.5.3 Simulation studies and experimental validation |
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171 | (1) |
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7.5.3.1 FAST simulation results |
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172 | (1) |
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7.5.3.2 WTS experimental results |
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173 | (4) |
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177 | (6) |
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8 Recent advances in vibration control for wind turbines under multiple hazards |
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183 | (30) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (4) |
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191 | (5) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Semi-active control |
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195 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Variable-orifice dampers |
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195 | (1) |
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8.4.6 Controllable fluid damper |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (4) |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Modified Bouc-Wen model |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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8.7 Advanced control theory to accelerate the optimal tuning of smart structures |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (8) |
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PART III Environmental Concerns |
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9 Wind farm noise propagation and viable noise reduction strategies |
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213 | (14) |
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9.1 Wind turbine noise sources |
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213 | (1) |
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9.2 Human response to wind turbine noise and noise characteristics |
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214 | (2) |
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9.3 Atmospheric conditions and wind turbine noise |
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216 | (1) |
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9.4 Wind turbine noise prediction |
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217 | (2) |
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9.4.1 Semiempirical noise prediction methods |
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217 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Computational aeroacoustics |
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217 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Noise propagation and immission modeling |
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218 | (1) |
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9.5 Methods to reduce noise-related problems |
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219 | (5) |
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9.5.1 Wind farm operation |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Wind turbine aerodynamics |
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221 | (1) |
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9.5.3.1 Airfoil self-noise |
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221 | (2) |
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9.5.3.2 Incoming turbulence noise |
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223 | (1) |
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9.5.3.3 Noise due to the interaction between the tower and the blades |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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10 Bird and bat collisions at wind farms |
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227 | (26) |
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227 | (2) |
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10.2 Monitoring activities |
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229 | (10) |
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10.2.1 Onshore monitoring |
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229 | (1) |
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10.2.1.1 Acoustic monitoring |
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229 | (1) |
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10.2.1.1.1 Acoustic detectors |
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230 | (1) |
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10.2.1.1.2 Feature extraction |
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231 | (3) |
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10.2.1.1.3 Classification |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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10.2.1.2.1 Detection and tracking |
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237 | (1) |
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10.2.1.3 Radar technology |
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238 | (1) |
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10.2.1.3.1 Radars in avian studies |
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238 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Offshore monitoring |
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239 | (1) |
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10.3 Impact of bird collision |
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239 | (3) |
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242 | (3) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (7) |
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PART IV The Intermittency Issue |
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11 Overview of state-of-the-art of wind power forecasting |
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253 | (16) |
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253 | (1) |
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11.2 Technical routine of wind power forecasting |
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254 | (1) |
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11.3 Numerical weather prediction |
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254 | (1) |
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11.4 Wind power conversion model |
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255 | (6) |
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11.4.1 Deterministic forecast |
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255 | (1) |
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11.4.1.1 Physical forecasting method |
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256 | (1) |
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11.4.1.2 Statistical forecasting method |
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257 | (2) |
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11.4.1.3 Ensemble forecasting method |
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259 | (1) |
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11.4.2 Ramping event forecast |
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259 | (1) |
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11.4.3 Probabilistic forecast |
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260 | (1) |
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11.5 Predictive performance evaluation |
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261 | (4) |
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11.5.1 Deterministic forecast evaluation |
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261 | (1) |
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11.5.1.1 Vertical error evaluation |
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261 | (1) |
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11.5.1.2 Horizontal error evaluation |
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262 | (1) |
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11.5.2 Event forecast evaluation |
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262 | (2) |
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11.5.3 Probabilistic forecast evaluation |
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264 | (1) |
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11.5.3.1 Prediction intervals coverage probability (PICP) |
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264 | (1) |
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11.5.3.2 Prediction intervals relative width (PIRW) |
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264 | (1) |
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11.5.3.3 Daily accumulated deviation index (DADI) |
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265 | (1) |
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11.6 Conclusion and future work |
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265 | (1) |
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266 | (3) |
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12 Storage-integrated wind farms |
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269 | (28) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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12.2 Modeling of storage-integrated wind farms |
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271 | (8) |
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12.2.1 Modeling of wind generator and drive train |
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271 | (3) |
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12.2.2 Modeling of DFIG's transmission system |
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274 | (1) |
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12.2.3 Modeling of controllers for the wind turbine |
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274 | (1) |
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12.2.3.1 RSC control and dynamics |
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274 | (2) |
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12.2.3.2 Grid-side converter dynamics |
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276 | (1) |
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12.2.4 Modeling of battery energy storage unit |
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276 | (1) |
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12.2.4.1 AC-side dynamics |
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277 | (1) |
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12.2.4.2 Modeling storage controllers |
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277 | (1) |
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12.2.4.3 Phase-locked loop (PLL) |
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278 | (1) |
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12.2.4.4 Integration of BESS and wind turbine at PCC |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (3) |
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12.3.1 Sensitivity analysis |
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281 | (1) |
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12.4 Distributed control design for storage-integrated wind farms |
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282 | (7) |
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12.4.1 Control objectives |
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283 | (1) |
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12.4.2 Simplified model of storage-integrated wind turbines for secondary control design |
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284 | (1) |
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12.4.2.1 Wind turbine's simplified model |
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284 | (1) |
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12.4.2.2 Simplified model of BESSs |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Control design without communication delays |
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286 | (2) |
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12.4.5 Control design with communication delays |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (3) |
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12.5.1 Ancillary services without communication delays |
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290 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Ancillary services with communication delays |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (4) |
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13 Current status of research on the design of hybrid wind and solar plants |
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297 | (32) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (2) |
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13.1.1 Grid-connected systems |
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298 | (1) |
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13.1.2 Standalone RES systems |
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299 | (1) |
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13.2 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HRES) |
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299 | (2) |
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13.3 HRES comprising of Solar/Wind and storage System components |
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301 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Energy storage Systems used in standalone HRES |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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13.4 Optimization techniques for the components of HRES |
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303 | (10) |
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13.4.1 Criteria for hybrid solar-wind system optimization |
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303 | (2) |
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13.4.2 Methodologies for optimum sizing for the components of HRES |
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305 | (8) |
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313 | (3) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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13.5.3 Solar and wind resources |
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314 | (2) |
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13.5.4 Results and discussions |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (4) |
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320 | (9) |
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14 Status of offshore wind farms in Europe: the case study of Galicia |
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329 | (12) |
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Almudena Filgueira-Vizoso |
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329 | (2) |
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331 | (2) |
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14.3 Present and future of offshore wind in Galicia |
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333 | (4) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
Index |
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341 | |