| Preface |
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xi | |
| Dedication and Acknowledgments |
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xv | |
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1 | (14) |
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Chapter 1 Winning through Mergers and Acquisitions |
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3 | (12) |
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Critical Values Shareholders Overlook |
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5 | (1) |
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Stand-Alone Fair Market Value |
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6 | (2) |
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Investment Value to Strategic Buyers |
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8 | (2) |
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Win--Win Benefits of Merger and Acquisition |
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10 | (1) |
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Computation of Cavendish's Stand-Alone, Fair Market Value |
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11 | (1) |
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Investment Value to Strategic Buyer |
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12 | (3) |
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15 | (84) |
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Chapter 2 Building Value and Measuring Return on Investment in a Private Company |
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17 | (24) |
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Public Company Value Creation Model |
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17 | (2) |
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Computing Private Company Value Creation and ROI |
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19 | (16) |
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Analyzing Value Creation Strategies |
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35 | (6) |
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Chapter 3 Market and Competitive Analysis |
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41 | (20) |
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Linking Strategic Planning to Building Value |
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43 | (5) |
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Assessing Specific Company Risk |
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48 | (5) |
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Competitive Factors Frequently Encountered in Nonpublic Entities |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Merger and Acquisition Market and Planning Process |
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61 | (30) |
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Common Seller and Buyer Motivations |
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64 | (1) |
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Why Mergers and Acquisitions Fail |
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65 | (2) |
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Sales Strategy and Process |
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67 | (11) |
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Acquisition Strategy and Process |
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78 | (8) |
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Due Diligence Preparation |
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86 | (5) |
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Chapter 5 Measuring Synergies |
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91 | (8) |
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Synergy Measurement Process |
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92 | (3) |
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Key Variables in Assessing Synergies |
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95 | (1) |
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Synergy and Advance Planning |
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96 | (3) |
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99 | (142) |
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Chapter 6 Valuation Approaches and Fundamentals |
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101 | (18) |
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Business Valuation Approaches |
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101 | (2) |
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Using the Invested Capital Model to Define the Investment Being Appraised |
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103 | (1) |
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Why Net Cash Flow Measures Value Most Accurately |
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104 | (2) |
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Frequent Need to Negotiate from Earnings Measures |
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106 | (3) |
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Financial Statement Adjustments |
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109 | (3) |
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Managing Investment Risk in Merger and Acquisition |
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112 | (5) |
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117 | (2) |
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Chapter 7 Income Approach: Using Expected Future Returns to Establish Value |
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119 | (16) |
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Why Values for Merger and Acquisition Should Be Driven by the Income Approach |
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119 | (2) |
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Two Methods within the Income Approach |
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121 | (7) |
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128 | (3) |
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Establishing Defendable Long-Term Growth Rates and Terminal Values |
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131 | (2) |
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DCF Challenges and Applications |
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133 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Cost of Capital Essentials |
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135 | (34) |
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136 | (2) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Fundamentals and Limitations of the Capital Asset Pricing Model |
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139 | (3) |
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Modified Capital Asset Pricing Model |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (8) |
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Summary of Rate of Return Data |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (3) |
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International Cost of Capital |
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156 | (1) |
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How to Develop an Equity Cost for a Target Company |
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157 | (2) |
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Reconciling Discount Rates and P/E Multiples |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Appendix 8A Using Specific Company Risk Strategically |
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162 | (7) |
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Chapter 9 Weighted Average Cost of Capital |
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169 | (12) |
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Iterative Weighted Average Cost of Capital Process |
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170 | (4) |
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Shortcut Weighted Average Cost of Capital Formula |
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174 | (2) |
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Common Errors in Computing Cost of Capital |
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176 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 Market Approach: Using Guideline Public Companies and M&A Transactions |
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181 | (18) |
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Transaction Multiple Method |
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182 | (4) |
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Guideline Public Company Method |
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186 | (4) |
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Selection of Valuation Multiples |
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190 | (1) |
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Commonly Used Market Multiples |
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191 | (8) |
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Chapter 11 Asset Approach |
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199 | (10) |
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Book Value versus Market Value |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Use of the Asset Approach to Value Noncontrolling Interests |
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201 | (1) |
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Adjusted Book Value Method |
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202 | (5) |
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Specific Steps in Computing Adjusted Book Value |
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207 | (2) |
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Chapter 12 Adjusting Value through Premiums and Discounts |
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209 | (8) |
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Applicability of Premiums and Discounts |
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210 | (1) |
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Application and Derivation of Premiums and Discounts |
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211 | (2) |
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Apply Discretion in the Size of the Adjustment |
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213 | (2) |
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Control versus Lack of Control in Income-Driven Methods |
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215 | (1) |
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Fair Market Value versus Investment Value |
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215 | (2) |
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Chapter 13 Reconciling Initial Value Estimates and Determining Value Conclusion |
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217 | (24) |
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Essential Need for Broad Perspective |
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217 | (3) |
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220 | (5) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (2) |
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Value Reconciliation and Conclusion |
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228 | (3) |
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231 | (1) |
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Candidly Assess Valuation Capabilities |
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232 | (1) |
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Valuation Scenarios -- Platform for M&A |
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232 | (3) |
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Appendix 13A Disciplined and Thorough Valuation Analysis Key to Avoiding Failed M&A Deals |
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235 | (1) |
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Analysis of a Hypothetical Synergistic Deal |
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235 | (1) |
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Establishing the Value of an Acquisition Target |
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236 | (2) |
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Establishing Value for the Acquirer |
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238 | (1) |
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Considerations of Other Impacts on Value |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (156) |
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243 | (26) |
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Why Is Exit Planning So Difficult? |
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244 | (3) |
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What Makes Planning for Your Private Company Investment Unique? |
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247 | (2) |
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Why Should Exit Planning for Your Private Company Begin Now? |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (19) |
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Step 1 Setting Exit Goals |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (2) |
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Step 3 Type of Exiting Owner |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (5) |
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263 | (2) |
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Step 6 Execution of Exit Plan |
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265 | (4) |
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Chapter 15 Art of the Deal |
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269 | (20) |
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Unique Negotiation Challenges |
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269 | (2) |
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Deal Structure: Stock versus Assets |
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271 | (5) |
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276 | (3) |
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Terms of Sale: Cash versus Stock |
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279 | (3) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (3) |
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See the Deal from the Other Side |
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286 | (3) |
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Chapter 16 Fairness Opinions |
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289 | (20) |
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Why Are Fairness Opinions Obtained? |
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291 | (3) |
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The Use of Fairness Opinions by Private Companies |
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294 | (1) |
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Parties Who Prepare Fairness Opinions |
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295 | (2) |
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Components of a Fairness Opinion |
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297 | (4) |
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What Fairness Opinions Are Not |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Appendix 16A Sample Fairness Opinion Letter |
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303 | (6) |
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Chapter 17 M&A and Financial Reporting |
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309 | (22) |
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310 | (1) |
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Relevant FASB and IFRS Statements |
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311 | (1) |
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Reviews by the Audit Firm |
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312 | (1) |
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ASC 820: Fair Value Measurements |
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313 | (2) |
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ASC 805: Business Combinations |
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315 | (10) |
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ASC 350: Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets |
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325 | (1) |
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Incorporating ASC 805 into the Due Diligence Process |
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326 | (3) |
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329 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Intangible Asset Valuation |
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331 | (22) |
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Approaches to Valuing Intangible Assets |
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332 | (2) |
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Key Components to Intangible Asset Valuation |
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334 | (9) |
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Intangible Asset Valuation Methods |
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343 | (9) |
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352 | (1) |
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Chapter 19 Measuring and Managing Value in High-Tech Start-Ups |
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353 | (28) |
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Why Appraisals of High-Tech Start-Ups Are Essential |
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353 | (2) |
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Key Differences in High-Tech Start-Ups |
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355 | (1) |
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Value Management Begins with Competitive Analysis |
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356 | (2) |
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358 | (2) |
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360 | (1) |
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Start-Ups and Traditional Valuation Methods |
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361 | (6) |
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QED Survey of Valuation Methods Used by Venture Capitalists |
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367 | (5) |
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A Probability-Weighted Scenario Method to Value Start-Ups |
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372 | (5) |
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Equity Allocation Methods |
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377 | (3) |
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380 | (1) |
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Chapter 20 Cross-Border M&A |
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381 | (16) |
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Strategic Buy-Side Considerations |
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381 | (9) |
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390 | (5) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (56) |
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Chapter 21 Merger and Acquisition Valuation Case Study -- Distribution Company |
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399 | (30) |
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History and Competitive Conditions |
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400 | (1) |
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401 | (1) |
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General Economic Conditions |
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402 | (1) |
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Specific Industry Conditions |
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403 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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Computation of the Stand-Alone Fair Market Value |
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404 | (5) |
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409 | (9) |
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Summary and Conclusion of Stand-Alone Fair Market Value |
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418 | (2) |
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Computation of Investment Value |
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420 | (7) |
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Suggested Considerations to Case Conclusion |
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427 | (2) |
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Chapter 22 Merger and Acquisition Valuation Case Study -- Professional Services Firm |
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429 | (24) |
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429 | (4) |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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Historic Financial Performance |
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436 | (3) |
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439 | (4) |
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443 | (2) |
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Discounted Cash Flow Method |
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445 | (1) |
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Other Valuation Methods to Consider |
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445 | (6) |
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Suggested Considerations to Case Conclusion |
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451 | (2) |
| About the Authors |
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453 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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455 | (10) |
| Index |
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465 | |