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E-raamat: Voids in Materials: From Unavoidable Defects to Designed Cellular Materials

(University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
X-Link 3D), (University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA)
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128192832
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Voids in Materials: From Unavoidable Defects to Designed Cellular MaterialsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: PDF+DRM
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2020
  • Kirjastus: Elsevier Science Publishing Co Inc
  • Keel: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128192832
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Voids in Materials: From Unavoidable Defects to Designed Cellular Materials, Second Edition, provides a central reference for discussion of voids in materials, covering all types of voids—intrinsic and intentional, and stochastic and non-stochastic—and the processes and conditions that are needed to create them. The book offers an extensive review of current applications and proposes future directions for using voids to impart functionality. The voids (or empty spaces in materials) are defined, categorized, and characterized, including the effects they have on material properties, and designed or unavoidable defects.

Ultimately, voids are viewed as a material design parameter that can be incorporated into materials on multiple length scales for the design of multifunctional material. All materials have voids in them, at some scale. Sometimes the voids are ignored, sometimes they are taken into account, and other times they are the focal point of the research.

  • Covers the effect of voids in materials, from low volume fraction defects to very high-volume fraction foams
  • Explains how and why voids are introduced into materials across multiple length scales
  • Discusses the smallest scale in which voids are mostly unavoidable
  • Presents voids across the volume fraction scale
  • Provides a continuous and clear picture of how material properties change as the volume fraction of void goes from 1% up to 99%
  • Outlines the implications of voids at different length scales and volume fraction content
  • Explains the Impact of designed and unwanted voids on current mega trends
About the authors xiii
Preface to the first edition xv
Preface to the second edition xvii
1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 Descriptions
2(11)
1.2.1 Intrinsic and intentional voids
2(1)
1.2.2 Closed and open cell porosity
3(2)
1.2.3 Unreinforced and reinforced voids
5(2)
1.2.4 Porosity in natural and synthetic materials
7(2)
1.2.5 Stochastic, nonstochastic, and Voronoi foams
9(3)
1.2.6 Material versus digital design of voids
12(1)
1.3 Voids through the length scale
13(2)
References
15(2)
2 Intrinsic voids in crystalline materials: Ideal materials and real materials
17(24)
2.1 Introduction
17(1)
2.2 Crystalline materials
18(7)
2.2.1 Ideal materials and properties
18(3)
2.2.2 Defects and real properties
21(4)
2.2.3 Density
25(1)
2.3 Mechanical properties
25(5)
2.3.1 Modulus
25(3)
2.3.2 Effect of voids on strength
28(1)
2.3.3 Griffith theory of brittle fracture
29(1)
2.4 Processing and service-induced voids
30(1)
2.4.1 Casting
30(1)
2.4.2 Powder processing of materials
31(1)
2.4.3 Voids in solders
31(1)
2.5 Time-dependent properties
31(6)
2.5.1 Diffusion of vacancies and voids
32(2)
2.5.2 Clustering and failure
34(1)
2.5.3 Kirkendall voids in crystalline materials
35(2)
References
37(4)
3 Intrinsic voids in polymeric networks
41(12)
3.1 Polymer structure
41(3)
3.2 Free volume and thermomechanical behavior
44(2)
3.3 Kinetic theory of polymer strength
46(2)
3.4 Thermal conductivity
48(1)
3.5 Role of voids in physical aging in polymers
49(1)
3.6 Measurement of free volume
49(1)
References
50(3)
4 Nanometer scale porous structures
53(24)
4.1 Introduction
53(1)
4.2 Nanotubes
54(5)
4.3 Zeolites
59(2)
4.4 Nanoporous polymers
61(3)
4.5 Nanoporous organic networks
64(7)
4.5.1 Covalent organic frameworks
65(2)
4.5.2 Covalent triazine frameworks
67(1)
4.5.3 Polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIM)
67(1)
4.5.4 Conjugated microporous polymers
68(3)
4.6 Nanopbrous noble metals
71(2)
References
73(4)
5 Hollow and porous structures utilizing the Kirkendall effect
77(18)
5.1 Introduction
77(1)
5.2 Generalized Kirkendall mechanism for formation of hollow particles
78(4)
5.2.1 Symmetric hollow particles
80(1)
5.2.2 Asymmetric hollow particles
81(1)
5.3 Tubes
82(3)
5.4 Porous and hollow structures
85(6)
References
91(4)
6 Techniques for introducing intentional voids into materials
95(44)
6.1 Introduction
95(1)
6.2 Commonalities of foam formation processes
96(1)
6.3 Introduction of a gas
97(8)
6.3.1 Mixing
97(2)
6.3.2 Physical blowing agent
99(2)
6.3.3 Chemical blowing agent
101(4)
6.4 Templating or sacrificial pore former
105(2)
6.4.1 Aerogels
106(1)
6.5 Bonding together of spheres, fibers, powders, or particles
107(2)
6.6 Additive manufacturing of cellular structures
109(14)
6.7 Mechanical stretching
123(1)
6.8 Exploiting chemically selective weakness in solids
124(5)
6.9 Hierarchical design with voids
129(3)
References
132(5)
Further reading
137(2)
7 Techniques of introducing intentional voids into particles and fibers
139(28)
7.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2 Hollow and porous particles
139(15)
7.2.1 Introduction
139(1)
7.2.2 Processing of porous particles
140(3)
7.2.3 Hollow particles
143(4)
7.2.4 Hollow, porous particles
147(3)
7.2.5 Porous and hollow macrometer scale particles
150(4)
7.3 Hollow and porous fibers
154(6)
7.3.1 Carbon nanotubes
158(2)
7.4 Nonspherical hollow particles
160(2)
References
162(5)
8 Void characterization techniques
167(22)
8.1 Introduction
167(1)
8.2 Microscopy
167(5)
8.2.1 Optical microscopy
167(1)
8.2.2 Electron microscopy
168(4)
8.3 Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS)
172(2)
8.4 Three-dimensional imaging
174(4)
8.5 Gas adsorption
178(2)
8.6 Chromatographic porosimetry
180(6)
8.6.1 Introduction
180(1)
8.6.2 Inverse gas chromatography (IGC)
181(2)
8.6.3 Inverse size exclusion chromatography
183(3)
References
186(3)
9 Characteristics and properties of porous materials
189(42)
9.1 Introduction
189(1)
9.2 General characterization
190(12)
9.2.1 Cell size
190(1)
9.2.2 Open versus closed cell
191(2)
9.2.3 Reinforced versus unreinforced voids
193(2)
9.2.4 Density
195(1)
9.2.5 Relative density
196(1)
9.2.6 Energy absorption
197(2)
9.2.7 Cell size distribution and regularity
199(3)
9.3 Conventional foams
202(6)
9.3.1 Stress---strain behavior in compression
202(1)
9.3.2 Elastic constants
203(3)
9.3.3 Dielectric constant
206(2)
9.4 Syntactic foams
208(4)
9.4.1 Growth and performance
208(2)
9.4.2 Compressive stress---strain relationship
210(2)
9.5 Thermal properties
212(5)
9.6 Finite element analysis (FEA)
217(3)
9.7 Geopolymer foams
220(2)
9.8 Metallic foams
222(4)
References
226(5)
10 Applications
231(50)
10.1 Introduction
231(2)
10.2 Syntactic foams
233(10)
10.2.1 Deep-sea buoyancy
233(5)
10.2.2 Hollow composite macrospheres and composite syntactic foams
238(1)
10.2.3 Deep-sea thermal insulation
239(1)
10.2.4 Syntactic foams and explosive formulations
240(2)
10.2.5 Other application
242(1)
10.3 Aerospace
243(14)
10.3.1 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)
243(2)
10.3.2 Honeycombs
245(1)
10.3.3 Thermal protection systems and heat shields
246(3)
10.3.4 Silica aerogel for a comet dust collector
249(5)
10.3.5 Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs)
254(3)
10.4 Energy
257(6)
10.4.1 Lithium-ion battery
257(2)
10.4.2 Electrochemical energy storage with porous metals
259(2)
10.4.3 Guest---host complexes
261(2)
10.4.4 Solar power
263(1)
10.5 Titania and photocatalysis
263(2)
10.6 Biomaterials and healthcare
265(7)
10.6.1 Introduction
265(2)
10.6.2 Biomaterials scaffold
267(1)
10.6.3 Nerve regeneration
268(4)
10.6.4 Drug delivery
272(1)
10.7 Menger sponges
272(3)
References
275(6)
Glossary 281(4)
Author index 285(12)
Subject index 297
Gary Gladysz is an adjunct associate professor of materials science and engineering at the University of Alabama at Birmingham, United States and founder at X-Link 3D. He received his PhD from the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology, where he participated in the NATO Collaborative Program with the German Aerospace Institute (DLR). Since receiving his PhD, he has led research efforts in university, government, and industrial settings. He has extensive research experience designing and characterizing thermoset composite materials for 3D printing, fibrous composites, ceramic composites, polymers, composite foams, and thin films. As a technical staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), he was technical lead for rigid composites and thermoset materials. In 2005 he was awarded the LANL Distinguished Performance Group Award for his work leading materials development on the Reliable Replacement Warhead Feasibility Project. Additionally, while the US Army, he developed composite materials and test protocols for ballistic head protection. He has served on funding review boards for LANL, National Science Foundation, ACS, and the Lindbergh Foundation. He has been guest editor on many issues of leading materials science journals, including Journal of Materials Science and Materials Science & Engineering. He has organized many international conferences/symposia on syntactic foams, composite materials, and innovative materials for additive manufacturing. He started and chairs the ECI international conference series on Syntactic and Composites Foams. He currently lives in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. Professor Krishan Chawla obtained his BS from Banaras Hindu University and his MS and PhD degrees from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States. He has taught and/or done research at (in alphabetical order) Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ (United States); Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (Switzerland); Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Berlin (Germany); German Aerospace Research Institute (DLR), Cologne (Germany); Instituto Militar de Engenharia (Brazil); Laval University (Canada); Los Alamos National Lab (United States); New Mexico Tech (United States); Northwestern University (United States); University of Alabama at Birmingham (United States); and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (United States). He has published extensively in the areas of processing, microstructure, and mechanical behavior of materials, in general, and composite materials and fibers, in particular. Besides being a member of various professional societies, he is Editor of International Materials Review (published jointly by ASM International, United States and the Institute of Materials, London) and a member of the Editorial Board of various journals. During 1989-1990, he served as a Program Director for metals and ceramics in the Division of Materials Research, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, United States. He serves as a consultant to the industry, US national laboratories, and various US federal government agencies. In 1992 he was the recipient of the Eshbach Society Distinguished Visiting Scholar Award from Northwestern University. During the period of June, 1994 through June, 1995 he held the US Dept. of Energy Faculty Fellowship at Oak Ridge National Lab. In 1996 he was given the Distinguished Researcher Award by the New Mexico Tech. In 1997 he was made a Fellow of ASM international. In 2000 he was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus award by Banaras Hindu University. He received the Presidents Award for Excellence in Teaching, University of Alabama at Birmingham in 2006. In 2018 he was awarded the Albert Nelson Marquis Lifetime Achievement Award.
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