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Water-Related Death Investigation: Practical Methods and Forensic Applications 2nd edition [Kõva köide]

(Office of the Cuyahoga County Coroner, Cleveland, Ohio, USA), (Cleveland Lakefront State Park Police, Ohio, USA)
  • Formaat: Hardback, 438 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1061 g, 4 Tables, color; 51 Line drawings, color; 184 Halftones, color; 235 Illustrations, color
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036725154X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367251543
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  • Formaat: Hardback, 438 pages, kõrgus x laius: 254x178 mm, kaal: 1061 g, 4 Tables, color; 51 Line drawings, color; 184 Halftones, color; 235 Illustrations, color
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-May-2021
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036725154X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367251543
Teised raamatud teemal:
Nearly ten years after the first edition of Water-Related Death Investigation: Practical Methods and Forensic Applications, water death cases continue to be improperly investigated. The pathologists report can determine the cause of death as a drowning, but the manner of death is the most challenging to prove. The report will not determine if a victim jumped into the water to commit suicide, fell into the water accidentally, or was pushed in as a homicidal act. Many drowning cases do not reflect injury to the body, so evidence collected at the scene plays a vital role.

The importance of an on-scene body assessment cannot be overemphasized. Often, the body evidence begins to change rapidly upon recovery and may not be present during an autopsy. Written statements on the scene are an effective tool to use to determine the accuracy of information given to arriving officers. These statements need to be written by the witnesses themselves as well as the reporting person. The "Show Me" technique can also help reveal discrepancies in a persons version of what occurred as well as aid in providing the most details to an incident as is humanly possible.

This second edition includes updated information on the latest technology to assist water death investigators. Parabon Snapshot can help determine the faceless identity of skeletal remains and help locate potential suspects using the science of DNA. Drones can aid in locating missing persons as well as human remains, even months after death. Updated information is provided regarding fingerprints from submerged objects, and Carbon-14 can help determine the origin of a found corpse.

Key Features:











Thoroughly reviews the physiological aspects of drowning





Reveals the investigative characteristics inherent to various scenes of water-related deaths





Highlights certain "red flag" indicators that may point to foul play or scene staging





Outlines autopsy protocols, trial preparation, and expert witness testimony





Provides numerous case studies and numerous illustrations to further clarify key points presented in the text

Coauthored by a Master Water Death Investigator and an experienced forensic pathologist, Water-Related Death Investigation: Practical Methods and Forensic Applications, Second Edition merges the essentials of evidence collection and field investigation with autopsy best practices and laboratory testing. It will continue to serve as a valuable resource for the various professionals involved in these cases.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
About the Authors xxi
1 Introduction
1(28)
Erica J. Armstrong
Drowning: A Diagnosis of Exclusion
1(3)
Drowning Statistics and Epidemiology
4(1)
The Drowning Process
5(1)
Respiratory (Pulmonary) Physiology
5(4)
Pathophysiological Effects of Drowning
9(1)
The Process of Drowning
10(2)
Freshwater vs. Saltwater Drowning
12(1)
"Dry Drowning"
13(1)
Drowning Tests
14(2)
Cold-Water-Related Deaths
16(1)
Warm-Water-Related Deaths
17(1)
Position of Body in Water after Drowning
18(1)
Waterborne Illness
19(1)
Importance of a Good Scene Investigation
20(1)
The Role of the Coroner/Medical Examiner in Medicolegal Death Investigation
21(2)
Reporting a Death to the Coroner or Medical Examiner: General Information and Requirements
23(3)
References
26(3)
2 Investigative Duties on Scene
29(104)
Kevin L. Erskine
Securing the Scene
29(1)
Determining Scene Boundaries
30(1)
Documenting the Scene
30(2)
Search for Evidence
32(2)
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or drones)
34(3)
Body Search Missions
37(1)
Body Search Operations Checklist
38(1)
Challenges of Drone Use for Body Searches
38(1)
Coordinating with Ground Teams
39(1)
Loc 8 Image Scanning Software
40(1)
Thermal Imaging
41(1)
Thermal Imaging Limitations
41(1)
Thermal Imaging for Drones
41(1)
Body Decomposition Heat Signatures
41(1)
Decomposing Vegetation Heat Signatures
42(1)
Mapping Missions for SAR
43(1)
Thermal Vision Cameras for Drones
43(1)
Drone Models
44(1)
DJI Inspire Quadcopter
44(1)
DJI Matrice 200 Quadcopter
44(1)
Parrot Bebop Pro Thermal Quadcopter
45(1)
DJI Mavic Air
45(1)
Grid Searches
46(2)
Drone Laws
48(1)
Underwater Drones
48(2)
Underwater Search Techniques
50(1)
Search Patterns for Divers
50(4)
Diver-Held Sonar
54(4)
Side-Scan Sonar
58(2)
Kongsberg Sonar
60(3)
K-9-Aided Searches
63(1)
Evidence Recovery
64(1)
Types of Evidence
65(1)
Latent Prints from Submerged Evidence
65(1)
Handgun Evidence
66(1)
Tape
67(1)
Weapon Recovery
67(1)
Dive Team Equipment
68(3)
Significance of the Absence or Presence of Clothing or Other Coverings on the Body
71(1)
Body Composition
71(1)
Water Temperature
71(1)
Current or Tidal Action
71(1)
Type of Clothing
72(1)
Manner of Water Entry
72(1)
Retardation of Decomposition
72(1)
Preservation of Evidence
72(1)
Infant Deaths
72(1)
Aid in Recovery or Identification
73(1)
Investigative Characteristics of Selected Scenes
73(1)
Bodies in Submerged Vehicles
73(4)
Bucket Drowning
77(1)
Scuba Fatalities
78(1)
Dive Buddy Interview
79(1)
Recovery Diver Interview
80(1)
Location and Recovery of the Diver
80(1)
Equipment Preservation and Evaluation
81(1)
Air Quality Standards for Scuba Tanks
81(1)
Sampling Scuba Cylinder Air
81(3)
Autopsy
84(1)
Formulating Conclusions
84(1)
Common Factors of Scuba Fatalities
85(1)
Scuba Fatality Reports
85(1)
Suicidal Drowning
86(1)
Pool Drowning
87(2)
Hotel, School, and Recreation Center Pools
89(1)
Lighting
89(1)
Noise
89(1)
Surface Ripple
90(1)
False Sense of Security
90(1)
Unusual Hours of Operation
90(1)
High Concentration of Swimmers
90(1)
Interview of Lifeguard (If One Was on Duty)
90(1)
Investigative Techniques
91(1)
Bathtub and Hot Tub Drowning
92(4)
Moving Water Drowning
96(1)
Current Speed
97(1)
Body Drop Rates
97(1)
Homicidal Drowning
98(1)
Erotic Drowning
98(3)
Drowning of the Elderly
101(2)
Boating and Personal Watercraft (PWC) Accidents
103(1)
Determining the Location of the Crash
104(1)
Light and Lamp Examination
105(6)
Inspection of PFDs
111(2)
Cold Water Immersion
113(2)
Alcohol
115(2)
Drug Use, to Include Illegal/Illicit Drugs and Prescription Drugs for Sedation, Anxiety, Sleep, Pain, etc.
117(1)
Causes of Injury to PWC Operators
117(1)
Vessel Examination
118(1)
Common Causes of Carbon Monoxide Poisoning While Boating
119(1)
Mammalian Dive Reflex/Cold Water Near Drowning
120(1)
Environmental Considerations
121(3)
Natural Hydraulics
124(6)
References
130(3)
3 On-Scene Body Assessment
133(24)
Kevin L. Erskine
Erica J. Armstrong
Introduction
133(1)
Postmortem Wandering
133(1)
General Body Assessment
134(1)
Ocular Changes
135(4)
Foam Column/Foam Cone
139(1)
Rigor Mortis (Rigidity)
139(4)
Livor Mortis (Lividity)
143(1)
Lividity vs. Bruising (Contusion)
144(1)
Algor Mortis
144(1)
Physical Wounding of the Body
145(2)
Anthropophagy
147(1)
Maggots
148(1)
Decomposition
149(3)
Fingerprinting the Deceased in Water-Related Deaths
152(2)
Fingerprinting Decomposed Human Remains
154(1)
Live Scan
155(1)
Casting Mediums
155(1)
References
155(2)
4 Case Investigation: Obtaining Decedent, Witness, Suspect, and First Responder Information
157(24)
Kevin L. Erskine
Parabon Snapshot
157(1)
Types of Analysis Provided
157(1)
How It Works
157(2)
Genetic Genealogy
159(1)
Stages of Snapshot Reconstruction (See Figure 4.2)
159(1)
Benefits of Snapshot Facial Reconstruction
160(1)
Case Study: Brittani Marcell Assault
161(1)
Carbon-14 Dating to Determine Age and Year of Death
161(1)
Decedent Information
162(4)
Witness Interviewing
166(2)
Suspect Interviewing
168(2)
Second Interview
170(1)
Determining Accuracy of Statements Obtained at Scene
170(1)
Indicators of Deception
171(1)
Unfinished Business
172(1)
"I Can't"
172(1)
The Hypothetically Structured Phrase
172(1)
Hard Question
172(1)
Objection
173(1)
Nonreflective Denial of Knowledge
173(1)
Maintenance of Dignity
173(1)
The Interrogatory Evasive Response
173(1)
Projection
173(1)
No Proof
173(1)
Accusatory
174(1)
The Answer Is ...
174(1)
Rambling Dissertation
174(1)
The Answer Does Not Equal the Question
174(1)
Denial of Presence
174(1)
Speech Errors
174(1)
Nonverbal Communication
175(1)
Physical Gestures
175(1)
Why People Lie and How They Attempt to Conceal It
176(1)
Child Witnesses
176(1)
Interviews of Rescue and Recovery Personnel
177(1)
Case Investigation Assistance
177(1)
CODIS-Combined DNA Index System
177(1)
VIDOCQ Society
178(1)
References
179(2)
5 Pretrial Preparation for the Field Investigator
181(14)
Kevin L. Erskine
Incident Report
181(1)
Chain of Evidence and Exhibits
181(2)
Pretrial Interviews
183(1)
Eyewitness Testimony vs. Circumstantial Evidence
183(1)
Child Witnesses
184(1)
Expert Witnesses
185(1)
Video and Audio Recordings
186(1)
Testifying in Court: Credibility, Appearance, and Demeanor
186(1)
Criminal vs. Civil Proceedings
187(4)
Wrongful Death Lawsuit Filed against Rafting Company
191(2)
References
193(2)
6 Medicolegal Investigation of Deaths: Initial Processing
195(10)
Erica J. Armstrong
References
202(3)
7 The Medicolegal Autopsy
205(46)
Erica J. Armstrong
Introduction
205(2)
External Examination: General Information
207(6)
Description of External Findings
213(4)
Injuries
217(2)
Blunt Force Injury
219(7)
Sharp Force Injury
226(4)
Firearm Injury
230(3)
Thermal Injury
233(4)
Internal Examination
237(9)
Reporting
246(1)
Cause of Death, Manner of Death, and the Death Certificate
247(1)
Application of Medicine and Pathology to Law: The Forensic Pathologist as an Expert Witness
248(2)
References
250(1)
8 Asphyxia
251(16)
Erica J. Armstrong
Asphyxia: General Information
251(1)
Suffocation
252(2)
Strangulation
254(6)
Gas-Related or Chemical Asphyxia
260(3)
Water-Related Deaths due to Atmospheric Pressure Changes
263(1)
References
264(3)
9 The Forensic Pathological Aspects of Deaths Due to Drowning and Bodies Recovered from Fluid Environments
267(34)
Erica J. Armstrong
Introduction
267(2)
Water-Related Deaths: Initial Processing
269(2)
The Autopsy and the Diagnosis of Drowning and Other Water-Related Injury
271(1)
External Examination
272(11)
Internal Examination
283(10)
Infant/Fetal Toilet Deaths
293(4)
References
297(4)
10 The Forensic Toxicological Aspects of Deaths Due to Drowning and Bodies Recovered from Fluid Environments
301(18)
Erica J. Armstrong
Introduction
301(4)
Ethanol
305(4)
Psychiatric Medications
309(3)
Illicit Drugs and Medications
312(4)
Carbon Monoxide
316(1)
References
317(2)
11 Water-Related Deaths by Manner
319(24)
Erica J. Armstrong
Homicidal Water-Related Deaths
319(5)
Suicidal Water-Related Deaths
324(3)
Accidental Water-Related Deaths
327(6)
Natural Water-Related Deaths
333(5)
Undetermined Water-Related Deaths
338(3)
References
341(2)
12 Personnel Training
343(28)
Kevin L. Erskine
Water-Proofing the Patrol Officer
343(1)
Introduction
343(1)
Legal Issue
343(1)
Steps to a Safe Encounter
343(1)
Awareness
344(1)
Prevention
344(1)
Recovery (Self-Rescue)
345(3)
In-water Self-Defense
348(2)
Self-Defense
350(4)
Rescue of Others
354(1)
Rescue from Others
355(1)
Diver Training
355(1)
Introduction
355(1)
Preparing for a Dive Deployment
355(5)
Search Preparation
360(4)
Rescue Training
364(1)
Evidence and Body Recovery
365(2)
Drown-Proofing Divers
367(1)
Bed Sheets
367(1)
Port Hole
368(1)
Devil's Triangle
368(1)
Panic and Stress
368(1)
Equipment Exchange
369(1)
Deep Donning of Gear
369(1)
Mask and Regulator Rip Off
370(1)
AGA/Full Face Mask Rip Off
370(1)
Dropping Weights
370(1)
Underwater Puzzle and Pipe Assembly
370(1)
Cross-training
371(1)
References 371(2)
Appendix A 373(4)
Appendix B Body Drop Rate Chart 377(2)
Appendix C Checklists and Supplements 379(10)
Appendix D Sample Autopsy Report 389(6)
Appendix E You Make the Call 395(4)
Appendix F 399(2)
Index 401
Erica J. Armstrong, MD is a forensic pathologist and deputy medical examiner at the Cuyahoga County Medical Examiners Office (CCMEO) in Cleveland, Ohio. She is a graduate of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. She completed her training in anatomic and clinical Pathology at the University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center-Institute of Pathology. She completed her training in forensic pathology at CCMEO from 2000-2002 under the mentorship of former Cuyahoga County Coroner Dr. Elizabeth K. Balraj and the late Deputy Chief Coroner Dr. Robert C. Challener. She is Director of Medical Education at CCMEO and utilizes the position to provide a comprehensive educational experience to visiting medical students, medical residents, allied health students, and other students and professionals with a connection to medicolegal death investigation. She holds academic appointments to medical and osteopathic schools. She is author and co-author of several journal articles on the topics of forensic pathology, forensic toxicology, anatomic and clinical pathology and the biological sciences. She has authored a textbook on the topic of death reporting and death certification and maintains an educational blogsite on this subject matter.

Kevin Erskine graduated from Hocking College in 1982 with an associates degree in natural resources law enforcement. He also obtained mountain rescue, search and rescue, and EMT certifications. He began his career with the Ohio State Park Police in 1986 and developed the only State of Ohio dive team in 1998. In 2000, he codeveloped the Childrens Ice Drowning Prevention Workshop, which teaches children self-rescue techniques in the event of an ice accident. He designed a multiagency training scenario for an airplane crash in Lake Erie. Within months of the training scenario, an actual plane crash occurred within a quarter mile of the training site. In 2005, he developed the Master Water Death Investigator curriculum for the Ohio Peace Officers Training Academy (OPOTA). He is an OPOTA-certified Master Criminal Investigator who has earned numerous life-saving awards for rescues of drowning victims in the waters of Lake Erie. He was recognized as "Citizen of the Year" by the Cleveland Fire Department in 2006 for the rescue of an active drowning victim within his jurisdictional waters. He has attended police diver symposiums in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; West Point; and Indianapolis. In 2011, he retired after 25 years of service to the State of Ohio. He currently serves as the training coordinator for Hope Christian Church First Responder Team in Avon, Ohio, where he lives with his wife and two sons.