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E-raamat: Wetting and Spreading Dynamics, Second Edition

Victor M. Starov (Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK), Manuel G. Velarde (Instituto PluriDisciplinar, Madrid, Spain)

Formaat: 494 pages
Sari: Surfactant Science
Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780429013744

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Formaat: 494 pages
Sari: Surfactant Science
Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
Keel: eng
ISBN-13: 9780429013744

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Wetting and Spreading Dynamics explains how surface forces acting at the three-phase contact line determine equilibrium, hysteresis contact angles, and other equilibrium and kinetics features of liquids when in contact with solids or with other immiscible liquids. It examines the interaction of surface forces, capillary forces, and properties of the transition zone between the bulk liquid and solid substrate.

Significantly revised and updated, the Second Edition features new chapters that cover spreading of non-Newtonian liquids over porous substrates, hysteresis of contact angles on smooth homogeneous substrates, equilibrium and hysteresis contact angles on deformable substrates, and kinetics of simultaneous spreading and evaporation.

Drawing together theory and experimental data while presenting over 150 figures to illustrate the concepts, Wetting and Spreading Dynamics, Second Edition is a valuable resource written for both newcomers and experienced researchers.

Preface to the First Edition

xiii

Acknowledgments

Preface to the Second Edition

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

About the Authors

xxi

1 Surface Forces and Equilibrium of Liquids on Solid Substrates

(24)

Introduction

(1)

1.1 Wetting and Neumann-Young's Equation

(6)

1.2 Surface Forces and Derjaguin's Pressure

(9)

Components of the Derjaguin's Pressure

(7)

Molecular or Dispersion Component

(2)

Electrical Double Layers

(1)

Electrokinetic Phenomena

(1)

The Electrostatic Component of the Derjaguin's Pressure

(2)

Structural Component of the Derjaguin's Pressure

(2)

1.3 Static Hysteresis of Contact Angle

(5)

Static Hysteresis of Contact Angles from the Microscopic Point of View: Surface Forces

(2)

Reference

(3)

2 Equilibrium Wetting Phenomena

(100)

Introduction

(1)

2.1 Thin Liquid Films on Flat Solid Substrates

(7)

Equilibrium Droplets on the Solid Substrate under Oversaturation (Pe < 0)

(1)

Flat Films at the Equilibrium with Menisci (Pe > 0)

(2)

2.2 Non-flat Equilibrium Liquid Shapes on Flat Solid Surfaces

(10)

General Consideration

(3)

Microdrops: The Case Where Pe > 0 (The Case of Under-Saturation)

(1)

Microscopic Quasi-equilibrium Periodic Films

(4)

Microgcopic Equilibrium Depressions on β-Films

(1)

2.3 Equilibrium Contact Angle of Menisci and Drops: Liquid Shape in the Transition Zone from the Bulk Liquid to the Flat Films in Front

(11)

Equilibrium of Liquid in a Flat Capillary: Partial Wetting Case

(1)

Meniscus in a Flat Capillary

(3)

Meniscus in a Flat Capillary: Profile of the Transition Zone

(1)

Partial Wetting: Macroscopic Liquid Drops

(3)

Profile of the Transition Zone in the Case of Droplets

(21)

Axisymmetric Drops

(1)

Meniscus in a Cylindrical Capillary

(1)

Appendix 1

(1)

2.4 Profile of the Transition Zone between a Wetting Film and the Meniscus of the Bulk Liquid in the Case of Complete Wetting

(5)

2.5 Thickness of Equilibrium Wetting Films on Rough Solid Substrates

(7)

2.6 Equilibrium Films on Locally Heterogeneous Surfaces: Hydrophilic Surface with Hydrophobic Inclusions

(6)

2.7 Equilibrium of Droplets on a Deformable Substrate: Influence of the Derjaguin's Pressure

(13)

Introduction

(1)

Derjaguin's Pressure and Deformation of Soft Substrates

(2)

Mathematical Model and Derivation

(3)

Spherical Region: h - hS > t1

(1)

Transitional Region: h - hS less or equal to t1

(4)

Equilibrium Contact Angle

(1)

Jacobi's Condition

(2)

2.8 Deformation of Fluid Particles in the Contact Zone

(12)

Two Identical Cylindrical Drops/Bubbles

(3)

Interaction of Cylindrical Droplets of Different Radii

(3)

Shape of a Liquid Interlayer between Interacting Droplets: Critical Radius

(5)

2.9 Liquid Profiles on Curved Interfaces, Effective Derjaguin's Pressure. Equlibrium Contact Angles of Droplets on Outer/Inner Cylindrical Surfaces and Menisci inside Cylindrical Capillaries

(7)

Liquid Profiles on Curved Surface: Derivation of Governing Equations

(4)

Equilibrium Contact Angle of a Droplet on an Outer Surface of Cylindrical Capillaries

100

(2)

Equilibrium Contact Angle of a Meniscus inside Cylindrical Capillaries

102

(1)

Derjaguin's Pressure of Uniform Films in Cylindrical Capillaries

103

(1)

2.10 Line Tension

104

(10)

The Comparison with the Experimental Data and Discussion

113

(1)

2.11 Capillary Interaction between Solid Bodies

114

(5)

Appendix 2

119

(2)

Reference

121

(4)

3 Hysteresis of Contact Angles Based on Derjaguin's Pressure

125

(36)

Introduction

125

(1)

3.1 Hysteresis of Contact Angle of a Meniscus inside a Capillary with Smooth Homogeneous Non-deformable Walls

125

(12)

The Derjaguin's Pressure Components

127

(1)

The Derjaguin's Pressure and Wetting Phenomena

128

(1)

Hysteresis of Contact Angle in Capillaries

129

(5)

Calculation Procedure

134

(3)

Conclusions

137

(1)

3.2 Hysteresis of Contact Angle of Sessile Droplets on Non-deformable Substrates

137

(9)

Introduction

137

(2)

Equilibrium Contact Angle and Derjaguin's Pressure for Sessile Droplets

139

(2)

Static Hysteresis of the Contact Angle of Sessile Droplets on Smooth Homogeneous Substrates

141

(1)

Expressions for the Advancing Contact Angle

142

(3)

Expressions for the Receding Contact Angle

145

(1)

Conclusions

146

(1)

3.3 Hysteresis of Contact Angle of Sessile Droplets on Deformable Substrates

146

(9)

Introduction

147

(1)

Equilibrium Contact Angle of Droplet on Deformable Substrates and the Surface Forces Action: A Simplified Model Adopted in this Section

147

(2)

Theory and Model for Hysteresis of Contact Angle on a Deformable Substrate

149

(4)

Results and Discussions

153

(2)

Conclusions

155

(1)

Appendix: Advancing Contact Angle

155

(2)

Reference

157

(4)

4 Kinetics of Wetting

161

(110)

Introduction

161

(7)

4.1 Spreading of Nonvolatile Liquid Drops over Flat Solid Substrates: Qualitative Analysis

168

(17)

Capillary Regime of Spreading

172

(5)

Gravitational Spreading as a Continuation of the Capillary Spreading Regime

177

(1)

Similarity Solution

178

(2)

Spreading of Very Thin Droplets

180

(5)

4.2 Spreading of Nonvolatile Liquid Drops over Dry Surfaces: Influence of Surface Forces

185

(11)

n = 2 Case

191

(1)

n = 3 Case

191

(3)

Comparison with Experiments

194

(2)

Conclusions

196

(1)

Appendix 1

196

(1)

Appendix 2

197

(1)

Appendix 3

198

(1)

Appendix 4

199

(1)

4.3 Spreading of Drops over a Surface Covered with a Thin Layer of the Same Liquid

200

(6)

4.4 Quasi-Steady-State Approach in the Kinetics of Spreading

206

(7)

4.5 Dynamic Advancing Contact Angle and the Form of the Moving Meniscus in Flat Capillaries in the Case of Complete Wetting

213

(4)

Appendix 5

217

(3)

Asymptotic Behavior of Solution of y3 d3y/dx3 = y - 1 at y right arrow infinity

217

(3)

4.6 Motion of Long Drops in Thin Capillaries in the Case of Complete Wetting

220

(8)

Appendix 6

228

(3)

4.7 Liquid Film Coating of a Moving Thin Cylindrical Fiber

231

(7)

Statement of the Problem

232

(1)

Derivation of the Equation for the Liquid-Liquid Interface Profile

232

(2)

Equilibrium Configuration

234

(1)

Matching of Asymptotic Solutions in Zones I and II

234

(2)

Equilibrium Case (Ca = 0)

236

(1)

Numerical Results

237

(1)

4.8 Blow-off Method for Investigating Boundary Viscosity of Volatile Liquids

238

(14)

Boundary Viscosity

238

(1)

Theory of the Method

239

(12)

Experimental Part

249

(2)

Conclusions

251

(1)

4.9 Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Tapered Capillaries with Bubbles under the Action of a Temperature Gradient

252

(6)

Cylindrical Capillaries

255

(1)

Tapered Capillaries

256

(2)

4.10 Spreading of Non-Newtonian Liquids over Solid Substrates

258

(11)

Governing Equation for the Evolution of the Profile of the Spreading Drop

258

(4)

Gravitational Regime of Spreading

262

(3)

Capillary Regime of Spreading

265

(3)

Conclusions

268

(1)

Reference

269

(2)

5 Spreading over Porous Substrates

271

(78)

Introduction

271

(1)

5.1 Spreading of Liquid Drops over Saturated Porous Layers

272

(10)

Theory

272

(10)

Liquid inside the Drop (0 < z < h(t, r))

272

(1)

Inside the Porous Layer beneath the Drop (- Δ < z < 0, 0 < r < L)

273

(5)

Materials and Methods

278

(1)

Results and Discussion. Experimental Determination of the "Effective Lubrication Coefficient" ω

279

(3)

5.2 Spreading of Liquid Drops over a Thin Dry Porous Layer: Complete Wetting Case

282

(13)

Theory

282

(15)

Inside the Porous Layer outside the Drop (- Δ < z < 0, L < r < l)

287

(3)

Experimental Part

290

(1)

Independent Determination of Kppc

290

(1)

Results and Discussion

291

(4)

Appendix 1

295

(2)

5.3 Spreading of Liquid Drops over Thick Porous Substrates: Complete Wetting Case

297

(11)

Theory

298

(10)

Inside the Porous Substrate

300

(1)

Experimental Part

300

(1)

Results and Discussion

301

(2)

Spreading of Silicone Oil Drops of Different Viscosity over Identical Glass Filters

303

(1)

Spreading of Silicone Oil Drops over Filters with Similar Properties but Made of Different Materials

304

(1)

Spreading of Silicone Oil Drops with the Same Viscosity (η = 5 P) over Glass Filters with Different Porosity and Average Pore Size

305

(3)

Conclusions

308

(1)

5.4 Spreading of Liquid Drops from a Liquid Source

308

(8)

Theory

309

(7)

Experimental Setup and Results

312

(3)

Materials and Methods

312

(1)

Results and Discussion

313

(2)

Conclusions

315

(1)

Appendix 2

316

(5)

Capillary Regime, Complete Wetting

316

(3)

Gravitational Regime, Complete Wetting

319

(2)

Partial Wetting

321

(1)

5.5 Spreading of Non-Newtonian Liquids over Dry Porous Layer. Complete and Partial Wetting Cases

321

(22)

Partial and Complete Wetting Cases

322

(1)

5.5.1 Complete Wetting Case

323

(14)

Introduction

323

(1)

Theory

324

(13)

Droplet Profile

325

(1)

Spreading above Porous Substrate

326

(2)

Inside the Porous Layer outside the Drop (- Δ < z < 0, L < r < l)

328

(3)

Experimental Data

331

(1)

Numerical Solution of Eqs. (5.132) and (5.133)

332

(1)

Results and Discussion

333

(3)

Conclusions on Section "Complete Wetting Case"

336

(1)

5.5.2 Partial Wetting Case

337

(6)

Theory

337

(1)

Droplet Profile

338

(1)

Pores of the Porous Substrate Are Large Enough and Red Blood Cells Penetrate into the Substrate with Plasma Flow

339

(1)

The Second Stage of the Process

339

(1)

Pores inside the Porous Substrate Are Small and Red Blood Cells Do Not Penetrate into the Porous Substrate

340

(2)

Conclusions on Section "Partial Wetting Case"

342

(1)

Appendix 3

343

(1)

Capillary Imbibition of Non-Newtonian Liquid into a Thin Capillary

343

(1)

One-Dimensional Penetration of a Non-Newtonian Liquid into a Porous Medium

344

(1)

Appendix 4

344

(1)

Reference

345

(4)

6 Wetting of Wetting/Spreading in the Presence of Surfactants

349

(72)

Introduction

349

(1)

6.1 Spreading of Aqueous Surfactant Solutions over Porous Layers

349

(11)

Experimental Methods and Materials

350

(1)

Spreading on Porous Substrates

350

(9)

Measurement of Static Advancing and Receding Contact Angles on Nonporous Substrates

351

(1)

Results and Discussion

352

(3)

Advancing and Hydrodynamic Receding Contact Angles on Porous Nitrocellulose Membranes

355

(2)

Static Hysteresis of the Contact Angle of SDS Solution Drops on Smooth Nonporous Nitrocellulose Substrate

357

(2)

Conclusions

359

(1)

6.2 Spontaneous Capillary Imbibition of Surfactant Solutions into Hydrophobic Capillaries

360

(12)

Theory

362

(3)

Concentration below the CMC

365

(2)

Concentration above the CMC

367

(3)

Spontaneous Capillary Rise in Hydrophobic Capillaries

370

(2)

Appendix 1

372

(2)

Excess Free Energy of an Aqueous Surfactant Droplet on a Hydrophobic Substrate

372

(2)

Appendix 2

374

(2)

6.3 Capillary Imbibition of Surfactant Solutions in Porous Media and Thin Capillaries: The Partial Wetting Case

376

(10)

Theory

376

(1)

Concentration below the CMC

377

(6)

Concentration above the CMC

383

(1)

Experimental Part

384

(1)

Results and Discussions

385

(1)

6.4 Spreading of Surfactant Solutions over Hydrophobic Substrates

386

(7)

Theory

387

(3)

Experiment: Materials

390

(1)

Monitoring Method

390

(1)

Results and Discussion

390

(3)

6.5 Spreading of Insoluble Surfactants over Thin Viscous Liquid Layers

393

(9)

Theory and Relation to Experiment

394

(6)

Experimental Results

400

(2)

Appendix 3

402

(1)

Derivation of Governing Equations for Time Evolution of Both Film Thickness and Surfactant Surface Concentration

402

(1)

Appendix 4

403

(1)

Influence of Capillary Forces during the Initial Stage of Spreading

403

(1)

Appendix 5

404

(1)

Derivation of Boundary Condition at the Moving Shock Front

404

(1)

Appendix 6

405

(1)

Matching of Asymptotic Solutions at the Moving Shock Front

405

(1)

Appendix 7

406

(1)

Solution of the Governing Equations for the Second Stage of Spreading

406

(1)

6.6 Spreading of Aqueous Droplets Induced by Overturning of Amphiphilic Molecules or Their Fragments in the Surface Layer of an Initially Hydrophobic Substrate

406

(14)

Theory, Derivation of Basic Equations

407

(4)

Boundary Conditions

411

(4)

Solution of the Problem

415

(3)

Comparison between Theory and Experimental Data

418

(2)

Reference

420

(1)

7 Kinetics of Simultaneous Spreading and Evaporation

421

(44)

Introduction

421

(1)

7.1 Basic Properties of Simultaneous Spreading/Evaporation

422

(4)

The Partial Wetting Case

422

(1)

The Complete Wetting Case

423

(2)

Dependence of Evaporation Flux on Droplet Size

424

(1)

Thermal Phenomena at Evaporation

425

(1)

7.2 Spreading and Evaporation of Sessile Droplets: Universal Behavior in the Case of Complete Wetting

426

(15)

Introduction

426

(1)

Theory

427

(9)

Experimental

436

(3)

Materials

436

(1)

Methodology

436

(1)

Results and Discussions

436

(1)

Extracting Theoretical Parameters from Experimental Data

437

(1)

Comparison of Experimental Data and Predicted Universal Behavior

438

(1)

Conclusions

439

(1)

List of Main Symbols

440

(1)

Latin

440

(1)

Greek

440

(1)

Subscripts

440

(1)

Superscripts

440

(1)

7.3 Evaporation of Sessile Droplets: Universal Behavior in the Presence of Contact Angle Hysteresis

441

(6)

Introduction

441

(1)

Theory

442

(2)

Problem Statement

442

(1)

Two Stages of Evaporation of a Sessile Droplet

442

(2)

Validation against Experimental Data

444

(3)

Conclusions

447

(1)

7.4 Spreading and Evaporation of Surfactant Solutions

447

(7)

Introduction

447

(1)

Experimental

448

(1)

Results and Discussion

449

(3)

Theory Presented in Section 7.3 and Used in This Section for the Spreading/Evaporation of Surfactant Solutions

450

(1)

Comparison of the Experimental Data for Evaporation of Surfactant Solutions with the Theoretical Predictions for Pure Liquids

450

(2)

Conclusions

452

(2)

7.5 Evaporation of Microdroplets

454

(9)

Introduction

454

(1)

Problem Statement

454

(1)

Governing Equations in the Bulk Phases

455

(1)

Boundary Conditions

455

(4)

Computer Simulations

459

(1)

Results and Discussion

459

(3)

Isothermal Evaporation

459

(2)

Influence of Thermal Effects

461

(1)

Conclusions

462

(1)

Reference

463

(2)

8 Main Problems in Kinetics of Wetting and Spreading to Be Solved

465

(2)

Index

467

Victor Starov, PhD, DSc, Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry, Professor. Victor Starov has been a Professor at the Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, UK, since 1999. He received his PhD from the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1970 on "Capillary hysteresis in porous bodies." He received his DSc degree from St. Petersburg University in 1981 on "Equilibrium and kinetics of thin liquid layers in dispersed systems." Victor Starov is working on the influence of surface forces on kinetics of wetting and spreading over rigid and soft solids and the kinetics of spreading over porous and hydrophobic surfaces. He has published more than 300 scientific papers. Some of his research results are summarized in this book. He currently serves on the editorial board of 10 journals. He has participated in numerous organizing and scientific committees of international conferences and was a chairman of ECIC XVII in 2005. For more information, please visit https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2007.04.016 (Manuel G. Velarde. "Honorary Note," Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 134135 (2007), 12; and https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.11.028Get (N. M. Kovalchuk, R. Miller, Manuel G. Velarde. "Honorary Note," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 521 (2017), 12.

Manuel G. Velarde, PhD Physics (UCM, Spain, 1968; ULB, Belgium, 1970), Honorary Doctor (Aix-Marseille, Saratov), is an Emeritus Professor at the Instituto Pluridisciplinar, Universidad Complutense Madrid (Spain). He is a member of Academia Europaea and the European Academy of Sciences. He has published numerous papers and book chapters, and six research frontier monographs and has edited several other books dealing with interfacial phenomena, wetting and spreading processes, waves and convective instabilities, and nonlinear dynamics as applied to various fields of science (patterns, waves, solitons, and chaos). He has over two decades of collaboration with V. M. Starov on wetting and spreading processes. At present he is mostly engaged in a theory of soliton-assisted electron transport (mechanical control of electrons at the nanolevel). He is the co inventor (with E. G. Wilson) of a novel field effect transistor, not using silicon, designed to operate with extremely low dissipation and huge mobility (UK Patent application published GB 2533105 A-15/6/2016). For further details see http://www.ucm.es/info/fluidos; see also R. G. Rubio et al., Without Bounds: A Scientific Canvas of Nonlinearity and Complex Dynamics, Springer, Berlin (2013) and R. Miller, R. G. Rubio and V. M. Starov, Advances in Colloid and Interface Science 206 (2014).

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