Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
Author |
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xv | |
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1 Introduction and Review of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics |
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1 | (40) |
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1.1 Why Nonlinear Fracture Mechanics |
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1 | (3) |
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1.1.1 Failures in Reheat Steam Pipes |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 Failure of a Steam Turbine Rotor |
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2 | (1) |
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1.1.3 Cracks in a Superheater Outlet Steam Header |
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3 | (1) |
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1.1.4 Cracks in Ship's Steam Turbine-Generator Casings |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (10) |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2.1.1 Energy Balance Approaches to Fracture |
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5 | (3) |
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1.2.1.2 Stress Intensity Parameter Approach |
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8 | (4) |
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1.2.1.3 The Equivalence of G and K |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (4) |
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1.3.1 Irwin's Plastic Zone Size Calculation |
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14 | (2) |
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1.3.2 Relationship between K and Crack Tip Opening Displacement |
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16 | (1) |
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1.3.3 Shape of the Plastic Zone |
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16 | (2) |
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18 | (1) |
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1.4 Compliance Relationships |
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18 | (3) |
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1.5 Fracture Toughness and Predicting Fracture in Components |
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21 | (4) |
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1.5.1 Fracture under Plane Strain Conditions (Thick Sections) |
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21 | (2) |
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1.5.2 Fracture in Thin Plates and Sheets |
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23 | (2) |
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1.6 Subcritical Crack Growth |
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25 | (6) |
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1.6.1 Fatigue Crack Growth |
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25 | (2) |
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1.6.2 Environment-Assisted Cracking |
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27 | (2) |
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1.6.3 Corrosion-Fatigue Crack Growth |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (4) |
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35 | (1) |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (4) |
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2 Analysis of Cracks under Elastic-Plastic Conditions |
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41 | (22) |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (6) |
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2.2.1 Path-Independence of J-Integral |
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44 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Relationship between J and Potential Energy |
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45 | (3) |
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2.3 J-Integral, Crack Tip Stress Fields, and Crack Tip Opening Displacement |
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48 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Relationship between J and Crack Tip Stress Fields |
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48 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Relationship between J and CTOD |
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50 | (2) |
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2.4 J-Integral as a Fracture Parameter and Its Limitations |
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52 | (5) |
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52 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Influence of Geometry and Deformation on J-Dominance |
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53 | (1) |
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2.4.3 Hutchinson-Paris Condition for J-Dominated Crack Growth |
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54 | (3) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Appendix 2.1 Hutchinson, Rice, Rosengren (Hrr) Singular Field Quantities |
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59 | (4) |
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3 Methods of Estimating J-Integral |
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63 | (34) |
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63 | (2) |
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3.2 Determination of J in Test Specimens |
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65 | (11) |
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3.2.1 Semi-Empirical Methods of Determining |
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66 | (2) |
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3.2.2 J for a Deep Edge Crack Specimen Subject to Pure Bending, SEC(B) |
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68 | (2) |
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3.2.3 Merkle-Corten Analysis of a Compact Specimen |
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70 | (5) |
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3.2.4 J for Center Crack Tension Geometry |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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3.4 Estimating J-Integral for Cracked Components |
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78 | (4) |
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3.4.1 Elastic-Plastic Estimation Procedure |
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79 | (1) |
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3.4.2 J-Solutions for Cracks in Infinite Bodies |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (12) |
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4 Crack Growth Resistance Curves and Measures of Fracture Toughness |
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97 | (22) |
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4.1 Fracture Parameters under Elastic-Plastic Loading |
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98 | (1) |
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4.2 Experimental Methods for Determining Stable Crack Growth and Fracture |
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99 | (16) |
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4.2.1 Overall Test Method |
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99 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Test Specimen Geometries and Preparation |
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99 | (2) |
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4.2.3 Loading Apparatus and Displacement Gauges |
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101 | (1) |
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4.2.4 Crack Length Measurement |
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102 | (4) |
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4.2.5 Final Loading of the Specimen and Post-test Measurements |
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106 | (1) |
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4.2.6 Data Analysis and Qualification |
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106 | (9) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (4) |
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5 Effects of Constraint on Fracture and Stable Crack Growth under Elastic-Plastic Loading |
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119 | (14) |
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119 | (6) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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5.4 Effects of Specimen Geometry on the JR-Curve |
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128 | (1) |
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5.5 Comments on Predicting Instability in Structures |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (2) |
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6 Microscopic Aspects of Fracture |
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133 | (24) |
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133 | (10) |
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6.1.1 Microscopic Aspects of Cleavage Fracture |
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133 | (5) |
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6.1.2 Ritchie, Knott, and Rice Model for Cleavage Fracture |
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138 | (1) |
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6.1.3 A Model for Describing Scatter in Cleavage Fracture Toughness |
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139 | (4) |
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143 | (9) |
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6.2.1 Microscopic Aspects of Ductile Fracture |
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143 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Models for Predicting the JR-Curve |
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144 | (8) |
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6.3 Ductile-Brittle Transition |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (2) |
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7 Fatigue Crack Growth under Large-Scale Plasticity |
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157 | (32) |
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7.1 Crack Tip Cyclic Plasticity, Damage, and Crack Closure |
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157 | (10) |
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7.1.1 Crack Tip Cyclic Plasticity |
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157 | (5) |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (3) |
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167 | (8) |
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7.2.1 Relationship between ΔJ and Crack Tip Stress Fields |
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169 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Methods of Determining ΔJ |
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170 | (4) |
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174 | (1) |
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7.3 Test Methods for Characterizing Fatigue Crack Growth Rates under Large Plasticity Conditions |
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175 | (3) |
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7.4 Behavior of Small Fatigue Cracks |
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178 | (7) |
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7.4.1 Limitations of LEFM for Characterizing Small Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior |
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180 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Models for Predicting the Growth of Small Fatigue Cracks |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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8 Analysis of Cracks in Creeping Materials |
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189 | (42) |
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8.1 Cracked Bodies Subjected to Creep Conditions |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (7) |
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8.2.1 Energy Rate Interpretation of C* |
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193 | (1) |
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8.2.2 Relationship between C*-Integral and the Crack Tip Stress Fields |
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194 | (1) |
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8.2.3 Methods of Determining C* |
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194 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Correlation between Creep Crack Growth Rates and C* |
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197 | (1) |
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8.3 Analysis of Cracks under SSC and TC Conditions |
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198 | (13) |
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8.3.1 Crack Tip Stress Fields in SSC |
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198 | (1) |
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8.3.2 Estimation of the Creep Zone Size |
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199 | (2) |
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8.3.3 Transition Time (tT) |
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201 | (1) |
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8.3.4 C(t)--Integral and the Stress Fields in the TC Region |
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201 | (2) |
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203 | (8) |
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8.4 Consideration of Primary Creep |
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211 | (7) |
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8.4.1 Creep Constitutive Equation Including Primary Creep |
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211 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Crack Tip Parameters for Extensive Primary Creep |
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212 | (3) |
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8.4.3 Small-Scale Primary Creep |
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215 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Primary and Secondary Creep |
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215 | (1) |
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8.4.5 Transition from Small-Scale to Extensive Primary Creep |
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216 | (1) |
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8.4.6 Elastic, Primary, and Secondary Creep Combined |
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216 | (2) |
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8.5 Effects of Crack Growth on the Crack Tip Stress Fields |
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218 | (3) |
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8.5.1 Effects of Crack Growth under Extensive Steady-State Creep |
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219 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Crack Growth under SSC |
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220 | (1) |
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8.6 Crack Growth in Creep-Brittle Materials |
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221 | (5) |
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8.6.1 Steady-State Creep Crack Growth under SSC |
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223 | (1) |
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8.6.2 Transient Crack Growth under SSC |
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223 | (3) |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (3) |
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9 Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth |
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231 | (34) |
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9.1 Early Approaches for Characterizing Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior |
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232 | (4) |
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232 | (3) |
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9.1.2 Limitations of the LEFM Approaches |
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235 | (1) |
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9.2 Stress Analysis of Cracks Subjected to Cyclic Loading in the Presence of Creep Deformation |
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236 | (8) |
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9.2.1 Crack Tip Stresses under Creep-Fatigue Loading |
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236 | (8) |
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9.3 Crack Tip Parameters during Creep-Fatigue |
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244 | (1) |
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9.4 Methods of Determining (Ct)avg |
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245 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Methods for Determining (Ct)avg in Test Specimens |
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246 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Analytical Methods of Determining (Ct)avg |
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246 | (1) |
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9.4.2.1 (Ct)avg for Complete Creep Reversal |
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246 | (2) |
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9.4.2.2 (Ct)avg for No Creep Reversal |
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248 | (1) |
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9.4.2.3 (Ct)avg for Partial Creep Reversal |
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248 | (3) |
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9.5 Experimental Methods for Characterizing Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth |
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251 | (2) |
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9.6 Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Models |
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253 | (7) |
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9.6.1 Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Correlations |
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254 | (2) |
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9.6.2 Models for Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth |
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256 | (2) |
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9.6.3 Transients during Creep-Fatigue Crack Growth |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (3) |
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265 | (36) |
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10.1 Applications of Fracture Mechanics |
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265 | (2) |
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10.1.1 Integrity Assessment of Structures and Components |
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265 | (1) |
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10.1.2 Material and Process Selection |
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266 | (1) |
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10.1.3 Design or Remaining Life Prediction |
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266 | (1) |
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10.1.4 Inspection Criterion and Interval Determination |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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10.2 Fracture Mechanics Analysis Methodology |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (30) |
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10.3.1 Integrity Analysis of Missile Launch Tubes |
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268 | (3) |
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10.3.2 Integrity of Pipes in Nuclear Power Generating Stations |
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271 | (14) |
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10.3.3 Analysis of a High-Temperature Rotor Failure |
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285 | (9) |
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10.3.4 Integrity Analysis of Reheat Steam Pipes |
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294 | (3) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (3) |
Index |
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301 | |