List Of Contributors |
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xx | |
About The Authors |
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xxii | |
Preface |
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xxxii | |
Part I: DEA Theory |
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1 | (116) |
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3 | (8) |
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3 | (1) |
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3 | (1) |
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1.3 Input-Oriented CCR Model |
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4 | (2) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.4 The Input-Oriented BCC Model |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.5 The Output-Oriented Model |
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7 | (1) |
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1.6 Assurance Region Method |
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8 | (1) |
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1.7 The Assumptions Behind Radial Models |
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8 | (1) |
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1.8 A Sample Radial Model |
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8 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (9) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Output-Oriented SBM |
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14 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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2.3 An Example of an SBM Model |
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15 | (2) |
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2.4 The Dual Program of the SBM Model |
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17 | (1) |
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2.5 Extensions of the SBM Model |
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17 | (1) |
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2.5.1 Variable-Returns-to-Scale (VRS) Model |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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3 Directional Distance DEA Models |
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20 | (8) |
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20 | (1) |
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3.2 Directional Distance Model |
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20 | (3) |
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3.3 Variable-Returns-to-Scale DD Models |
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23 | (1) |
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3.4 Slacks-Based DD Model |
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23 | (2) |
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3.5 Choice of Directional Vectors |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (2) |
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4 Super-Efficiency DEA Models |
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28 | (5) |
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28 | (1) |
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4.2 Radial Super-Efficiency Models |
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28 | (1) |
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4.2.1 Input-Oriented Radial Super-Efficiency Model |
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28 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Output-Oriented Radial Super-Efficiency Model |
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29 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Infeasibility Issues in the VRS Model |
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29 | (1) |
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4.3 Non-Radial Super-Efficiency Models |
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29 | (2) |
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4.3.1 Input-Oriented Non-Radial Super-Efficiency Model |
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30 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Output-Oriented Non-Radial Super-Efficiency Model |
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30 | (1) |
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4.3.3 Non-Oriented Non-Radial Super-Efficiency Model |
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30 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Variable-Returns-to-Scale Models |
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31 | (1) |
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4.4 An Example of a Super-Efficiency Model |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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5 Determining Returns to Scale in the VRS DEA Model |
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33 | (7) |
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33 | (1) |
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5.2 Technology Specification and Scale Elasticity |
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34 | (3) |
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34 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Measure of Scale Elasticity |
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35 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Scale Elasticity in DEA Models |
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35 | (2) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (3) |
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6 Malmquist Productivity Index Models |
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40 | (17) |
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40 | (3) |
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6.2 Radial Malmquist Model |
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43 | (2) |
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6.3 Non-Radial and Oriented Malmquist Model |
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45 | (2) |
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6.4 Non-Radial and Non-Oriented Malmquist Model |
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47 | (1) |
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6.5 Cumulative Malmquist Index (CMI) |
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48 | (1) |
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6.6 Adjusted Malmquist Index (AMI) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (5) |
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54 | (1) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (7) |
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57 | (1) |
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7.2 Notation and Production Possibility Set |
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58 | (1) |
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7.3 Description of Network Structure |
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59 | (2) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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7.4 Objective Functions and Efficiencies |
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61 | (2) |
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7.4.1 Input-Oriented Case |
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61 | (1) |
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7.4.2 Output-Oriented Case |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (10) |
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64 | (1) |
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8.2 Notation and Production Possibility Set |
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65 | (2) |
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8.3 Description of Dynamic Structure |
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67 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (2) |
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8.4 Objective Functions and Efficiencies |
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69 | (2) |
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8.4.1 Input-Oriented Case |
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69 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Output-Oriented Case |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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8.5 Dynamic Malmquist Index |
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71 | (2) |
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8.5.1 Dynamic Catch-up Index |
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72 | (1) |
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8.5.2 Dynamic Frontier Shift Effect |
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72 | (1) |
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8.5.3 Dynamic Malmquist Index |
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72 | (1) |
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8.5.4 Dynamic Cumulative Malmquist Index |
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72 | (1) |
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8.5.5 Dynamic Adjusted Malmquist Index |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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9 The Dynamic Network DEA Model |
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74 | (11) |
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74 | (1) |
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9.2 Notation and Production Possibility Set |
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75 | (2) |
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75 | (2) |
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9.3 Description of Dynamic Network Structure |
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77 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (2) |
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9.4 Objective Function and Efficiencies |
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80 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Period and Divisional Efficiencies |
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81 | (1) |
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9.5 Dynamic Divisional Malmquist Index |
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82 | (2) |
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9.5.1 Dynamic Divisional Catch-up Index |
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82 | (1) |
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9.5.2 Dynamic Divisional Frontier Shift Effect |
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82 | (1) |
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9.5.3 Dynamic Divisional Malmquist Index |
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82 | (1) |
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9.5.4 Dynamic Divisional Cumulative Malmquist Index |
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83 | (1) |
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9.5.5 Dynamic Divisional Adjusted Malmquist Index |
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83 | (1) |
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9.5.6 Overall Dynamic Malmquist Index |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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10 Stochastic DEA: The Regression-Based Approach |
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85 | (15) |
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85 | (2) |
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10.2 Review of Literature on Stochastic DEA |
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87 | (9) |
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88 | (1) |
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10.2.2 Imprecise Measurement of Data |
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88 | (2) |
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10.2.3 Uncertainty in the Membership of Observations |
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90 | (1) |
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10.2.4 Random Production Possibility Sets |
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91 | (2) |
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93 | (3) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (4) |
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11 A Comparative Study of AHP and DEA |
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100 | (7) |
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100 | (1) |
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11.2 A Glimpse of Data Envelopment Analysis |
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100 | (2) |
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11.3 Benefit/Cost Analysis by Analytic Hierarchy Process |
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102 | (2) |
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11.3.1 Three-Level Perfect Graph Case |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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11.4 Efficiencies in AHP and DEA |
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104 | (1) |
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11.4.1 Input x and Output y |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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11.4.4 Several Propositions |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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12 A Computational Method for Solving DEA Problems with Infinitely Many DMUs |
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107 | (10) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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12.3 Outline of the Method |
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109 | (1) |
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12.4 Details of the Method When Z is One-Dimensional |
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110 | (3) |
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12.4.1 Initial Discretization and Subdivision Parameter |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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12.4.3 Deletion/Subdivision Rules |
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111 | (1) |
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12.4.4 Solving the New LP |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (2) |
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12.5.1 Initial Discretization |
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113 | (1) |
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12.5.2 Deletion and Subdivision (Bisection) Rules |
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113 | (2) |
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12.5.3 Solving New LPs and Checking Convergence |
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115 | (1) |
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12.6 Concluding Remarks (by Tone) |
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115 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.A: Proof of Theorem 12.1 |
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115 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.B: Proof of Theorem 12.2 |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
Part II: DEA Applications (Past-Present Scenario) |
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117 | (214) |
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13 Examining the Productive Performance of Life Insurance Corporation of India |
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119 | (22) |
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119 | (2) |
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13.2 Nonparametric Approach to Measuring Scale Elasticity |
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121 | (7) |
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13.2.1 Technology and Returns to Scale |
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122 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Qualitative Information on Returns to Scale |
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123 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Quantitative Information on Returns to Scale |
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124 | (2) |
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13.2.4 An Alternative Measure of Scale Elasticity |
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126 | (2) |
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13.3 The Dataset for LIC Operations |
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128 | (2) |
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13.4 Results and Discussion |
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130 | (6) |
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13.4.1 Production-Based Analysis |
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132 | (1) |
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13.4.2 Cost-Based Analysis |
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133 | (1) |
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13.4.3 Returns-to-Scale Issue |
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133 | (2) |
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13.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (5) |
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14 An Account of DEA-Based Contributions in the Banking Sector |
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141 | (31) |
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141 | (1) |
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14.2 Performance Evaluation of Banks: A Detailed Account |
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142 | (12) |
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14.3 Current State of the Art Summarized |
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154 | (9) |
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163 | (6) |
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169 | (3) |
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15 DEA in the Healthcare Sector |
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172 | (20) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (10) |
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15.2.1 Previous Literature |
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174 | (2) |
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15.2.2 Formulas for Efficiency Estimation by DN DEA Model |
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176 | (3) |
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15.2.3 Formulas for Malmquist Index by DN DEA Model |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (5) |
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184 | (4) |
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15.3.1 Estimated Efficiency Scores |
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184 | (1) |
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15.3.2 Estimated Malmquist Index Scores |
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184 | (4) |
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188 | (1) |
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15.4.1 Estimation Results and Policy Implications |
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188 | (1) |
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15.4.2 Further Research Questions |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (2) |
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16 DEA in the Transport Sector |
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192 | (24) |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (6) |
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16.2.1 The Production Technology for the Production Process |
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196 | (1) |
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16.2.2 The Production Technology for the Service Process |
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197 | (3) |
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200 | (7) |
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16.3.1 The Production Technology for FIB Activity |
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202 | (1) |
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16.3.2 The Production Technology for UB Activity |
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203 | (1) |
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16.3.3 The Production Technology for the Service Process |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (5) |
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16.4.1 Input and Output Variables |
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207 | (2) |
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209 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (4) |
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17 Dynamic Network Efficiency of Japanese Prefectures |
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216 | (15) |
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216 | (1) |
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17.2 Multiperiod Dynamic Multiprocess Network |
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217 | (4) |
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17.3 Efficiency/Productivity Measurement |
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221 | (1) |
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17.4 Empirical Application |
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222 | (7) |
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17.4.1 Prefectural Production and Data |
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222 | (3) |
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17.4.2 Efficiency Estimates and Their Determinants |
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225 | (4) |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (2) |
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18 A Quantitative Analysis of Market Utilization in Electric Power Companies |
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231 | (19) |
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231 | (1) |
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18.2 The Functions of the Trading Division |
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232 | (3) |
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18.3 Measuring the Effect of Energy Trading |
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235 | (7) |
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18.3.1 Definition of Transaction Volumes and Prices |
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235 | (2) |
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18.3.2 Constraints on Internal Transactions |
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237 | (1) |
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18.3.3 Profit Maximization |
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238 | (2) |
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18.3.4 Exogenous Variables |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (5) |
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18.5.1 Results of Profit Maximization |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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19 DEA in Resource Allocation |
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250 | (21) |
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250 | (2) |
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19.2 Centralized DEA in Resource Allocation |
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252 | (9) |
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253 | (3) |
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19.2.2 Moderate Adjustment |
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256 | (3) |
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19.2.3 Major Adjustment ' |
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259 | (2) |
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19.3 Applications of Centralized DEA in Resource Allocation |
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261 | (4) |
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19.3.1 Human Resource Rightsizing in Airports |
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261 | (3) |
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19.3.2 Resource Allocation in Container Terminal Operations |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (3) |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (3) |
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20 How to Deal with Non-convex Frontiers in Data Envelopment Analysis |
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271 | (29) |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (3) |
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20.2.1 Notation and Basic Tools |
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273 | (1) |
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20.2.2 Uniqueness of Slacks |
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274 | (1) |
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20.2.3 Decomposition of CRS Slacks |
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275 | (1) |
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20.2.4 Scale-Independent Dataset |
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275 | (1) |
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20.3 In-cluster Issue: Scale-and Cluster-Adjusted DEA Score |
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276 | (5) |
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276 | (1) |
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20.3.2 Solving the CRS Model in the Same Cluster |
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277 | (1) |
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20.3.3 Scale-and Cluster-Adjusted Score |
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278 | (1) |
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20.3.4 Summary of the SAS Computation |
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279 | (1) |
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20.3.5 Global Characterization of SAS-Projected DMUs |
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280 | (1) |
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20.4 An Illustrative Example |
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281 | (3) |
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20.5 The Radial-Model Case |
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284 | (3) |
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20.5.1 Decomposition of CCR Slacks |
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285 | (1) |
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20.5.2 Scale-Adjusted Input and Output |
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285 | (1) |
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20.5.3 Solving the CCR Model in the Same Cluster |
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286 | (1) |
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20.5.4 Scale-and Cluster-Adjusted Score |
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286 | (1) |
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20.6 Scale-Dependent Dataset and Scale Elasticity |
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287 | (2) |
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20.6.1 Scale-Dependent Dataset |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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20.7 Application to a Dataset Concerning Japanese National Universities |
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289 | (5) |
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289 | (2) |
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20.7.2 Adjusted Score (SAS) |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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Appendix 20.A: Clustering Using Returns to Scale and Scale Efficiency |
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295 | (1) |
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Appendix 20.B: Proofs of Propositions |
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295 | (3) |
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298 | (2) |
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21 Using DEA to Analyze the Efficiency of Welfare Offices and Influencing Factors: The Case of Japan's Municipal Public Assistance Programs |
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300 | (15) |
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300 | (1) |
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21.2 Institutional Background, DEA, and Efficiency Scores |
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301 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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21.2.2 Outputs and Inputs |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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21.3 External Effects on Efficiency |
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304 | (5) |
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21.3.1 Adjustments for Environmental/External Factors |
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304 | (1) |
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21.3.2 The Second-Stage Regression Model |
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305 | (1) |
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21.3.3 Econometric Issues |
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306 | (1) |
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21.3.4 Estimation Results |
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307 | (2) |
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21.4 Quantile Regression Analysis |
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309 | (3) |
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21.4.1 Different Responses along the Quantiles of Efficiency |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (2) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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22 DEA as a Kaizen Tool: SBM Variations Revisited |
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315 | (16) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (2) |
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22.2.1 Production Possibility Set |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (3) |
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321 | (2) |
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22.4.1 Distance and Choice of the Set Rh |
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321 | (1) |
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22.4.2 The Role of Programs (22.10) and (22.16) |
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321 | (1) |
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22.4.3 Computational Amount |
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322 | (1) |
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22.4.4 Consistency with the Super-Efficiency SBM Measure |
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322 | (1) |
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22.4.5 Addition of Weights to Input and Output Slacks |
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323 | (1) |
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323 | (7) |
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22.5.1 An Illustrative Example |
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323 | (3) |
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22.5.2 Japanese Municipal Hospitals |
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326 | (4) |
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330 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
Part III: DEA For Forecasting And Decision-Making (Past-Present-Future Scenario) |
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331 | (198) |
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23 Corporate Failure Analysis Using SBM |
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333 | (24) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (6) |
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23.2.1 Beaver's Univariate Model |
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335 | (1) |
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23.2.2 Altman's Multivariate Model |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (3) |
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23.3.1 Slacks-Based Measure |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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23.4 Application to Bankruptcy Prediction |
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343 | (9) |
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344 | (1) |
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23.4.2 Analysis of Results |
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345 | (7) |
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352 | (2) |
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354 | (3) |
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24 Ranking of Bankruptcy Prediction Models under Multiple Criteria |
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357 | (24) |
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357 | (2) |
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24.2 An Overview of Bankruptcy Prediction Models |
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359 | (7) |
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24.2.1 Discriminant Analysis Models |
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360 | (1) |
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24.2.2 Probability Models |
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360 | (3) |
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24.2.3 Survival Analysis Models |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (2) |
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24.3 A Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency Framework for Assessing Bankruptcy Prediction Models |
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366 | (6) |
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24.3.1 What Are the Units To Be Assessed, or DMUs? |
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366 | (2) |
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24.3.2 What Are the Inputs and the Outputs? |
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368 | (1) |
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24.3.3 What Is the Appropriate DEA Formulation To Solve? |
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368 | (4) |
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24.4 Empirical Results from Super-Efficiency DEA |
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372 | (4) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (4) |
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25 DEA in Performance Evaluation of Crude Oil Prediction Models |
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381 | (23) |
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381 | (4) |
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25.2 An Overview of Crude Oil Prices and Their Volatilities |
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385 | (3) |
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25.3 Assessment of Prediction Models of Crude Oil Price Volatility |
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388 | (13) |
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25.3.1 Forecasting Models of Crude Oil Volatility-DMUs |
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389 | (1) |
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25.3.2 Performance Criteria and Their Measures: Inputs and Outputs |
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390 | (1) |
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25.3.3 Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency Analysis |
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390 | (6) |
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25.3.4 Empirical Results from Slacks-Based Super-Efficiency DEA |
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396 | (5) |
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401 | (1) |
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402 | (2) |
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26 Predictive Efficiency Analysis: A Study of US Hospitals |
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404 | (15) |
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404 | (1) |
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26.2 Modeling of Predictive Efficiency |
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405 | (3) |
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26.3 Study of US Hospitals |
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408 | (4) |
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26.4 Forecasting, Benchmarking, and Frontier Shifting |
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412 | (4) |
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26.4.1 Effect of Forecast on Effectiveness |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (2) |
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26.4.3 Technical Progress |
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414 | (2) |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (2) |
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27 Efficiency Prediction Using Fuzzy Piecewise Autoregression |
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419 | (24) |
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419 | (1) |
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27.2 Efficiency Prediction |
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420 | (3) |
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27.3 Modeling and Formulation |
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423 | (10) |
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423 | (1) |
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27.3.2 Phase I: Efficiency Evaluation |
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424 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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27.3.4 Phase III: Fuzzy Piecewise Regression |
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426 | (5) |
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27.3.5 Phase IV: Validating and Forecasting |
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431 | (2) |
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27.4 Illustrating the Application |
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433 | (5) |
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27.4.1 Efficiency Evaluations |
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433 | (3) |
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436 | (1) |
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437 | (1) |
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438 | (2) |
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440 | (1) |
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441 | (2) |
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28 Time Series Benchmarking Analysis for New Product Scheduling: Who Are the Competitors and How Fast Are They Moving Forward? |
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443 | (16) |
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443 | (2) |
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445 | (4) |
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445 | (1) |
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28.2.2 Conceptual Framework |
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446 | (1) |
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447 | (2) |
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28.3 Application: Commercial Airplane Development |
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449 | (5) |
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28.3.1 Research Framework |
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449 | (1) |
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28.3.2 Analysis of the Current (2007) State of the Art |
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449 | (2) |
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451 | (2) |
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453 | (1) |
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28.4 Conclusion and Matters for Future Work |
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454 | (1) |
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455 | (4) |
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29 DEA Score Confidence Intervals with Past-Present and Past-Present-Future-Based Resampling |
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459 | (21) |
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459 | (2) |
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29.2 Proposed Methodology |
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461 | (4) |
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29.2.1 Past-Present-Based Framework |
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461 | (4) |
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29.2.2 Past-Present-Future Time-Based Framework |
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465 | (1) |
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29.3 An Application to Healthcare |
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465 | (11) |
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29.3.1 Illustration of the Past-Present Framework |
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466 | (9) |
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29.3.2 Illustration of the Past-Present-Future Framework |
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475 | (1) |
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476 | (2) |
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478 | (2) |
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30 DEA Models Incorporating Uncertain Future Performance |
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480 | (36) |
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480 | (2) |
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30.2 Generalized Dynamic Evaluation Structures |
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482 | (2) |
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30.3 Future Performance Forecasts |
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484 | (3) |
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30.4 Generalized Dynamic DEA Models |
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487 | (8) |
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30.4.1 Production Possibility Sets |
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488 | (1) |
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30.4.2 DEA Models Incorporating Uncertain Future Performance |
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489 | (6) |
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495 | (18) |
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497 | (3) |
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30.5.2 Analysis of Empirical Results |
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500 | (13) |
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513 | (1) |
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514 | (2) |
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31 Site Selection for the Next-Generation Supercomputing Center of Japan |
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516 | (13) |
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516 | (3) |
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31.2 Hierarchical Structure and Group Decision by AHP |
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519 | (2) |
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31.2.1 Hierarchical Structure |
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519 | (1) |
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31.2.2 Evaluation of Candidate Sites with Respect to Criteria, and Importance of Criteria |
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520 | (1) |
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31.2.3 Evaluation by Average Weights |
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520 | (1) |
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31.3 DEA Assurance Region Approach |
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521 | (1) |
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31.3.1 Use of Variable Weights |
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521 | (1) |
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31.3.2 Evaluation of the "Positives" of Each Site |
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521 | (1) |
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31.3.3 Evaluation of the "Negatives" of Each Site |
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522 | (1) |
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31.4 Application to the Site Selection Problem |
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522 | (5) |
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31.4.1 Preliminary Selection |
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523 | (1) |
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523 | (4) |
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31.5 Decision and Conclusion |
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527 | (1) |
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527 | (2) |
Appendix A: DEA-Solver-Pro |
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529 | (6) |
Index |
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535 | |