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E-raamat: Aluminium Design and Construction [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429216558
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Aluminium Design and ConstructionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 12-Dec-2019
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429216558
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429216558
Provides a practical design guide to the structural use of aluminium. The first chapters outline basic aluminium technology and the advantages of using aluminium in many structural applications. The major part of the book deals with structural design and presents very clear guidance for designers, with numerous diagrams, charts and examples.
Preface xiv
Acknowledgements xv
List of symbols and conversion factors xvi
1 About aluminium 1(22)
1.1 General description
1(2)
1.1.1 The element
1(1)
1.1.2 The name
1(1)
1.1.3 The industrial metal
2(1)
1.1.4 Alloys
2(1)
1.1.5 Castings
2(1)
1.1.6 Supposed health risk
2(1)
1.1.7 Supposed fire risk
3(1)
1.2 Physical properties
3(2)
1.3 Comparison with steel
5(3)
1.3.1 The good points about aluminium
6(1)
1.3.2 The bad points
6(2)
1.4 History
8(3)
1.4.1 The precious metal stage
8(1)
1.4.2 The big breakthrough
9(1)
1.4.3 Early applications
9(1)
1.4.4 Establishment of the alloys
10(1)
1.4.5 The first major market
10(1)
1.5 Aluminium since 1945
11(5)
1.5.1 Growth in output
11(1)
1.5.2 New technology
12(1)
1.5.3 Structural engineering
13(1)
1.5.4 Architecture
14(1)
1.5.5 Land transport
14(1)
1.5.6 Marine usage
15(1)
1.6 Sources of information
16(7)
2 Manufacture 23(17)
2.1 Production of aluminium metal
23(1)
2.1.1 Primary production
23(1)
2.1.2 Secondary metal
24(1)
2.2 Flat products
24(3)
2.2.1 Rolling mill practice
24(1)
2.2.2 Plate
25(1)
2.2.3 Sheet
25(1)
2.2.4 Tolerance on thickness
25(1)
2.2.5 Special forms of flat product
26(1)
2.3 Extruded sections
27(11)
2.3.1 Extrusion process
27(1)
2.3.2 Heat-treatment of extrusions
28(1)
2.3.3 Correction
29(1)
2.3.4 Dies
29(2)
2.3.5 Hollow sections
31(2)
2.3.6 Extrudability of different alloys
33(1)
2.3.7 Size and thickness limits
34(1)
2.3.8 Tolerances
35(1)
2.3.9 Design possibilities with extrusions
36(2)
2.4 Tubes
38(2)
2.4.1 Extruded tube
38(1)
2.4.2 Drawn tube
38(1)
2.4.3 Welded tube
39(1)
3 Fabrication 40(19)
3.1 Preparation of material
40(2)
3.1.1 Storage
40(1)
3.1.2 Cutting
40(1)
3.1.3 Holing
40(1)
3.1.4 Forming
41(1)
3.1.5 Machining
42(1)
3.2 Mechanical joints
42(4)
3.2.1 Bolting and screwing
42(2)
3.2.2 Friction-grip bolting
44(1)
3.2.3 Riveting
44(2)
3.3 Arc welding
46(4)
3.3.1 Use of arc welding
46(1)
3.3.2 MIG welding
46(1)
3.3.3 TIG welding
47(1)
3.3.4 Filler metal
48(1)
3.3.5 Weld inspection
49(1)
3.4 Friction-stir welding
50(3)
3.4.1 The process
50(2)
3.4.2 Features of FS welding
52(1)
3.4.3 Limitations
52(1)
3.4.4 Applications
53(1)
3.5 Other welding processes
53(1)
3.6 Adhesive bonding
53(3)
3.6.1 Use of bonding
53(1)
3.6.2 Surface preparation
54(1)
3.6.3 Two-component adhesives
55(1)
3.6.4 One-component adhesives
55(1)
3.6.5 Applying the adhesive
55(1)
3.6.6 Clamping
56(1)
3.6.7 Curing
56(1)
3.7 Protection and finishing
56(3)
3.7.1 General description
56(1)
3.7.2 Pretreatment
57(1)
3.7.3 Anodizing
57(1)
3.7.4 Painting
58(1)
3.7.5 Contact with other materials
58(1)
4 Aluminium alloys and their properties 59(28)
4.1 Numbering system for wrought alloys
59(5)
4.1.1 Basic system
59(1)
4.1.2 Standardization of alloys
59(1)
4.1.3 Work hardening
60(1)
4.1.4 The Co and F conditions
61(1)
4.1.5 Relation between temper and tensile strength
62(1)
4.1.6 Availability of different tempers
63(1)
4.1.7 Heat-treated material
63(1)
4.2 Characteristics of the different alloy types
64(4)
4.2.1 Non-heat-treatable alloys
65(2)
4.2.2 Heat-treatable alloys
67(1)
4.3 Data on selected wrought alloys
68(10)
4.3.1 How mechanical properties are specified
68(1)
4.3.2 Specific alloys and their properties
69(1)
4.3.3 Comments on certain alloys
70(4)
4.3.4 Minimum bend radius
74(1)
4.3.5 Strength variation with temperature
75(1)
4.3.6 Properties of forgings
76(2)
4.4 Stress-strain curves
78(2)
4.4.1 Empirical stress-strain relation
78(1)
4.4.2 Stress-strain curve for minimum strength material
79(1)
4.5 Casting alloys
80(2)
4.5.1 Numbering system
80(1)
4.5.2 Three useful casting alloys
81(1)
4.6 Alloys used in joints
82(1)
4.6.1 Fastener materials
82(1)
4.6.2 Weld filler wire
82(1)
4.7 Corrosion
82(5)
4.7.1 Corrosion of exposed surfaces
82(2)
4.7.2 When to protect against corrosion
84(1)
4.7.3 Bimetallic corrosion
85(2)
5 Limit state design and limiting stresses 87(15)
5.1 Limit state design
87(7)
5.1.1 General description
87(1)
5.1.2 Definitions
87(2)
5.1.3 Limit state of static strength
89(3)
5.1.4 Serviceability limit state
92(1)
5.1.5 Limit state of fatigue
93(1)
5.2 The use of limiting stresses
94(1)
5.3 Limiting stresses based on material properties
94(4)
5.3.1 Derivation
94(2)
5.3.2 Procedure in absence of specified properties
96(1)
5.3.3 Listed values
97(1)
5.4 Limiting stresses based on buckling
98(4)
5.4.1 General form of buckling curves
98(1)
5.4.2 Construction of the design curves
99(1)
5.4.3 The design curves
100(2)
6 Heat-affected zone softening at welds 102(24)
6.1 General description
102(1)
6.2 Thermal control
103(1)
6.3 Patterns of softening
104(4)
6.3.1 Heat-treated material
104(1)
6.3.2 Work-hardened material
105(1)
6.3.3 Stress-strain curve of HAZ material
106(1)
6.3.4 Multi-pass welds
107(1)
6.3.5 Recovery time
107(1)
6.4 Severity of HAZ softening
108(1)
6.4.1 Softening factor
108(1)
6.4.2 Heat-treated material
108(1)
6.4.3 Work-hardened material
109(1)
6.5 Extent of the softened zone
109(11)
6.5.1 General considerations
109(2)
6.5.2 Nominal HAZ
111(1)
6.5.3 One-inch rule
111(1)
6.5.4 RD method
112(1)
6.5.5 Weld geometry
112(2)
6.5.6 Single straight MIG weld
114(2)
6.5.7 Variation of HAZ extent with weld size
116(1)
6.5.8 Overlapping HAZs
117(1)
6.5.9 Attachment welds
118(1)
6.5.10 Definition of an isolated weld (10A-rule)
119(1)
6.5.11 RD method, summary
120(1)
6.6 Application of HAZ data to design
120(2)
6.6.1 Design of members
120(1)
6.6.2 Design of joints
121(1)
6.7 Comparison with one-inch rule
122(1)
6.8 HAZ at TIG welds
123(2)
6.8.1 Difference between TIG and MIG welding
123(1)
6.8.2 Severity of softening with TIG welding
124(1)
6.8.3 Extent of softened zone for TIG welding
125(1)
6.9 HAZ at friction-stir welds
125(1)
7 Plate elements in compression 126(22)
7.1 General description
126(2)
7.1.1 Local buckling
126(1)
7.1.2 Types of plate element
126(1)
7.1.3 Plate slenderness parameter
127(1)
7.1.4 Element classification (compact or slender)
127(1)
7.1.5 Treatment of slender elements
128(1)
7.2 Plain flat elements in uniform compression
128(7)
7.2.1 Local buckling behaviour
128(2)
7.2.2 Limiting values of plate slenderness
130(1)
7.2.3 Slender internal elements.
130(1)
7.2.4 Slender outstands.
131(3)
7.2.5 Very slender outstands
134(1)
7.3 Plain flat elements under strain gradient
135(6)
7.3.1 Internal elements under strain gradient, general description
135(1)
7.3.2 Internal elements under strain gradient, classification
136(2)
7.3.3 Slender internal elements under strain gradient
138(1)
7.3.4 Outstands under strain gradient, general description
139(1)
7.3.5 Outstands under strain gradient, case T
140(1)
7.3.6 Outstands under strain gradient, case R
140(1)
7.4 Reinforced elements
141(7)
7.4.1 General description
141(1)
7.4.2 Limitations on stiffener geometry
142(1)
7.4.3 'Standard' reinforcement
143(1)
7.4.4 Location of the stiffener
143(1)
7.4.5 Modified slenderness parameter
144(1)
7.4.6 Classification
145(1)
7.4.7 Slender reinforced elements
146(2)
8 Beams 148(33)
8.1 General approach
148(1)
8.2 Moment resistance of the cross-section
149(8)
8.2.1 Moment-curvature relation
149(1)
8.2.2 Section classification
150(1)
8.2.3 Uniaxial moment, basic formulae
150(1)
8.2.4 Effective section
151(1)
8.2.5 Hybrid sections
152(1)
8.2.6 Use of interpolation for semi-compact sections
152(1)
8.2.7 Semi-compact section with tongue plates
153(1)
8.2.8 Local buckling in an under-stressed compression flange
154(1)
8.2.9 Biaxial moment
154(3)
8.3 Shear force resistance
157(6)
8.3.1 Necessary checks
157(1)
8.3.2 Shear yielding of webs, method 1
157(1)
8.3.3 Shear yielding of webs, method 2
157(3)
8.3.4 Shear resistance of bars and outstands
160(1)
8.3.5 Web buckling, simple method
160(1)
8.3.6 Web buckling, tension-field action
161(2)
8.3.7 Inclined webs
163(1)
8.4 Combined moment and shear
163(1)
8.4.1 Low shear
163(1)
8.4.2 High shear, method A
164(1)
8.4.3 High shear, method B
164(1)
8.5 Web crushing
164(2)
8.5.1 Webs with bearing stiffeners
164(1)
8.5.2 Crushing of unstiffened webs
165(1)
8.6 Web reinforcement
166(4)
8.6.1 Types of reinforcement
166(1)
8.6.2 Tongue plates
166(1)
8.6.3 Transverse stiffeners
167(1)
8.6.4 End-posts
168(2)
8.7 Lateral-torsional buckling
170(9)
8.7.1 General description
170(1)
8.7.2 Basic check
171(1)
8.7.3 Equivalent uniform moment
171(1)
8.7.4 Limiting stress for LT buckling
172(1)
8.7.5 Slenderness parameter
173(3)
8.7.6 Beams with very slender compression flanges
176(1)
8.7.7 Effective length for LT buckling
176(2)
8.7.8 Beams of varying cross-section
178(1)
8.7.9 Effect of simultaneous side moment
179(1)
8.8 Beam deflection
179(2)
8.8.1 Basic calculation
179(1)
8.8.2 Beam of slender section
179(2)
9 Tension and compression members 181(26)
9.1 General approach
181(1)
9.1.1 Modes of failure
181(1)
9.1.2 Classification of the cross-section (compression members)
182(1)
9.2 Effective section
182(2)
9.2.1 General idea
182(1)
9.2.2 Allowance for HAZ softening
182(1)
9.2.3 Allowance for local buckling
183(1)
9.2.4 Allowance for holes
183(1)
9.3 Localized failure of the cross-section
184(1)
9.4 General yielding along the length
184(1)
9.5 Column buckling
185(3)
9.5.1 Basic calculation
185(1)
9.5.2 Column buckling stress
185(2)
9.5.3 Column buckling slenderness
187(1)
9.5.4 Column buckling of struts containing very slender outstands
188(1)
9.6 Torsional buckling
188(11)
9.6.1 General description
188(1)
9.6.2 Interaction with flexure
189(1)
9.6.3 'Type-R' sections
190(1)
9.6.4 Sections exempt from torsional buckling
190(1)
9.6.5 Basic calculation
191(1)
9.6.6 Torsional buckling stress
191(2)
9.6.7 Torsional buckling slenderness
193(1)
9.6.8 Interaction factor
193(1)
9.6.9 Torsional buckling of struts containing very slender outstands
194(1)
9.6.10 Empirical slenderness formulae
195(4)
9.6.11 Torsional buckling of certain standardized sections
199(1)
9.7 Combined axial force and moment
199(8)
9.7.1 The problem
199(1)
9.7.2 Secondary bending in trusses
200(1)
9.7.3 Section classification
200(1)
9.7.4 Interaction formulae (P + uniaxial M)
201(2)
9.7.5 Alternative treatment (P + uniaxial M)
203(1)
9.7.6 Interaction formulae (P + biaxial M)
203(1)
9.7.7 Alternative treatment (P + biaxial M)
204(1)
9.7.8 Treatment of local buckling
205(1)
9.7.9 Eccentrically connected angles, channels and tees
205(2)
10 Calculation of section properties 207(28)
10.1 Summary of section properties used
207(1)
10.2 Plastic section modulus
207(5)
10.2.1 Symmetrical bending
207(1)
10.2.2 Unsymmetrical bending
208(2)
10.2.3 Bending with axial force
210(1)
10.2.4 Plastic modulus of the effective section
211(1)
10.3 Elastic flexural properties
212(5)
10.3.1 Inertia of a section having an axis of symmetry
212(1)
10.3.2 Inertias for a section with no axis of symmetry
213(3)
10.3.3 Product of inertia
216(1)
10.3.4 Inertia of the effective section
216(1)
10.3.5 Elastic section modulus
217(1)
10.3.6 Radius of gyration
217(1)
10.4 Torsional section properties
217(8)
10.4.1 The torque-twist relation
217(1)
10.4.2 Torsion constant, basic calculation
218(1)
10.4.3 Torsion constant for section containing 'lumps'
219(2)
10.4.4 Polar inertia
221(1)
10.4.5 Warping factor
222(1)
10.4.6 Special LT buckling factor
222(3)
10.5 Warping calculations
225(10)
10.5.1 Coverage
225(1)
10.5.2 Numbering the elements
225(1)
10.5.3 Evaluation of warping
226(1)
10.5.4 Formula for the warping factor
227(1)
10.5.5 Bisyrrunetric and radial-symmetric sections
228(1)
10.5.6 Skew-symmetric sections
229(1)
10.5.7 Monosymmetric sections, type 1
229(1)
10.5.8 Monosymmetric sections, type 2
230(2)
10.5.9 Asymmetric sections
232(3)
11 Joints 235(33)
11.1 Mechanical joints (non-torqued)
235(8)
11.1.1 Types of fastener
235(1)
11.1.2 Basic checking procedure
236(1)
11.1.3 Joints in shear, fastener force arising
237(1)
11.1.4 Joints in shear, fastener resistance
238(2)
11.1.5 Joints in shear, member failure
240(1)
11.1.6 Joints in tension, fastener force arising
240(1)
11.1.7 Joints in tension, fastener resistance
240(1)
11.1.8 Interaction of shear and tension
241(1)
11.1.9 Comparisons
241(2)
11.1.10 Joints made with proprietary fasteners
243(1)
11.2 Mechanical joints (friction-grip)
243(4)
11.2.1 General description
243(1)
11.2.2 Bolt material
244(1)
11.2.3 Ultimate limit state (shear loading)
244(1)
11.2.4 Serviceability limit state (shear loading)
244(1)
11.2.5 Bolt tension and reaction force
245(1)
11.2.6 Slip factor
246(1)
11.2.7 Serviceability factor
247(1)
11.3 Welded joints
247(8)
11.3.1 General description
247(1)
11.3.2 Basic checking procedure
248(1)
11.3.3 Weld force arising
249(1)
11.3.4 Calculated resistance, weld-metal failure
250(2)
11.3.5 Calculated resistance, fusion-boundary failure
252(1)
11.3.6 Welded joints carrying axial moment
253(1)
11.3.7 Welds under combined loading
254(1)
11.3.8 Friction-stir welds
255(1)
11.4 Bonded joints
255(13)
11.4.1 General description
255(1)
11.4.2 Specification of the adhesive
256(1)
11.4.3 Surface preparation
257(1)
11.4.4 Effect of moisture
257(1)
11.4.5 Factors affecting choice of adhesive
258(1)
11.4.6 Creep
259(1)
11.4.7 Peeling
259(1)
11.4.8 Mechanical testing of adhesives
259(1)
11.4.9 Glue-line thickness
260(1)
11.4.10 Properties of some selected adhesives
261(4)
11.4.11 Resistance calculations for bonded joints
265(2)
11.4.12 Testing of prototype joints
267(1)
12 Fatigue 268(18)
12.1 General description
268(2)
12.2 Possible ways of handling fatigue
270(1)
12.3 Checking procedure (safe life)
271(3)
12.3.1 Constant amplitude loading
271(1)
12.3.2 Variable amplitude loading
272(1)
12.3.3 Design life
272(1)
12.3.4 Stress range
272(1)
12.3.5 Stress-range spectrum
273(1)
12.4 Representative stress
274(3)
12.4.1 Method A
274(2)
12.4.2 Method B
276(1)
12.5 Classification of details
277(2)
12.5.1 The BS.8118 classification
277(1)
12.5.2 Friction-stir welds
278(1)
12.5.3 Bonded joints
278(1)
12.6 Endurance curves
279(1)
12.7 Instructions to fabricator
280(1)
12.8 Improvement measures
281(2)
12.9 Fatigue of bolts
283(3)
12.9.1 Basic approach
283(1)
12.9.2 Endurance curves for steel bolts
283(1)
12.9.3 Variation of bolt tension
284(2)
References 286(2)
Index 288
John Dwight
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