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E-raamat: Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications - Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils [Wiley Online]

(Secunderabad, India)
  • Formaat: 230 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527645683
  • ISBN-13: 9783527645688
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 153,31 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Ammonium Nitrate Explosives for Civil Applications - Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oils: Slurries, Emulsions and Ammonium Nitrate Fuel OilsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 230 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 10-Jan-2013
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527645683
  • ISBN-13: 9783527645688
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527645688
Now a technology consultant based in India, Mahadevan spent 35 years working in commercial explosives and accessories and specialty chemicals. He explains that ammonium nitrate came into prominence during the past 40 years for civil applications because it provided a greater margin of safety to the manufacturer and the end user than the previously popular nitroglycerin. He explores the technology of manufacturing the three forms that comprise nearly 90% of the explosives used in the civil sector worldwide. Among his topics are explosive science, ammonium nitrate and fuel oils, slurries and water gels, functional safety during the manufacture of ammonium nitrate explosives, and the economics of ammonium nitrate explosives. Annotation ©2013 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

The book describes the science and technology of formulation and manufacturing of non-nitroglycerine explosives with ammonium nitrate as the main ingredient. Based on the author's industry experience of more than thirty years, it provides an unparalleled treatment of one of the commercially most important classes of explosives and therefore stimulates further research and development efforts in the field of explosives for civil applications.
Acknowledgment xi
Preface xiii
1 Classification of Explosives
1(4)
1.1 Initiation Sensitivity
1(1)
1.2 Size
1(1)
1.3 Usage
2(1)
1.4 Physical Form
2(3)
2 Explosive Science
5(10)
2.1 Introduction
5(1)
2.1.1 Low Explosives
5(1)
2.1.2 High Explosives
5(1)
2.2 Initiation and Detonation
6(1)
2.2.1 Mechanism
6(1)
2.3 Propagation and Detonation
7(4)
2.3.1 Propagation
7(1)
2.3.2 Detonation
8(1)
2.3.2.1 Ideal/Nonideal Detonation/Critical Diameter/Ideal Diameter
9(1)
2.3.2.2 Detonation Pressure and Velocity
9(2)
2.4 Reaction Chemistry in Explosives
11(4)
2.4.1 Heat of Reaction
11(1)
2.4.2 Rules of Hierarchy
12(1)
2.4.3 Calculation of Oxygen Balance and Fuel Values
12(1)
References
13(2)
3 Ammonium Nitrate Explosives
15(16)
3.1 Introduction
15(1)
3.1.1 Chronology
15(1)
3.2 Design of Commercial Explosives
16(1)
3.2.1 Importance of Oxygen Balance
16(1)
3.2.2 Physical, Performance, and Safety Requirements
17(1)
3.3 Tests
17(10)
3.3.1 Ballistic Mortar Test
18(1)
3.3.2 Trauzl Lead Block Test
19(1)
3.3.3 Velocity of Detonation (VOD)
20(2)
3.3.4 Gap Test and Continuity of Detonation Test
22(1)
3.3.5 Aquarium Test
23(1)
3.3.6 Double Pipe Test
23(1)
3.3.7 Cylinder Test (Crushing Strength)
24(1)
3.3.8 Plate Dent Test
24(1)
3.3.9 Underwater Test (UWT)
24(2)
3.3.10 Crater Test
26(1)
3.4 Assessment of Safety and Stability Characteristics
27(2)
3.4.1 Impact Test
27(1)
3.4.2 Torpedo Friction Test
27(1)
3.4.3 Accelerated Hot Storage (ageing Test)
27(1)
3.4.4 Cold Temperature Storage Test
28(1)
3.4.5 Thermal Stability Tests Using DTA and TGA Procedures
28(1)
3.5 Summary
29(2)
References
29(2)
4 Ammonium Nitrate and AN/FO
31(28)
4.1 Introduction and History
31(1)
4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of Ammonium Nitrate
32(3)
4.2.1 Basic Data
32(1)
4.2.2 Decomposition Chemistry of AN
32(1)
4.2.3 Phase Transition in AN and its Importance in Explosives
33(2)
4.3 Manufacture of Ammonium Nitrate
35(4)
4.3.1 Prilled Ammonium Nitrate
36(3)
4.4 Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil Explosives
39(20)
4.4.1 Background
39(1)
4.4.2 AN/FO Manufacture
39(1)
4.4.2.1 Mixing Process and Equipment
39(1)
4.4.2.2 Continuous Process
40(1)
4.4.2.3 Bulk Delivery Systems
40(1)
4.4.3 Properties of AN/FO
41(1)
4.4.3.1 Physical
41(1)
4.4.3.2 Oil Absorbency and Porosity/Bulk Density/Crushing Strength
41(3)
4.4.3.3 Resistance to Effect of Temperature Cycling
44(1)
4.4.4 Characteristics of ANFO
45(1)
4.4.4.1 Density/Strength
45(1)
4.4.4.2 Strength of the AN/FO Explosive
46(1)
4.4.4.3 Energy Content of AN/FO
46(1)
4.4.4.4 Velocity of Detonation and Effective Priming
47(2)
4.4.4.5 Mechanism of Detonation Propagation in AN/FO
49(1)
4.4.4.6 Influence of Fuel
50(1)
4.4.4.7 Effect of Moisture/Wet Boreholes/Water-Resistant AN/FO
50(2)
4.4.4.8 Water-Resistant AN/FO
52(1)
4.4.4.9 Increasing the Energy of AN/FO and its Fume Characteristics
52(3)
4.4.5 Safety Considerations in AN/FO
55(1)
4.4.6 Summary - AN/FO Explosives
56(1)
4.4.7 Quality Checks
56(2)
References
58(1)
Further Reading
58(1)
5 Slurries and Water Gels
59(54)
5.1 Development
59(1)
5.2 Design
59(7)
5.2.1 Large-Diameter Packaged Product (Water Gels)
60(1)
5.2.2 List of Ingredients
60(1)
5.2.3 Small-Diameter, Cap-Sensitive Water Gels
60(1)
5.2.4 Bulk Delivery Product
61(1)
5.2.5 Basic Concepts of Formulation
61(1)
5.2.5.1 Oxygen Balance
61(1)
5.2.5.2 Thumb Rules for Design
62(1)
5.2.5.3 Role of Water
63(2)
5.2.5.4 Basic Composition and Process
65(1)
5.3 Process Technology
66(5)
5.3.1 Batch Process
66(2)
5.3.2 Continuous Process
68(1)
5.3.3 Packaging Systems
68(3)
5.4 Quality Checks
71(20)
5.4.1 Raw Materials
71(2)
5.4.2 End Product Specification
73(1)
5.4.2.1 Development of New Formulations
73(1)
5.4.3 Role of Aluminum in Water Gels and Slurry Explosives
74(1)
5.4.3.1 Atomized and Flake Powders
74(4)
5.4.3.2 Aluminum Water Reaction
78(2)
5.4.3.3 Important Tests for AL Powder for Use in AN-Based Water Gel Explosives
80(4)
5.4.4 In-Process and Finished Product Checks
84(1)
5.4.4.1 Oxidizer Blend Composition
84(1)
5.4.4.2 Solid Ingredients
85(1)
5.4.4.3 Liquid Ingredients
85(1)
5.4.4.4 Mixing
85(1)
5.4.4.5 Packing
86(1)
5.4.5 Performance Tests
86(1)
5.4.6 Safety Tests
87(1)
5.4.6.1 Gap Test/COD
87(1)
5.4.6.2 COD
87(1)
5.4.7 Storage Tests
87(2)
5.4.8 Gel Condition Evaluation
89(1)
5.4.9 Waterproofness Test
90(1)
5.4.10 Effect of (Hydrostatic) Pressure
90(1)
5.5 Process Hazards (Dust Explosions/Fire Hazards/Health Hazards)
91(1)
5.5.1 Slippery Floor
92(1)
5.5.2 Health Hazard
92(1)
5.6 Role of GG
92(6)
5.6.1 Application in Water Gels and Slurries
93(1)
5.6.2 Specification of Typical GG Used in Water Gels
94(1)
5.6.3 Cross-Linking
95(1)
5.6.4 Mechanism of Hydration
96(2)
5.7 Permissible Explosives
98(7)
5.7.1 Design Criteria
98(1)
5.7.2 Tests for Permissibility
99(1)
5.7.3 Other Tests requirement
100(1)
5.7.3.1 Deflagration Tests
100(1)
5.7.4 Behavior of Water Gels in Permissibility Tests
101(3)
5.7.5 Toxic Fumes and Typical Formulation
104(1)
5.7.6 Strength of Permissible Water Gels
104(1)
5.8 General Purpose Small-Diameter Explosives (GPSD)
105(1)
5.8.1 Design Criteria and Composition
105(1)
5.9 Sensitizers
106(7)
5.9.1 Inorganic
106(1)
5.9.2 Organic Sensitizers
107(1)
5.9.3 Air/Gas/Synthetic Bubble Sensitizers
108(3)
References
111(1)
Further Reading
112(1)
6 Emulsion Explosives
113(44)
6.1 Introduction
113(1)
6.2 Concept of Emulsion Explosives
113(1)
6.3 General Composition of Emulsion Explosives
114(1)
6.4 Structure and Rheology
115(2)
6.5 Composition and Theory of Emulsion Explosives
117(1)
6.6 Manufacture
118(21)
6.6.1 Types of Emulsion Explosive Products
118(1)
6.6.2 Manufacturing Process
118(1)
6.6.2.1 Batch Process
119(1)
6.6.2.2 Semicontinuous Operation
119(1)
6.6.2.3 Fully Continuous Process
120(1)
6.6.2.4 Critical Equipment for Production of Emulsion Explosives
121(1)
6.6.2.5 Pumps
122(1)
6.6.2.6 Packaging Equipment for Emulsion Explosives
122(1)
6.6.3 Raw Material for Emulsion
123(1)
6.6.3.1 Fuel Blends
123(2)
6.6.4 Sensitizing in Emulsion Explosives
125(1)
6.6.4.1 Air Entrapment or Occlusion while Emulsification by Mechanical Agitation
125(1)
6.6.4.2 Chemical Gassing
125(1)
6.6.4.3 Hollow Particles
126(1)
6.6.5 Crystal Habit Modifiers
127(1)
6.6.6 Emulsion Promoters
128(1)
6.6.7 Emulsion Stabilizers
128(1)
6.6.8 Emulsion Chemistry and Understanding Emulsifiers: Key to Good Emulsions
129(4)
6.6.9 Concept of HLB and Its Use in Emulsification
133(2)
6.6.9.1 Effect of Factors on Stability of Emulsions
135(3)
6.6.10 Polymer Systems in Emulsion Explosives
138(1)
6.7 Quality Checks
139(3)
6.7.1 Raw Materials
139(1)
6.7.2 Process Audit
140(1)
6.7.3 Special Tests for Emulsions
141(1)
6.8 Explosive Properties of Emulsion Matrix/Explosives
142(3)
6.8.1 Channel Effect
144(1)
6.9 Permissible Emulsions
145(2)
6.10 General Purpose Small-Diameter (GPSD) Emulsion Explosives
147(2)
6.11 Bulk Emulsions
149(3)
6.12 Heavy AN/FO
152(1)
6.13 Packaged Large-Diameter Emulsion Explosives
153(4)
References
154(1)
Further Reading
155(2)
7 Research and Development
157(6)
7.1 Areas of Interest
158(1)
7.2 Development Work and Upscaling
159(2)
7.3 Management of R&D
161(2)
8 Functional Safety during Manufacture of AN Explosives
163(16)
8.1 Introduction - Personal View Point on Safety
163(2)
8.2 Safety Considerations in AN Explosives
165(7)
8.2.1 In AN/FO
165(1)
8.2.2 In Slurries and Emulsions
166(1)
8.2.3 Electrostatic Ignition
167(1)
8.2.4 Lightning Protection
168(1)
8.2.5 Runaway Reactions
168(2)
8.2.6 Venting as Means of Protection
170(2)
8.2.7 Explosion Suppression Technology
172(1)
8.3 Explosion Hazards in Equipment
172(4)
8.3.1 Hazards Associated with Pumping of Explosives
172(3)
8.3.2 Possible Hazards during Packing
175(1)
8.4 Concluding Remarks
176(3)
References
177(2)
9 Economics of AN-Based Explosives
179(16)
9.1 In Manufacture
179(2)
9.2 In Applications
181(5)
9.2.1 Condition of Explosive
182(1)
9.2.2 Coupling and Priming
183(1)
9.2.3 Stemming and Confinement
184(1)
9.2.4 Explosives-Rock Interaction
185(1)
9.2.5 Explosives Energy Optimization in Blasting
185(1)
9.3 Blast Design
186(4)
9.4 Influence of Explosives in Underground Mining
190(5)
References
193(2)
10 Current Status and Concluding Remarks
195(4)
Appendix A
199(4)
Appendix B Guidelines for Investigation of an Accident
203(6)
B.1 Introduction
203(1)
B.2 Detailed Inspection
204(1)
B.3 Interviewing and Questioning
205(1)
B.4 Collection of Samples
205(1)
B.5 Examination of Witnesses
206(1)
B.6 Examination of Dead/Injured
206(3)
Index 209
Erode Mahadevan is currently a Technology Consultant based in India. Before that for more than thirty years he was engaged in the field of commercial explosives and accessories and specialty chemicals. He has worked with many multinational companies such as ICI (UK), BASF (Germany), Atlas Chemicals (USA), Dow Chemical (USA), Nitro Nobel (Sweden), Dyno Industries (Norway). For twenty years Erode Mahadevan was Managing Director of IDL Industries Ltd., a leading producer of civil explosives based in India. He holds a Masters Degree in Physical Chemistry from the University of Mysore, Bangalore, and a PhD from the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, Germany. Before starting his career in industry, Erode Mahadevan was a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Chemistry at the Columbia University, New York.
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