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E-raamat: Analysing Representations of Social Media in European News Media Discourse [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(University of Turku, Finland), (University of Paris 8 Vincennes - Saint-Denis, France), (École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France)
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Analysing Representations of Social Media in European News Media DiscourseSuurem pilt
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This book explores representations of social media in European media discourses across different socio-historical contexts, demonstrating how such analysis can illuminate the tension between global and local in media discourses in today’s globalized world.

This book explores representations of social media in European media discourses across different socio-historical contexts, demonstrating how such analysis can illuminate the tension between global and local in media discourses in today’s globalized world. //The volume draws on data from a trilingual corpus from different editions of the free daily Metro from Finland, France, and Greece spanning a five-year period, with a focus on Facebook and Twitter. Adopting a French discourse analysis approach, which takes as its point of departure the notion of “discourse as the social practice of representing”, the book integrates qualitative and quantitative analyses to investigate the social and political role depictions of social media play in specific socio-historical contexts. This approach brings to the fore both commonalities and differences in the popularity of specific platforms and coverage of specific news topics and hot-button issues. In so doing, the volume elucidates the ways in which global practices become integrated and immersed into local contexts, offering avenues for future research on social media in news discourses. //This book will be of interest to scholars in applied linguistics, intercultural communication, discourse analysis, media studies, and cultural studies.
General Introduction 1(14)
0.1 Origins of the Project
1(1)
0.2 The Issue and the Research Question
2(1)
0.3 Related Studies
3(6)
0.3.1 Journalism Studies
4(2)
0.3.2 Discursive Analyses of (Media) Representations of Social Media
6(1)
0.3.3 Computer-Mediated Communication / Digital Discourse
7(2)
0.4 Study Approach
9(1)
0.5 Presentation of the International Team and Outline of the Work
10(5)
PART 1 Theoretical Framework and Methodology
15(40)
1 Discourse Analyses and Key Research Concepts
17(23)
1.1 Insights in Two Analytical Perspectives of Discourses
18(5)
1.1.1 The French School of Discourse Analysis
18(2)
1.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis vs. French Discourse Analysis
20(3)
1.2 Discursive Construction of Social Reality
23(9)
1.2.1 Discursive Exposure and Construction of Reality
23(2)
1.2.2 The Communication Scheme and Transmission of Information
25(1)
1.2.2.1 The Communication Scheme
25(2)
1.2.3 The Notion of Social Representations: Definition and Characteristics
27(1)
1.2.4 The Concept of Glocalisation
28(4)
1.3 The Media Discourse and its Particularities
32(8)
1.3.1 Media Discourse and Interdiscursivity
33(1)
1.3.2 Discursive Strategies: The "Effects of Facts" and the "Effects of the Real"
34(1)
1.3.3 The Notion of Didacticity
35(5)
2 Corpus and Methodology
40(15)
2.1 The Choice of the Free Daily Newspaper Metro
41(1)
2.2 From the Existent Corpus to the Reference Corpus
41(1)
2.3 The Particularities of the Reference Corpus
41(6)
2.4 The Study Corpus
47(2)
2.5 From Macro-Views for an Ecological Approach to the Methodological Device
49(2)
2.5.1 The Front Page of the Newspaper
49(1)
2.5.2 The Titles
50(1)
2.5.3 Illustrations
50(1)
2.6 To the Micro-Views for the Analysis of the Data
51(4)
2.6.1 The Semiotic Markers
51(1)
2.6.2 Linguistic Markers
52(3)
PART 2 Contextualisation of and Macro-Level Analysis of the Object of Study
55(104)
3 The Three Editions of Metro and the Editors' Perspective
57(13)
3.1 Metro Newspapers in a Nutshell
57(2)
3.1.1 Metro Helsinki
58(1)
3.1.2 Metro Athens
58(1)
3.1.3 Metro Paris
58(1)
3.2 The Perspective of Metro Editors
59(7)
3.2.1 Overall Characteristics
59(2)
3.2.2 Readership in the Three Countries
61(1)
3.2.3 Metro in the Local Newspaper Scene
62(2)
3.2.4 News-Making Processes
64(2)
3.2.5 Editors' Views on Social Media
66(1)
3.3 Conclusions
66(4)
3.3.1 Singularities
67(1)
3.3.2 Similarities
67(3)
4 The Emergence and Evolution of a New Discourse Object (2007--2011)
70(89)
4.1 Facebook and Twitter in Metro Helsinki
70(32)
4.1.1 Corpus in Figures: The Big Picture
70(1)
4.1.1.1 The Different Newspaper Sections
71(1)
4.1.1.2 National and International News in the Finnish Corpus
72(2)
4.1.2 Taking a Closer Look: Approaching the Corpus through the Headlines
74(1)
4.1.2.1 From Facebook to FB
75(1)
4.1.2.1.1 Facebook as a Place for both Slander and Support
75(1)
4.1.2.1.2 Facebook as an Active Agent in Society
76(1)
4.1.2.1.3 New Facebook Words
77(1)
4.1.2.1.4 From Facebook to "FB"
77(1)
4.1.2.1.5 Following the Success, whilst Headlining the Problems
77(1)
4.1.2.2 From Tweets about News to Tweets about Celebrities
78(1)
4.1.2.2.1 Twitter as Arena and Agent
78(1)
4.1.2.2.2 Twitter as Object of Criticism and Doubt
79(1)
4.1.2.2.3 Twitter as "Tweeting"
79(1)
4.1.2.2.4 From Twitter News to Celebrity News
80(1)
4.1.3 Emergence and Evolution: Facebook and Twitter in the Articles of Metro Helsinki
80(1)
4.1.3.1 Year 2007: Introducing Facebook -- From an Internet Curiosity to an Extensive Online Community
80(2)
4.1.3.2 Year 2008: Facebook's Growing Business and New Ways of Using Social Media
82(2)
4.1.3.3 Year 2009
84(1)
4.1.3.3.1 Ever-Growing Popularity Tinged with Criticism towards Facebook, Inc.
84(1)
4.1.3.3.2 Twitter's Popularity Abroad and Unpopularity in Finland
85(2)
4.1.3.4 Year 2010
87(1)
4.1.3.4.1 Facebook: Columns, Stars and Threats
87(1)
4.1.3.4.2 Athletes Join the Celebrities on Twitter
88(1)
4.1.3.5 Year 2011
89(1)
4.1.3.5.1 Facebook Misuse: From Teenagers to Politicians
89(2)
4.1.3.5.2 Twitter and the "Evolution of Social Media"
91(1)
4.1.3.5.3 The Evolution of Social Media
92(1)
4.1.4 Specificities of the Finnish Corpus
93(1)
4.1.4.1 Reader Participation in the Finnish Edition
93(2)
4.1.4.2 Editor's Views on Changing Media Habits and the Future of the Press
95(1)
4.1.4.2.1 Defining the Challenge: Media Consumption Revolutionised by Social Media
95(1)
4.1.4.2.2 The Youth at the Head of New Media Culture
96(1)
4.1.4.2.3 Rising to the Challenge: Locality and Reader Participation in Metro
97(1)
4.1.5 Conclusion
98(4)
4.2 Facebook and Twitter in Metro Paris
102(25)
4.2.1 Overview of Quantitative Data
102(3)
4.2.2 From Quantitative to Qualitative, Starting with the Titles
105(1)
4.2.2.1 From Failbook to Facebook's Success Story
105(1)
4.2.2.1.1 Facebook: A Thriving Economic Success
106(1)
4.2.2.1.2 Facebook: A Dangerous Medium (Focus on Security, Dangers)
106(1)
4.2.2.1.3 Education about Facebook
107(1)
4.2.2.2 Politics in the Age of Twitter - Lauren Bacall Would Tweet Too
107(1)
4.2.3 Facebook and Twitter in the Body of the Articles, Year after Year
108(1)
4.2.3.1 Year 2007: A Timid Start Marked by Paradox
108(2)
4.2.3.2 Year 2008: Facebook Continues its Quiet Entry and Twitter Appears
110(1)
4.2.3.2.1 How the Social Media Concept Appears in Different Lights
110(1)
4.2.3.2.2 Rise of FB as a Political Tool
111(1)
4.2.3.2.3 Presenting FB and Twitter from a Pedagogical Angle
111(1)
4.2.3.2.4 Facebook as a Contact or a Reference
111(1)
4.2.3.3 Year 2009
112(1)
4.2.3.3.1 Facebook, a Medium for Mass Mobilisation
112(3)
4.2.3.3.2 Twitter Enters Politics Beginning in June
115(1)
4.2.3.4 Year 2010
115(1)
4.2.3.4.1 Facebook: A Medium for Mass Mobilisations that Must Be Mastered
116(1)
4.2.3.4.2 Twitter, a Medium for Celebrities
117(1)
4.2.3.5 Year 2011
118(1)
4.2.3.5.1 Facebook, a Medium for Celebrities and Politics
119(1)
4.2.3.5.2 Twitter: Birth of a Feature, "Twittoscope", a New Political Barometer
120(1)
4.2.4 Specificities of the French Corpus
121(1)
4.2.4.1 Didactic Discourse
121(1)
4.2.4.1.1 Journalistic Expertise in the Titles
121(1)
4.2.4.1.2 Articles that Transmit Knowledge
122(1)
4.2.4.1.3 Advice and a Warning
122(1)
4.2.4.1.4 Educational Intent Clearly Accepted by the Editor-in-Chief
123(1)
4.2.4.2 "Twittoscope": A Section Unique to Metro Paris
123(1)
4.2.4.2.1 General Presentation
123(1)
4.2.4.2.2 The Column's Discourse Characteristics
124(1)
4.2.5 Conclusion
125(2)
4.3 Facebook and Twitter in Metro Athens
127(32)
4.3.1 Focus on the Quantitative Data
127(2)
4.3.1.1 The Different Newspaper Sections
129(1)
4.3.1.2 National and International News in the Greek Corpus
130(2)
4.3.2 From Quantitative to Qualitative: Entry by Titles
132(1)
4.3.2.1 Facebook: A Multifunctional Anthropomorphic Space
133(1)
4.3.2.1.1 Facebook as a Space in its Own Right
133(1)
4.3.2.1.2 The Anthropomorphism of Facebook
134(1)
4.3.2.1.3 The Facebook Company
134(1)
4.3.2.2 Twitter: Gossip, Humour and Addiction
135(1)
4.3.2.2.1 Twitter, the Space for Gossip
136(1)
4.3.2.2.2 The Humour of Twitter
136(1)
4.3.2.2.3 Twitter: a New Addiction
136(1)
4.3.3 The Subjects of "Facebook" and "Twitter" Discourse in the Body of the Articles
137(1)
4.3.3.1 Year 2008: Facebook Evidence
137(2)
4.3.3.2 Year 2009
139(1)
4.3.3.2.1 Facebook: Capable of Good and Evil
139(2)
4.3.3.2.2 Twitter: A Dynamic Entry into the Lives of the Stars
141(2)
4.3.3.3 Year 2010
143(1)
4.3.3.3.1 Facebook: Interact, Share, Take Part
143(3)
4.3.3.3.2 Twitter: On the Brink of the Omnipresence of [ Famous] People, Political News
146(2)
4.3.3.4 Year 2011
148(1)
4.3.3.4.1 Facebook: Towards Admission to Adulthood
148(3)
4.3.3.4.2 Twitter: Gossiping, Brawling, Shouting, etc.
151(2)
4.3.4 Specificities of the Greek Corpus
153(1)
4.3.4.1 Facebook TV
153(1)
4.3.4.2 The Absence of Mediation
154(2)
4.3.5 Conclusion
156(3)
PART 3 Social Media Representations in Three Different Discursive Spaces
159(107)
5 Networking: Social Media and Representations of Professional Life
161(32)
5.1 "Social Media and Working Life" in the Three Editions of Metro: An Overview
162(603)
5.1.1 Three National Corpora in Figures
162(2)
5.1.2 Different Sub-Themes
164(1)
5.2 Job Search Advice for Readers
165(1)
5.2.1 Promoting Advantages While Acknowledging Risks
165(3)
5.2.2 Instructions, Warnings and Encouragements: A Didactic Approach
168(3)
5.2.3 Who is Advised? Who Are the Users?
171(2)
5.3 Model Users and Usages
173(8)
5.3.1 Police as Users of Social Media - A Legitimating Discourse
173(5)
5.3.2 "Surfing Becomes a Real Vocation" - Creating Opportunities and Enabling Individuals
178(2)
5.3.3 Dynamic Male Entrepreneurs as Model Users
180(1)
5.4 Wanted: Social Media Etiquette
181(8)
5.4.1 Confusion and Confrontations
182(4)
5.4.2 E-Reputation and the Inevitable Digital Identity
186(3)
5.5 Conclusion
189(4)
6 Social Media and Mass Mobilisations
193(32)
6.1 Presentation of Global Corpus
193(4)
6.1.1 Different Types of Movements
195(1)
6.1.1.1 Social Media and International Mobilisations
195(1)
6.1.1.2 Social Media and National Political Movements
196(1)
6.1.1.3 Social Media and Celebratory Movements
196(1)
6.1.2 Articles Reflecting on the Connection Between Social Media and Movements
196(1)
6.2 Social Media's Openness to the World
197(11)
6.2.1 Mass Mobilisation via Social Networking Sites: Ideas from Abroad
197(1)
6.2.1.1 In France: A Broad Geographical Spectrum, from Colombia to Russia
198(1)
6.2.1.2 For Greece, Mobilisations Come from Southern Europe
199(3)
6.2.1.3 In Finland: Echoes of Spain and Northern Countries (Canada, Norway, Russia)
202(2)
6.2.2 Mass Mobilisation via Social Media: Ideas that Spread to Other Countries
204(4)
6.3 Creating New Forms of Meeting in France and Finland
208(5)
6.3.1 France, the Aperitif Phenomenon
208(3)
6.3.2 In Finland: Many Ideas, for the Public Good or for Partying...
211(1)
6.3.3 Combined with More Classic Demonstrations against Political Figures
212(1)
6.4 Excesses, Regulation and Recycling
213(1)
6.4.1 France: Progressively Increasing Intervention by Law Enforcement
213(2)
6.4.2 Finland: Encouraging Citizen Responsibility and Regulation
215(2)
6.4.3 Co-opting Movements in France: From the Aperitif Phenomenon to the Sausage/Red Wine Aperitif of the Extreme Right
217(5)
6.5 Conclusion
222(3)
6.5.1 Similarities and Commonalities Between Countries
222(1)
6.5.2 Specificities by Country
223(2)
7 Social Media and the Arab Spring
225(41)
7.1 Presentation of the Corpus from Three Countries
226(2)
7.1.1 Number and Publication Dates of Articles
226(1)
7.1.2 Newspaper Sections, Size and Types
227(1)
7.2 Delving into The Corpus Through
228(8)
7.2.1 The Titles
228(1)
7.2.1.1 Digital and Social Media in the Titles
228(1)
7.2.1.2 Overview of the Titles
229(1)
7.2.1.2.1 Finland: Beyond Revolution
230(1)
7.2.1.2.2 France: Making a Saga of the Arab Spring
231(1)
7.2.1.2.3 Greece: Moving Readers
232(1)
7.2.2 The Illustrations
233(1)
7.2.2.1 Finland: Champions of the Day After
233(1)
7.2.2.2 France: From Didactic to Pathos
234(1)
7.2.2.3 Greece: Condemning Intolerance
235(1)
7.3 Towards a Granular Analysis: The Text Body
236(26)
7.3.1 The Arab Spring as Seen by
237(1)
7.3.1.1 Finland
238(1)
7.3.1.2 France
239(1)
7.3.1.3 Greece
240(2)
7.3.2 Social Media and the Arab Spring: Roles, Images, Impact
242(1)
7.3.2.1 Finland: Moderate Mention Made of Social Media
242(2)
7.3.2.2 France: Combat Repression, Fight for Freedom (of Expression)
244(4)
7.3.2.3 Greece: Post-Revolution Takes Pride of Place
248(4)
7.3.3 Opinion Articles: A Special Case
252(1)
7.3.3.1 Finland: Emerging from its Cocoon
252(2)
7.3.3.2 France: Demand and Inform
254(3)
7.3.3.3 Greece: Anti-Imperialism and Singing the Praises of Youth
257(5)
7.4 Conclusion
262(4)
General Conclusion
266(9)
1 Research Questions and the Main Findings of the Study
266(4)
2 Limitations of this Study
270(1)
3 Free Newspapers and Social Media in the Year 2020
271(4)
Bibliography 275(9)
Appendix A Metro Editors - Interview Questions 284(1)
Appendix B Titles with Keywords "Facebook" and "Twitter" in the Three National Corpora (2007--2011) 285(1)
B1 Metro Helsinki 285(1)
B1.1 Titles with "Facebook" 285(2)
B1.2 Titles with "Twitter" 287(1)
B2 Metro Paris 288(1)
B2.1 Titles with "Facebook" 288(1)
B2.2 Titles with "Twitter" 289(1)
B3 Metro Athens 290(1)
B3.1 Titles with "Facebook" 290(1)
B3.2 Titles with "Twitter" 291(2)
Index (Author and Keyword) 293
Christine Develotte is Emerita Professor of Applied Linguistics (Lyon, France) and member of the ICAR Laboratory.

Anthippi Potolia is Associate Professor of Applied Linguistics at the University of Paris 8 Vincennes Saint-Denis.

Eija Suomela-Salmi is Emerita Professor of French at the University of Turku, Finland.
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