Contributors |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
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1 | (24) |
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Philippus D.R. Van Heerden |
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1 | (1) |
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The glutathione redox couple and cellular redox potential |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (3) |
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Biosynthesis and inhibition by L-buthionine-SR-sulphoximine |
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5 | (4) |
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Glutathione and the cell cycle |
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9 | (1) |
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Glutathione in leaves and its relationship to chilling tolerance |
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10 | (2) |
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Glutathione and homoglutathione in the regulation of root and root nodule development |
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12 | (3) |
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Transport and transporters |
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15 | (1) |
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Glutathione and signalling |
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16 | (2) |
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Conclusions and perspectives |
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18 | (7) |
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Plant thiol enzymes and thiol homeostasis in relation to thiol-dependent redox regulation and oxidative stress |
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25 | (28) |
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Introduction: plant sulfur and thiol contents |
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25 | (1) |
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The redox potential and its relation to the redox proteome |
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26 | (2) |
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Oxidation of thiol groups |
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28 | (1) |
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C-X-X-C and C-X-X-S motifs in redox proteins |
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29 | (1) |
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The principle reactions that maintain thiol-redox homeostasis |
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30 | (2) |
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Enzymes involved in thiol--disulfide interconversion |
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32 | (4) |
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32 | (1) |
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33 | (2) |
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35 | (1) |
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Protein disulfide isomerases |
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35 | (1) |
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Peroxiredoxins, thiol/disulfide proteins in antioxidant defence |
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36 | (5) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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The thiol proteome of plants |
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41 | (1) |
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Thiol homeostasis in subcellular compartments |
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42 | (2) |
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Thiol-dependent redox regulation of gene expression |
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44 | (2) |
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Linking thiol regulation to metabolic and developmental pathways |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (6) |
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Ascorbate, tocopherol and carotenoids: metabolism, pathway engineering and functions |
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53 | (34) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (14) |
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Distribution and subcellular localisation |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (2) |
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Ascorbate and dehydroascorbate transport across membranes |
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60 | (1) |
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Enzymes involved in ascorbate oxidation |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Control of ascorbate synthesis and metabolic engineering |
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61 | (1) |
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The functions of ascorbate |
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62 | (5) |
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Vitamin E: tocopherols and tocotrienols |
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67 | (8) |
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67 | (1) |
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Structure and antioxidant activity of tocopherols and tocotrienols |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (3) |
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Biosynthesis of tocopherols and tocotrienols |
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73 | (1) |
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Control and engineering of tocopherol and tocotrienol biosynthesis |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (12) |
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Carotenoids as antioxidants |
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75 | (3) |
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Carotenoid biosynthesis and metabolic engineering |
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78 | (9) |
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87 | (14) |
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Enzymatic removal of hydrogen peroxide in plants |
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87 | (3) |
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Functional analysis of APX |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (5) |
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Catalases in plants: molecular and functional properties and role in stress defence |
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101 | (40) |
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101 | (1) |
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Biochemistry and molecular structure of catalases |
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102 | (6) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (3) |
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Mechanism of the catalytic reaction and kinetic properties |
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106 | (2) |
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Occurrence and properties of plant catalases |
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108 | (6) |
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Sources of H2O2 production in plant cells |
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108 | (1) |
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Occurrence and subcellular localization of plant catalases |
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109 | (1) |
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Properties of plant catalases |
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110 | (1) |
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Multiple forms, gene families and gene evolution |
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111 | (3) |
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Biogenesis and control of expression |
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114 | (5) |
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Biosynthesis and import into peroxisomes |
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114 | (2) |
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Control of expression of catalase |
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116 | (3) |
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Photoinactivation and regulation of turnover |
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119 | (7) |
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Physiological significance and role in stress defence |
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126 | (15) |
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Responses to deficiencies or overexpression of catalase |
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126 | (2) |
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Low- and high-temperature stress |
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128 | (2) |
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130 | (1) |
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130 | (11) |
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Phenolics as antioxidants |
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141 | (28) |
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141 | (1) |
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Biosynthetic aspects of phenolic metabolism |
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142 | (1) |
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Stress-induced phenylpropanoid metabolism |
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143 | (8) |
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144 | (2) |
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146 | (1) |
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147 | (2) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds |
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151 | (5) |
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Biological targets of phenolic antioxidants |
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156 | (1) |
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Prooxidant properties of phenolic compounds |
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157 | (1) |
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Anti-herbivore properties of phenolics |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (10) |
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Reactive oxygen species as signalling molecules |
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169 | (28) |
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169 | (3) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (5) |
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174 | (1) |
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Perception and direct effects of ROS |
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175 | (4) |
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Regulators of ROS signalling |
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179 | (5) |
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ROS, calcium and ion channels |
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179 | (1) |
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Reversible protein phosphorylation |
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180 | (2) |
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ROS regulation of gene expression |
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182 | (2) |
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Regulation of ROS production |
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184 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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Cross-talk with other signalling molecules/pathways |
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187 | (3) |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (6) |
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Reactive oxygen species in plant development and pathogen defence |
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197 | (18) |
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197 | (1) |
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The roles of ROS in plant development |
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197 | (3) |
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NADPH oxidase and ROS in plant cell morphogenesis |
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200 | (3) |
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NADPH oxidases in polarised plant cells |
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200 | (1) |
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NADPH-oxidase-mediated effects on gene expression |
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200 | (2) |
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The regulatory effect of ROS on calcium channels |
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202 | (1) |
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The role of calcium in regulating plant NOXs |
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202 | (1) |
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The role of ROP GTPases in regulating plant NOXs |
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203 | (1) |
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Programmed cell death and senescence |
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203 | (4) |
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ROS and antioxidants in response to pathogens and wounding |
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207 | (8) |
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Reactive oxygen species in cell walls |
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215 | (35) |
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The cell wall and the apoplast |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (6) |
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Evidence for the presence of H2O2 in the wall/apoplast of the living plant cell |
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217 | (1) |
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External and internal factors that trigger apoplastic H2O2 formation |
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217 | (2) |
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Proposed roles for apoplastic H2O2 in vivo |
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219 | (2) |
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Proposed mechanisms of H2O2 formation |
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221 | (2) |
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O-2 and HO2 in plant cell walls |
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223 | (5) |
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Properties of O-2 and HO2 |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Formation of O-2 in plant cell walls |
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225 | (1) |
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Role of O-2 in plant cell walls |
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226 | (1) |
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Regulation of O-2 production in plant cell walls |
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227 | (1) |
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Lifetime and fate of O2 in plant cell walls |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (15) |
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228 | (1) |
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Proposed mechanisms of apoplastic OH formation |
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229 | (2) |
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Evidence for presence of 'OH in the wall/apoplast of the living plant cell |
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231 | (5) |
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Factors that trigger formation of apoplastic 'OH |
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236 | (1) |
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Proposed roles for apoplastic 'OH in vivo |
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237 | (3) |
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Chemical effects and fate of 'OH in the apoplast |
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240 | (3) |
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243 | (7) |
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Reactive oxygen species and photosynthesis |
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250 | (18) |
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250 | (1) |
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Light absorption and allocation |
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250 | (5) |
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Triplet-chlorophyll mediated singlet O2 formation |
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250 | (1) |
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Thermal energy dissipation |
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251 | (2) |
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Acclimation of the light harvesting complex to the environment |
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253 | (2) |
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Singlet O2 generation at photosystem II |
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255 | (1) |
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Electron transport and O2 photoreduction |
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256 | (4) |
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256 | (2) |
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The extent of O2 photoreduction |
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258 | (1) |
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O2 metabolism and the regulation of PSII excitation pressure |
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259 | (1) |
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Acclimation of the water--water cycle to the environment |
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259 | (1) |
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Linkages between photosynthesis and extrachloroplastic oxidative metabolism |
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260 | (2) |
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262 | (6) |
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268 | (25) |
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268 | (8) |
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Regulation of O3 flux to leaves |
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269 | (1) |
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O3 degradation to ROS and removal by antioxidants in the apoplast |
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270 | (3) |
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Induction of the active oxidative burst and sensing of ROS |
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273 | (3) |
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Hormonal control of plant O3 responses |
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276 | (6) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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Interactions between the hormonal signaling cascades |
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281 | (1) |
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Other regulators of plant O3 responses |
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282 | (4) |
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Induction of plant volatiles |
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282 | (2) |
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O3 and mitogen-activated protein kinases |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (7) |
Index |
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293 | |