Preface |
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xv | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
About the Authors |
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xix | |
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1 Why Study Exercise Physiology? |
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1 | (18) |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Improving Athletic and Sport Performance |
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3 | (1) |
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Professionalism In Exercise Science, Physical Education, and Athletics |
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3 | (1) |
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Research Box: Endurance training versus resistance training for health promotion |
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4 | (1) |
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The Responsibility for Prescribing Exercise |
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5 | (1) |
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Box: The science of exercise |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (14) |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Chapter 1 LAB Preparticipation Health Screening, Medical Clearance, and Informed Consent |
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8 | (11) |
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2 Structure of Muscle Tissue and Muscle Contraction |
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19 | (20) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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Gross Structure of Skeletal Muscle |
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20 | (1) |
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Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle |
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21 | (1) |
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Structure of the Muscle Fiber |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (3) |
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Box: The adaptable muscle |
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24 | (1) |
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Structure of the Myofibril and the Contractile Mechanism |
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24 | (1) |
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Muscle Contraction and the Sliding Filament Model |
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25 | (2) |
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Research Box: Muscle contraction at the molecular level |
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27 | (12) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Chapter 2 LAB Determination of One-Repetition Maximum Bench Press and Leg Press Strength |
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30 | (9) |
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3 Metabolism and Metabolic Adaptations to Training |
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39 | (24) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Overview of ATP Production |
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40 | (2) |
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41 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Professional knowledge and expertise |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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42 | (3) |
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43 | (1) |
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Lock-and-Key Work Method of Enzymes |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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Research Box: Heart rate and VO2 during high-speed racing |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (4) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (3) |
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Aerobic (Oxidative) Metabolism of Carbohydrates |
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49 | (2) |
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Electron Transport System |
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51 | (1) |
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Fat and Protein Metabolism |
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51 | (1) |
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Use of Fat for ATP Production |
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52 | (1) |
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Use of Protein for ATP Production |
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52 | (1) |
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Power and Capacity of ATP Production Systems |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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Metabolic Adaptations to Training |
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53 | (10) |
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Endurance Training (Aerobic Metabolism) |
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54 | (1) |
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Sprint Training (Anaerobic Metabolism) |
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55 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Chapter 3 LAB Non-Exercise-Based Estimation of Maximal Oxygen Consumption Rate (VO3 max) |
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58 | (5) |
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63 | (18) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Organization of the Nervous System and its Control of Body Movement |
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64 | (1) |
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The Cells of the Nervous System |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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Simple Reflexes and Involuntary Movement |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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Proprioception and Kinesthesis |
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67 | (1) |
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Research Box: Exercise and managing hypertension |
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68 | (2) |
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Muscle Spindles and Kinesthesis |
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68 | (1) |
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BOX: Exercise and blood pressure |
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69 | (1) |
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Golgi Tendon Organs and Kinesthesis |
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69 | (1) |
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Higher Nerve Centers and Muscular Control |
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70 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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The Extrapyramidal System |
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71 | (1) |
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The Proprioceptive-Cerebellar System |
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72 | (1) |
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Posture, Balance, and Voluntary Movement |
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72 | (2) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Exercise and Parkinson's disease |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Electromyography and Neuromuscular Function |
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74 | (7) |
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Basic Concepts of Electromyography |
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74 | (1) |
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Qualitative Electromyography |
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74 | (1) |
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Quantitative Electromyography |
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74 | (2) |
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Research Box: Using EMG and MMG to study muscle function |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (2) |
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5 The Cardiovascular System |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Functions of the Cardiovascular System |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (8) |
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82 | (1) |
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Origin and Conduction of Electrical Activity |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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BOX: Cardiac output during exercise |
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86 | (4) |
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Clinical Applications: Heart murmurs |
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90 | (4) |
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Heart Rate During and After Exercise |
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91 | (2) |
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Effects of Training on the Heart |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (4) |
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94 | (1) |
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Hemodynamics: Principles Governing Blood Flow |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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Research Box: Exercise and endothelium function |
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98 | (11) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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Chapter 5 LAB Measuring Blood Pressure |
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102 | (7) |
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109 | (26) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (6) |
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Mechanics of Lung Ventilation |
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110 | (2) |
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Lung Volumes and Capacities |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Efficiency of Breathing and Respiratory Phenomena |
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114 | (2) |
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Clinical Applications: Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) |
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116 | (2) |
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Effects of Air Pollution on Respiration |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Respiratory Muscle Fatigue and the Effects of Training on Pulmonary Function |
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118 | (1) |
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118 | (3) |
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Properties of Gases Versus Liquids |
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119 | (1) |
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Composition of Respiratory Gases |
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119 | (1) |
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Box: Basics of the laws governing gases |
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120 | (1) |
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Gas Transport by the Blood |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (14) |
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Oxygen Dissociation and Utilization |
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121 | (2) |
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Regulation of Acid-Base Balance |
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123 | (2) |
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Changes in Lung Diffusion in Exercise |
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125 | (1) |
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Use of Oxygen to Improve Performance |
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125 | (1) |
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What Limits Maximal Oxygen Consumption Rate (VO2 max)? |
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126 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 LAB 1.5-Mile Run Test |
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129 | (6) |
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135 | (12) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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Control of Hormone Secretion |
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138 | (1) |
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Exercise and Endocrine Function |
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139 | (2) |
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The Pancreas and Exercise |
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139 | (1) |
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The Adrenal Medulla and Exercise |
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140 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Diabetes therapy |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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The Parathyroid and Exercise |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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Research Box: Response of growth and metabolism hormones to exercise |
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142 | (5) |
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Growth Hormone and Exercise |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (3) |
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147 | (16) |
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147 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Non-Specific Immune Mechanisms |
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149 | (2) |
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Specific Immune Mechanisms |
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151 | (3) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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Exercise and Immune Function |
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154 | (2) |
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Exercise and Leukocytosis |
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154 | (1) |
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Exercise and Lymphocytosis |
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155 | (1) |
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Exercise and Antibodies (Immunoglobulins) |
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155 | (1) |
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Research Box: The effects of high-volume exercise on the immune system |
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156 | (1) |
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Exercise and Complement Proteins |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Clinical Implications Of Exercise and Immune Function |
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157 | (2) |
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Epidemiological Studies of Exercise and Upper Respiratory Infection |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Strategies for Reducing the Risk of Illness |
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158 | (1) |
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BOX: Stress and the immune system |
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158 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Exercise during infection |
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159 | (4) |
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Guidelines for Exercise During Infection |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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9 Health Benefits of Physical Activity |
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163 | (30) |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Physical Activity, Fitness, All-Cause Mortality, And Premature Death |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (7) |
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Physical Activity and Coronary Heart Disease |
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165 | (3) |
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Research Box: Healthy lifestyle behaviors and optimal health |
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168 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Stroke |
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168 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Hypertension |
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169 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Peripheral Artery Disease |
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169 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (4) |
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171 | (1) |
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Fat Cell Development and Obesity |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Weight Loss |
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173 | (1) |
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General Recommendations for Combining Caloric Restriction and Physical Activity for Weight Management |
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174 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Cancer |
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175 | (2) |
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Box: Exercise and breast cancer |
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177 | (1) |
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Physical Activity And Diabetes Mellitus |
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177 | (1) |
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Physical Activity And Osteoporosis |
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178 | (2) |
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Box: Exercise and bone density |
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179 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Asthma |
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180 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease |
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180 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Mental Health |
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181 | (1) |
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Physical Activity and Pregnancy and Childbirth |
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182 | (11) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (2) |
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Chapter 9 LAB Anthropometric Measures of Health Risk |
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186 | (7) |
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10 Aerobic Exercise Prescriptions for Public Health, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Athletics |
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193 | (34) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Prescriptions For All Types Of Aerobic Training Programs |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Warming up |
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195 | (1) |
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Warming Up and Cooling Down |
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195 | (1) |
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Aerobic Exercise Prescription For Improving Public Health |
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196 | (4) |
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Aerobic Exercise Prescription For Developing Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Improving Vo2 Max |
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200 | (7) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (2) |
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Heart rate response during an sECG |
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202 | (4) |
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Time (Duration) of Exercise |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Detraining and Maintenance of Cardiorespiratory Fitness |
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207 | (1) |
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Aerobic Training For Endurance Athletes |
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207 | (20) |
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Factors Affecting Aerobic Aspects of Endurance Performance of Athletes |
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207 | (3) |
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BOX: The anaerobic threshold controversy |
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210 | (1) |
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Training Methods for Distance Events |
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211 | (3) |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 LAB A Measuring Heart Rate |
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217 | (5) |
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Chapter 10 LAB B Non-Exercise-Based Estimation of the Ventilatory Threshold |
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222 | (5) |
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11 Muscle Strength and Resistance Training for Health and Athletics |
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227 | (52) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Factors Associated With Muscle Strength |
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228 | (5) |
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228 | (3) |
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Mechanical Factors in Force Production |
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231 | (1) |
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Bilateral Deficit in Strength |
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232 | (1) |
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Research Box: Resting metabolic rate |
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233 | (1) |
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Gender Differences in Strength |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (3) |
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233 | (1) |
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Dynamic Constant External Resistance Muscle Actions |
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234 | (1) |
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Isokinetic Muscle Actions |
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235 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Eccentric muscle actions and delayed onset muscle soreness |
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236 | (1) |
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Concentric Muscle Actions |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Physiology Of Strength Gains |
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236 | (3) |
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237 | (1) |
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Hypertrophy Versus Neural Adaptations in Strength Gains |
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238 | (1) |
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Research Box: Number of sets for health and strength gains |
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239 | (1) |
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Resistance Training For Health-Related Outcomes |
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240 | (2) |
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Resistance Training Prescription for Health-Related Outcomes |
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241 | (1) |
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Effects from Very-Short-Term Training |
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242 | (1) |
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Resistance Training For Strength And Hypertrophy In Healthy Adults |
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242 | (1) |
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Resistance Training For Athletes |
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242 | (2) |
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Body Composition and Body Build |
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242 | (2) |
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Research Box: Effects of resistance training programs on men and women |
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244 | (35) |
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Basic Principles of Resistance Training for Athletes |
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244 | (3) |
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Resistance Training Prescription for Athletes |
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247 | (1) |
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Resistance Training for Female Athletes |
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248 | (2) |
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Resistance Training for Muscular Power |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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Concurrent Strength and Endurance Training |
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251 | (1) |
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Vibration Training and Strength |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (3) |
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Chapter 11 LAB A Assessment of Isometric Hand Grip Strength |
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257 | (7) |
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Chapter 11 LAB B Anthropometric Somatotyping Determinations of Body Build Characteristics |
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264 | (15) |
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279 | (22) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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Physiology of Flexibility |
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280 | (1) |
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What Sets the Limits of Flexibility |
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280 | (1) |
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Physical Properties Important to Stretching Theory |
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280 | (1) |
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Static Versus Dynamic Flexibility |
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281 | (1) |
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Stretch Reflexes and Flexibility |
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281 | (1) |
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Methods for Improving Range of Motion |
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281 | (4) |
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Static Versus Ballistic Stretching |
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281 | (2) |
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Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF) |
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283 | (2) |
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Stretching, Injury, Performance, And The Stretching-Induced Force Deficit |
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285 | (1) |
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Guidelines for Stretching to Increase Flexibility |
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285 | (1) |
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Research Box: Stretching prior to practice and competition |
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286 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Flexibility |
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286 | (15) |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 LAB A Sit-and-Reach Flexibility |
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289 | (5) |
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Chapter 12 LAB B Shoulder Elevation and Trunk Extension Flexibility |
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294 | (7) |
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13 Sprinting and Speed Training |
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301 | (12) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Intrinsic Speed Of Muscle Contraction |
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302 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Factors Affecting Sprint Performance |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Research Box: Sprinting and sloped surface training |
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304 | (9) |
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304 | (2) |
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BOX: Are you a sprinter or a runner? |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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307 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 LAB 40-Yard Dash Test of Speed |
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308 | (5) |
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313 | (20) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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Effects Of Fatigue On Strength, Reflexes, And Coordination |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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The Task-Dependency Model: Central and Peripheral Causes of Fatigue |
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315 | (1) |
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Central Mechanism of Fatigue |
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315 | (2) |
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BOX: Historical perspectives |
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317 | (1) |
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Central Governor Model of Fatigue |
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317 | (1) |
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Accumulation and Depletion Hypotheses of Peripheral Fatigue |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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Muscle Temperature and Fatigue |
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319 | (1) |
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Myoelectric Manifestations Of Fatigue |
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320 | (13) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 LAB Critical Velocity for Track Running Test |
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324 | (9) |
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15 Nutrition for Fitness and Athletics |
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333 | (22) |
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333 | (1) |
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334 | (1) |
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Long-Term Dietary Considerations And Requirements |
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334 | (5) |
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334 | (1) |
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Proportion of Macronutrients (Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat) in the Diet |
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334 | (2) |
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Dietary Carbohydrate Intake for Fitness and Athletics |
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336 | (2) |
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Dietary Protein Intake for Fitness and Athletics |
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338 | (1) |
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Research Box: Antioxidant supplements and muscle damage |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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Dietary Fat Intake for Fitness and Athletics |
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340 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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Special Dietary Considerations For Athletes |
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343 | (2) |
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Iron Deficiency and Sports Anemia |
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343 | (1) |
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344 | (1) |
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Eating to Increase Body Weight and Muscle Mass |
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344 | (1) |
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Clinical Applications: Preventing iron deficiency in athletes |
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345 | (10) |
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345 | (1) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 LAB Skinfold Estimations of Body Composition |
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348 | (7) |
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16 Ergogenic Aids for Fitness and Athletics |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
|
358 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: Natural steroid hormones as ergogenic aids |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
|
360 | (1) |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
Research Box: Effects of creatine supplementation supported by research |
|
|
361 | (1) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
Beta-Hydroxy-Beta-Methylbutyrate (HMB) |
|
|
362 | (1) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
Blood Doping (Erythrocythemia) |
|
|
363 | (1) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
Glycogen Supercompensation (Carbohydrate Loading) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
|
365 | (10) |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (1) |
|
|
366 | (3) |
|
Chapter 16 LAB Anthropometric Estimation of Thigh Muscle Cross-Sectional Area |
|
|
369 | (6) |
|
17 Environment and Exercise |
|
|
375 | (14) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Physiology of Adaptation to Heat and Cold |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Research Box: Cold and cardiovascular events |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
379 | (2) |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: National Athletic Trainers' Association: Signs and symptoms for heat-related illnesses |
|
|
381 | (2) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Fluid Replacement for Exercise in the Heat |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Human Limitations in the Heat |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Effects of Age, Gender, and Obesity on Exercise in the Heat |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: Reducing the likelihood of heat-related illnesses |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Acclimatization to Hot Environments |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: Jet lag and athletic performance |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Exercise At High Altitudes |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Limitations in Performance at High Altitudes |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Acclimatization to High Altitudes |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Research Box: Altitude and exercise performance |
|
|
386 | (3) |
|
Administration of Oxygen to Improve Performance |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
18 Growth, Development, and Exercise in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
389 | (32) |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Growth, Development, And Maturation |
|
|
390 | (4) |
|
Infancy, Childhood, and Adolescence |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
BOX: Steroids and growth hormones |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
392 | (2) |
|
Exercise and Health in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
Exercise and Aerobic Fitness in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
394 | (2) |
|
Aerobic Fitness and Endurance Performance |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
Research Box: Relationship of age, body weight, and strength |
|
|
396 | (2) |
|
Endurance Training and Aerobic Fitness |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
Long-Distance Running for Children |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
BOX: Making weight in athletics |
|
|
397 | (1) |
|
Exercise and Anaerobic Fitness in Children And Adolescents |
|
|
398 | (2) |
|
The Effect of Anaerobic Training in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
Strength in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
Resistance Training During Prepubescence and Postpubescence |
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: Resistance training for young populations |
|
|
402 | (2) |
|
Mechanisms of Strength Increases in Prepubescent Children |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
Potential Hazards Associated with Resistance Training in Children and Adolescents |
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
BOX: Strength training, core strengthening, weight lifting, power lifting, and body building |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Characteristics of a Resistance Training Program for Children and Adolescents |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
The Menstrual Cycle, Exercise, and Athletics |
|
|
404 | (2) |
|
Clinical Applications: The female athlete triad |
|
|
406 | (15) |
|
|
406 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
Chapter 18 LAB Vertical Jump Test for Measuring Muscular Power of the Legs |
|
|
410 | (11) |
|
|
421 | (24) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Age-Related Changes In Physiological Functioning |
|
|
422 | (3) |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
Research Box: Type of exercise and osteoporosis |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
Clinical Applications: Exercise frequency and bone, muscle, and cardiovascular risk factors |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
Physical Conditioning And Age |
|
|
427 | (18) |
|
Aerobic Training for Older Adults |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Muscle-Strengthening and Resistance Training for Older Adults |
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
Musculoskeletal Injuries and Physical Activity in Older Adults |
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
Chapter 19 LAB Astrand-Rhyming Submaximal Cycle Ergometer Test (Modified) to Estimate VO2 max |
|
|
433 | (12) |
Glossary |
|
445 | (18) |
Index |
|
463 | |