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Applied Photovoltaics 3rd edition [Hardback]

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  • Format: Hardback, 304 pages, height x width: 246x189 mm, weight: 600 g
  • Pub. Date: 07-Dec-2011
  • Publisher: Earthscan Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1849711410
  • ISBN-13: 9781849711418
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Applied Photovoltaics 3rd editionLarger Image
  • Format: Hardback, 304 pages, height x width: 246x189 mm, weight: 600 g
  • Pub. Date: 07-Dec-2011
  • Publisher: Earthscan Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1849711410
  • ISBN-13: 9781849711418
Other books in subject:
Permanent link: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9781849711418.html
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The new edition of this thoroughly considered textbook provides a reliable, accessible and comprehensive guide for students of photovoltaic applications and renewable energy engineering. Written by a group of award-winning authors it is brimming with information and is carefully designed to meet the needs of its readers.

Along with exercises and references at the end of each chapter, it features a set of detailed technical appendices that provide essential equations, data sources and standards. The new edition has been fully updated with the latest information on photovoltaic cells, modules, applications and policy.

Starting from basics with 'The Characteristics of Sunlight' the reader is guided step-by-step through semiconductors and p-n junctions; the behaviour of solar cells; cell properties and design; and PV cell interconnection and module fabrication. The book covers stand-alone photovoltaic systems; specific purpose photovoltaic systems; remote area power supply systems; grid-connected photovoltaic systems and water pumping. Applied Photovoltaics is highly illustrated and very accessible, providing the reader with all the information needed to start working with photovoltaics.

Reviews

Praise for previous editions

"Recommended reading for any course which deals with hands-on aspects of photovoltaic systems and applications. Earthscan should be applauded" Tom Markvart, University of Southampton, UK

"An excellent introduction to the science, principles and practice of photovoltaic energy conversion." Jenny Nelson, Professor of Physics, Imperial College, London, UK

"The leading research, teaching and engineering group has made another important contribution to photovoltaic education." Allen Barnett, Senior Policy Fellow, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy, University of Delaware, USA.

"This book will make an excellent reference for engineers and scientists involved in photovoltaics. The breadth of knowledge contained within and the detailed equations to support it, as well as being an easy reading style will enable people to get to the understanding of why PV systems are put together the way they are - well beyond rules of thumb." Mike Dymond, Sowilo Engineering Pty Ltd for Solar Progress

Chapter 1 The Characteristics Of Sunlight
3(26)
1.1 Particle-wave duality
3(1)
1.2 Blackbody radiation
3(1)
1.3 The sun and its radiation
4(1)
1.4 Solar radiation
5(2)
1.5 Direct and diffuse radiation
7(2)
1.6 The Greenhouse Effect
9(1)
1.7 Apparent motion of the sun
10(1)
1.8 Solar insolation data and estimation
11(13)
1.8.1 Extraterrestrial radiation
11(1)
1.8.2 Terrestrial global radiation on a horizontal surface
12(6)
1.8.3 Global and diffuse components
18(3)
1.8.4 Radiation on tilted surfaces
21(3)
1.9 Solar energy and photovoltaics
24(5)
Chapter 2 Semiconductors And P-N Junctions
29(12)
2.1 Semiconductors
29(3)
2.1.1 The bond model
30(1)
2.1.2 The band model
31(1)
2.1.3 Doping
31(1)
2.2 Semiconductor types
32(3)
2.2.1 Crystalline silicon
32(1)
2.2.2 Multicrystalline silicon
32(1)
2.2.3 Amorphous silicon
33(1)
2.2.4 Other tetrahedral semiconductors
33(2)
2.2.5 Organic, plastic and dye solar cells
35(1)
2.3 Absorption of light
35(1)
2.4 Recombination
36(1)
2.5 p-n junctions
37(4)
Chapter 3 The Behaviour Of Solar Cells
41(12)
3.1 Effect of light
41(4)
3.2 Spectral response
45(1)
3.3 Effect of temperature
46(1)
3.4 Effect of parasitic resistances
47(6)
Chapter 4 Cell Properties And Design
53(16)
4.1 Efficiencies
53(1)
4.2 Optical losses
54(3)
4.3 Recombination losses
57(1)
4.4 Top contact design
58(6)
4.4.1 Bulk and sheet resistivities
59(1)
4.4.2 Grid spacings
60(2)
4.4.3 Other losses
62(2)
4.5 Laboratory cells versus industry requirements
64(1)
4.6 Improved Cell Sequences
65(4)
4.6.1 Selective emitter and double printing
65(1)
4.6.2 Laser based processing
66(3)
Chapter 5 PV Cell Interconnection And Module Fabrication
69(20)
5.1 Module and circuit design
69(1)
5.2 Identical cells
69(1)
5.3 Non-identical cells
70(1)
5.4 Non-identical modules
70(2)
5.5 Hot-spot heating
72(4)
5.6 Module structure
76(1)
5.7 Environmental protection
77(1)
5.8 Thermal considerations
78(3)
5.9 Electrical insulation
81(1)
5.10 Mechanical protection
81(1)
5.11 Degradation and failure modes
82(2)
5.12 Embodied energy and life cycle issues
84(5)
Chapter 6 Stand-Alone Photovoltaic System Components
89(28)
6.1 Introduction
89(2)
6.2 Stand-alone PV system design
91(1)
6.3 Solar modules
92(1)
6.4 Batteries
93(2)
6.4.1 Types
93(1)
6.4.2 Applications
93(1)
6.4.3 Requirements
94(1)
6.4.4 Efficiency
94(1)
6.4.5 Power rating and capacity
94(1)
6.4.6 Depth-of-discharge
94(1)
6.5 Lead-acid batteries
95(2)
6.5.1 Types
95(1)
6.5.2 Plate material
95(1)
6.5.3 Charging regimes
95(2)
6.5.4 Efficiencies
97(1)
6.5.5 Benchmarking and categorisation of similar use
97(1)
6.6 Other electrical charge storage methods
97(2)
6.6.1 Nickel-cadmium batteries
97(1)
6.6.2 Nickel-metal-hydride batteries
98(1)
6.6.3 Lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries
98(1)
6.6.4 Rechargeable alkaline manganese (RAM) batteries
98(1)
6.6.5 Redox-flow batteries
99(1)
6.6.6 Super capacitors
99(1)
6.7 Power conditioning and regulation
99(6)
6.7.1 Diodes
99(1)
6.7.2 Regulators
99(5)
6.7.3 Inverters
104(1)
6.8 Balance of system components
105(12)
6.8.1 Wiring
106(1)
6.8.2 Over-current protection
106(1)
6.8.3 Switches
106(1)
6.8.4 Connectors
106(1)
6.8.5 Earthing (grounding)
107(1)
6.8.6 Lightning protection
107(1)
6.8.7 Metering and alarms
107(1)
6.8.8 Battery housing and signage
108(1)
6.8.9 Housing of electronics
108(1)
6.8.10 Module mounting
108(9)
Chapter 7 Designing Stand-Alone Photovoltaic Systems
117(8)
7.1 Introduction
117(1)
7.2 System availability
117(1)
7.3 Hybrid systems
118(1)
7.4 A simplified PV system design approach
119(2)
7.5 Sandia National Laboratory approach
121(1)
7.6 Australian Standard AS4509.2
122(1)
7.7 System design software
123(2)
Chapter 8 Specific Purpose Photovoltaic Applications
125(22)
8.1 Introduction
125(1)
8.2 Space
125(1)
8.3 Marine navigational aids
126(1)
8.4 Telecommunications
126(3)
8.4.1 Transportable PV power supplies
126(2)
8.4.2 Radio telephone services
128(1)
8.4.3 Mobile phone networks
128(1)
8.4.4 Optical fibre networks
128(1)
8.5 Cathodic protection
129(4)
8.5.1 System sizing
129(1)
8.5.2 Controllers
130(1)
8.5.3 Power sources
130(3)
8.6 Water pumping
133(3)
8.7 Consumer products for indoor use
136(1)
8.8 Battery chargers
137(1)
8.9 Photovoltaics for developing countries
137(1)
8.10 Refrigeration
138(1)
8.11 Photovoltaic-powered transport
138(1)
8.12 Solar cars
139(1)
8.13 Lighting
140(1)
8.14 Remote monitoring
141(1)
8.15 Direct-drive applications
142(1)
8.16 Electric fences
142(5)
Chapter 9 Remote Area Power Supply Systems
147(18)
9.1 Household power systems
147(11)
9.1.1 The choice between AC and DC
149(1)
9.1.2 Appliances
149(1)
9.1.3 Consumer education
150(2)
9.1.4 Photovoltaic-diesel/petrol generator hybrid systems
152(2)
9.1.5 Diesel generators
154(2)
9.1.6 Petrol generators
156(1)
9.1.7 Hybrid system design
156(2)
9.2 RAPS system costs
158(1)
9.3 Portable RAPS systems
158(2)
9.3.1 Portable systems for remote aboriginal communities
158(2)
9.3.2 Integrated solar home systems
160(1)
9.3.3 Stationpower®
160(1)
9.4 Reliability and maintenance
160(1)
9.5 Government assistance schemes
160(5)
Chapter 10 Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
165(34)
10.1 Introduction
165(1)
10.2 PV systems in buildings
166(7)
10.2.1 Module mounting approaches
167(1)
10.2.2 The inverter
168(2)
10.2.3 On-site storage
170(2)
10.2.4 Size and economics
172(1)
10.2.5 Other issues
173(1)
10.3 Utility applications for photovoltaics
173(2)
10.4 Design issues for central power stations
175(2)
10.4.1 Cell interconnection
175(2)
10.5 Safety
177(2)
10.5.1 Islanding
178(1)
10.6 The value of PV-generated electricity
179(5)
10.6.1 Energy credit
179(1)
10.6.2 Capacity credit
180(1)
10.6.3 Distributed benefits
181(1)
10.6.4 Example 1--Distribution Feeder 1103, Kerman, California
182(2)
10.6.5 Example 2--Kalbarri, Western Australia
184(1)
10.7 International PV programs
184(15)
10.7.1 USA
185(2)
10.7.2 Japan
187(1)
10.7.3 Europe
188(1)
10.7.4 India
189(1)
10.7.5 China
189(1)
10.7.6 Australia
190(9)
Chapter 11 Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Components
199(30)
11.1 Introduction
199(1)
11.2 System configurations
200(2)
11.3 Water pumps
202(7)
11.3.1 Centrifugal pumps
203(2)
11.3.2 Displacement or volumetric pumps
205(4)
11.4 Motors
209(6)
11.4.1 Introduction
209(1)
11.4.2 DC motors
210(4)
11.4.3 AC motors
214(1)
11.4.4 Motor losses
214(1)
11.4.5 Integrated pump/motor machines
215(1)
11.5 Power conditioning circuitry
215(3)
11.6 Batteries
218(1)
11.7 Array wiring and mounting
219(1)
11.7.1 Array wiring
219(1)
11.7.2 Array mounting
219(1)
11.8 PV Water pumping system design
220(9)
11.8.1 Introduction
220(1)
11.8.2 Basic steps in system design
220(2)
11.8.3 Design of a directly coupled system
222(7)
APPENDIX A STANDARD AMO AND AM1.5 SPECTRA
229(6)
APPENDIX B EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATING SUN POSITION
235(2)
APPENDIX C CHARACTERISTIC DAYS AND DECLINATIONS
237(2)
APPENDIX D SOME INSOLATION DATA SOURCES
239(6)
D.1 Ground-based measurements
239(1)
D.2 Satellite-derived data
240(1)
D.3 Australia and New Zealand
240(1)
D.4 Europe
241(1)
D.5 Hong Kong
241(1)
D.6 USA
241(1)
D.7 Algeria
242(1)
D.8 Brazil
242(1)
D.9 Regression constants
242(1)
D.10 Theoretical models and calculators
242(1)
D.11 Global Gazetteer
243(2)
APPENDIX E STANDARDS
245(18)
E.1 ASTM international
245(2)
E.2 Australia--Standards Australia
247(1)
E.3 Canada--Standards Council of Canada
247(1)
E.4 China--Standardization administration of China (SAC)
247(2)
E.5 European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (CENELEC)
249(1)
E.6 Germany--Deutsches Institut fur Normung (DIN)
250(2)
E.7 Global Approval Program for Photovoltaics (PVGAP)
252(1)
E.8 Indonesia--Badan Standardisasi Nasional (BSN)
253(1)
E.9 Institution of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
253(1)
E.10 International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
254(1)
E.11 International Organization for Standards (ISO)
255(1)
E.12 Japan--Japanese Standards Association (JSA)
255(1)
E.13 Korea--Korean Standards Association (KSA)
256(2)
E.14 Mexico--Direccion General de Normas (DGN)
258(1)
E.15 Russia--Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology
258(1)
E.16 Sweden--Standardiseringen i Sverige (SIS)
258(1)
E.17 Taiwan (ROC)--Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI)
259(1)
E.18 Thailand--Thai industrial standards institute (TISI)
259(1)
E.19 TUV Rheinland
259(1)
E.20 Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
259(1)
E.21 Zimbabwe--Standards Association of Zimbabwe (SAZ)
259(1)
E.22 Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems
260(1)
E.23 Best Practice Guidelines and Accreditation
260(1)
E.24 International Solar Energy Society (ISES) and Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Sonnenenergie eV (DGS)
260(3)
APPENDIX F STAND-ALONE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM DESIGN
263(8)
F.1 Introduction
263(1)
F.2 Stand-alone system design procedure
263(2)
F.3 Sandia National Laboratory approach
265(6)
APPENDIX G SYSTEM DESIGN FOR PV-POWERED WATER PUMPING
271(14)
G.1 Introduction
271(1)
G.2 Insolation data manipulation
271(3)
G.3 PV module characteristics
274(4)
G.4 Example of a directly coupled system design
278(7)
Index 285
Stuart Wenham is a Scientia Professor at the University of New South Wales and Director of the University's ARC Photovoltaic Centre of Excellence. In a career spanning more than a quarter of a century, he has invented or co-invented eight suites of solar cell technologies that have been licensed to solar cell makers around the world. He is the recipient of numerous Australian and international PV and Innovation awards and established the world's first Photovoltaics Engineering Degree program at the University of NSW.

Martin Green is currently a Scientia Professor at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia and Executive Research Director of the University's Photovoltaic Centre of Excellence. His group's contributions to photovoltaics include development of the world's highest efficiency silicon solar cells and commercialization of several different cell technologies. He is the author of several books on solar cells and numerous papers. His work has resulted in many major international awards including the 2002 Right Livelihood Award, commonly known as the Alternative Nobel Prize, the 2007 SolarWorld Einstein Award and the 2009 ENI Award for Renewable and Non Conventional Energy.

Muriel Watt is a Senior Lecturer at the School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of NSW. Current appointments include Chair of the Australian Photovoltaic Association, Australian representative on the Executive Committee of the International Energy Agency Photovoltaics Power Systems Programme (PVPS) and member of the Research Advisory Committee for the Australian Solar Institute. She has undertaken research, teaching and consultancy work in the areas of renewable energy development, policy and application since 1980.

Richard Corkish graduated with distinction as a Communications Engineer from the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology in 1986 then worked with the CSIRO Division of Radiophysics on satellite earth-station antenna design and testing before studying for a PhD degree under the supervision of Professor Martin Green at the University of New South Wales' Centre for Photovoltaic Devices and Systems. After a brief period working with the Rainbow Power Company in Nimbin he has worked on solar cell theory, applications and education at UNSW. He is currently the Head of School at the School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, UNSW.

Alistair Sproul has been involved in photovoltaics and energy efficiency since 1985, holding various positions in both industry and academia. He is currently an Associate Professor within the School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering. His teaching and research interests are in the areas of PV systems, efficient buildings and high efficiency pumping systems.