| Foreword |
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ix | |
| Preface |
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xi | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xiii | |
| Chapter 1 An Introduction to Birds, the Geological Settings of Their Evolution, and the Avian Skeleton |
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1 | (17) |
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Birds Are Evolutionarily Nested within Theropod Dinosaurs |
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2 | (2) |
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The Geological Settings of Avian Evolution in a Nutshell |
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4 | (2) |
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Characteristics of the Avian Skeleton |
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6 | (12) |
| Chapter 2 The Origin of Birds |
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18 | (25) |
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Archaeopteryx: The German "Urvogel" and Its Bearing on Avian Evolution |
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19 | (3) |
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The Closest Maniraptoran Relatives of Birds |
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22 | (10) |
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32 | (5) |
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The Origin of Avian Flight |
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37 | (6) |
| Chapter 3 The Mesozoic Flight Way towards Modern Birds |
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43 | (21) |
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Jeholornithids: Early Cretaceous Long-Tailed Birds |
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44 | (1) |
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Confuciusornis, Sapeornis, and Kin: Basal Birds with a Pygostyle |
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45 | (5) |
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Ornithothoraces and the Origin of Sustained Flapping Flight Capabilities |
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50 | (5) |
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The Ornithuromorpha: Refinement of Modem Characteristics |
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55 | (4) |
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Ornithurae and the Origin of Modern Birds |
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59 | (5) |
| Chapter 4 Mesozoic Birds: Interrelationships and Character Evolution |
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64 | (20) |
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The Interrelationships of Mesozoic Birds: Controversial Phylogenetic Placements and Well-Supported Clades |
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65 | (3) |
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Character Evolution in Mesozoic Birds |
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68 | (13) |
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Ontogenetic Development of Mesozoic Birds |
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81 | (3) |
| Chapter 5 The Interrelationships and Origin of Crown Group Birds (Neornithes) |
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84 | (10) |
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Phylogenetic Interrelationships of Neornithine Birds |
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85 | (3) |
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The Mesozoic Fossil Record of Neornithine-Like and Neornithine Birds |
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88 | (6) |
| Chapter 6 Palaeognathous Birds (Ostriches, Tinamous, and Allies) |
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94 | (13) |
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The Interrelationships of Extant Palaeognathae |
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95 | (1) |
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Early Cenozoic Palaeognathous Birds of the Northern Hemisphere |
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95 | (2) |
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Long-Winged Ostriches, Rheas, and Tinamous |
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97 | (4) |
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Short-Winged Palaeognathous Birds |
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101 | (4) |
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Biogeography: A Textbook Example of Gondwanan Vicariance Has Been Dismantled |
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105 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 Galloanseres: "Fowl" and Kin |
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107 | (18) |
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Galliformes: From Herbivorous Forest Dwellers to Seed Eaters of Open Landscapes |
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108 | (5) |
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113 | (5) |
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Gastornithids: Giant Herbivorous Birds in the Early Paleogene of the Northern Hemisphere |
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118 | (2) |
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Dromornithids (Mihirungs or Thunderbirds): Gastornis-Like Birds from Australia |
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120 | (1) |
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Pelagornithids: Bony-Toothed Birds |
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121 | (4) |
| Chapter 8 The "Difficult-to-Place Groups": Biogeographic Surprises and Aerial Specialists |
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125 | (22) |
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The Columbiform Birds: Doves, Sandgrouse, ... and Mesites? |
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126 | (1) |
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The Hoatzin: A South American Relict Species |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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The "Wonderful" Mirandornithes, or How Different Can Sister Taxa Be? |
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132 | (4) |
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Strisores: The Early Diversification of Nocturnal Avian Insectivores |
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136 | (11) |
| Chapter 9 Shorebirds, Cranes, and Relatives |
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147 | (14) |
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Charadriiformes: One of the Most Diverse Groups-of Extant Birds |
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148 | (8) |
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156 | (5) |
| Chapter 10 Aequomithes: Aquatic and Semi-Aquatic Carnivores |
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161 | (28) |
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Loons: Foot-Propelled Divers of the Northern Hemisphere |
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162 | (2) |
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Pelagic Tubenoses and Albatrosses |
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164 | |
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60 | (108) |
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Million Years of Flightlessness |
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168 | (6) |
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The Polyphyletic "Pelecaniformes" and "Ciconiiformes" |
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174 | (13) |
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Late Cenozoic Turnovers in Marine Avifaunas |
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187 | (2) |
| Chapter 11 Cariamiforms and Diurnal Birds of Prey |
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189 | (15) |
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Seriemas and Allies: Two Species Now, Many More in the Past |
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190 | (7) |
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Diurnal Birds of Prey: Multiple Cases of Convergence among Raptorial Birds |
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197 | (7) |
| Chapter 12 The Cenozoic Radiation of Small Arboreal Birds |
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204 | (29) |
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The Courol and Mousebirds: Two African Relict Groups |
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205 | (5) |
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The Long Evolutionary History of Owls |
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210 | (2) |
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Parrots and Passerines: An Unexpected Sister Group Relationship' and Its Potential Evolutionary Implications |
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212 | (11) |
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Trogons, Rollers, and Woodpeckers: Cavity-Nesters with Diverse Foot Morphologies |
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223 | (10) |
| Chapter 13 Insular Avifaunas Now and Then, on Various Scales |
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233 | (12) |
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Islands and Isolated Continents as Refugia |
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234 | (1) |
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The Evolution of Flightlessness in Predator-Free Environments |
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235 | (6) |
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Insular Gigantism and Islands as Cradles of Unusual Morphologies |
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241 | (4) |
| Glossary |
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245 | (3) |
| References |
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248 | (41) |
| Index |
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289 | |