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E-raamat: Biotechnology, Patents and Morality: A Deliberative and Participatory Paradigm for Reform [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(National University of Galway, Ireland)
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Biotechnology, Patents and Morality: A Deliberative and Participatory Paradigm for ReformSuurem pilt
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This book critiques the decision-making process in Article 53(a) of the European Patent Convention. To date, such decisions have been taken at high levels of expertise without much public involvement. The book eschews traditional solutions, such as those found within legislative, judicial and patent office realms and instead develops a radical blueprint for how these decisions can be put to the public. By examining wide-scale models of participatory democracy and deliberation, this book fills a significant gap in the literature. It will be invaluable for patent lawyers, academics, practitioners and intellectual property and patent officials.

Table of cases
x
Table of legislation
xii
Acknowledgements xiii
General introduction 1(5)
Brief introduction to the European patent system
1(1)
The emergence of morality and its inclusion in European patent law
1(1)
A tripartite nexus: biotech comes of age, patents proliferate and morality matures
2(1)
Outstanding disquiet: who gets to decide and how?
3(2)
A participatory paradigm for deliberative decisions
5(1)
1 In search of a definition of morality in European Patent Law
1.1 Introduction
6(3)
1.1.2 Origins of patent law and its evolution until present times
7(1)
1.1.3 Patent requirements
8(1)
1.2 National to International Coverage: changes in protection in both form and substance
9(22)
1.2.1 The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 1883
9(1)
1.2.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
10(1)
1.2.3 Strasbourg Convention 1963 -- an optional morality provision
11(1)
1.2.4 Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) 1970
11(1)
1.2.5 European Patent Convention 1973 -- morality mandated
11(7)
1.2.6 Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) 1994
18(1)
1.2.7 Directive 98/44/EC on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions
19(8)
1.2.8 Amendment to EPC 2000
27(1)
1.2.9 Patent Law Treaty 2000
28(1)
1.2.10 An EU-wide patent
28(1)
1.2.10.1 Precursors
28(1)
1.2.10.2 Unitary Patent Protection
29(2)
1.3 European case law on morality and ordre public
31(21)
1.3.1 At the EPO
31(1)
1.3.2 The drafting intentions of the EPC
31(15)
1.3.3 Morality in the case law of the CJEU
46(5)
1.3.4 Conclusion
51(1)
2 Patent moralities and their traditional adjudications: A critique
52(33)
2.1 Introduction
52(2)
2.2 Untangling morality of the invention and morality in patent grants
54(10)
2.2.1 Can morality provisions in patent law just be ignored?
57(3)
2.2.2 Opposition on morality grounds: public voices
60(4)
2.2.3 Traditional methods of reform
64(1)
2.3 Would specialised courts better address the issue of morality?
64(3)
2.3.1 The US
64(2)
2.3.2 Europe
66(1)
2.4 Legislative clarity
67(5)
2.5 Reform through the patent/intellectual property office
72(4)
2.6 Ethics committees
76(7)
2.6.1 National committees
80(3)
2.6.2 Other committees
83(1)
2.7 Conclusion
83(2)
3 Decision-making in morally controversial biotechnological patent g-applications
85(36)
3.1 Introduction
85(1)
3.2 Academic calls for more public involvement in biotech patents
85(2)
3.3 Different ways to facilitate public involvement
87(2)
3.4 Participation defined
89(6)
3.4.1 The human right to participate
89(3)
3.4.2 A United Nations framework for participation
92(1)
3.4.3 Participation as a reform mechanism?
93(2)
3.5 Deliberative democracy and its rationale defined
95(25)
3.5.1 The nature of deliberation: confrontation or comprehending?
98(2)
3.5.2 Classes of deliberative democracy: elitist or populist?
100(4)
3.5.3 Early and meaningful input
104(3)
3.5.4 Deliberative devices and scale
107(3)
3.5.5 Government oversight
110(2)
3.5.6 Education of the citizenry and inclusion
112(4)
3.5.7 Location of debate and expert bodies
116(4)
3.6 Conclusion
120(1)
4 The participatory budget in Brazil
121(23)
4.1 Introduction
121(1)
4.2 Participatory and representative democracy: some general points
122(20)
4.2.1 Background to the participatory budget
123(2)
4.2.2 The participatory budget and how it operates
125(3)
4.2.3 Increase in scope of issues and political organisation
128(1)
4.2.4 Obligatory participation or encouragement to participate?
129(3)
4.2.5 Education and educating the educators
132(3)
4.2.6 Quasi-legality or legislation?
135(3)
4.2.7 Effect on civic life of participation
138(1)
4.2.8 The role of the state in approximating representation to participation
139(1)
4.2.9 Global recognition and transplantability
140(2)
4.3 Principles of participation for patent reform
142(1)
4.4 Conclusion
143(1)
5 Recommendations for reform and conclusion
144(14)
5.1 Introduction
144(1)
5.2 Proposed structure of a universal patent suffrage at the EPO
145(4)
5.2.1 Phase one
145(1)
5.2.2 Phase two
146(2)
5.2.3 Phase three
148(1)
5.3 A model for public education on technology-related issues
149(3)
5.3.1 Does education about science present specific challenges?
150(1)
5.3.2 The participatory right in morally controversial patents
151(1)
5.4 Objections
152(4)
5.5 Conclusion
156(2)
Index 158
Maureen OSullivan, BA, BCL, LLM, PhD. Lecturer (Above the Bar) in Law, National University of Ireland, Galway. Chair, Vegetarian Society of Ireland. Fellow, Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics.
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