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xiv | |
About the Author |
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xv | |
Author's Note about the Cover Images |
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xvii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xviii | |
Preface to the Third Edition |
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xix | |
Introduction: Birth as a Rite of Passage |
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1 | (7) |
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Research Methods and Theoretical Issues |
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2 | (4) |
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A Brief Overview of This Book |
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6 | (2) |
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8 | (19) |
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The Characteristics and Effects of Ritual |
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8 | (7) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Repetition, Rhythm, and Redundancy: Ritual Drivers |
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11 | (1) |
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Ritual Tools, Techniques, and Technologies |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Order, Formality, and a Sense of Inevitability |
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13 | (1) |
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Acting, Stylization, and Staging: Ritual Performance |
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14 | (1) |
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Affectivity and Intensification |
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14 | (1) |
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The Possible Effects of Ritual |
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15 | (8) |
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15 | (3) |
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Cognitive Stabilization and Fear Reduction |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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Preservation of the Status Quo |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (4) |
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2 The Stages of Matrescence: The Pregnancy/Childbirth/Postpartum Rite of Passage |
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27 | (28) |
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Separation: "Oh My God, I Think I'm Pregnant!" |
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27 | (1) |
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Transition: Pregnancy as Transformation |
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28 | (21) |
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Transformation in the Personal Domain |
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29 | (3) |
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Transformation in the Public Domain |
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32 | (5) |
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Transformation in the Medical Domain |
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37 | (3) |
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Transformation in the Midwifery Domain |
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40 | (1) |
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Transformation in the Formally Educative Domain: Pregnancy as a Quest for Knowledge |
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41 | (4) |
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Transformation in the Peer Domain |
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45 | (4) |
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Transition: Birth as Transformation |
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49 | (2) |
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Transition: The Immediate Postpartum Period |
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51 | (1) |
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Integration: "Swimming Up on the Other Side" |
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52 | (3) |
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3 The Industrial and Technocratic Models of Birth and Health Care |
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55 | (22) |
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Medicine as a Microcosm of American Society |
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57 | (2) |
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The Industrial Model of Birth |
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59 | (1) |
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The Body as Machine and the Female Body as a Defective Machine |
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59 | (5) |
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64 | (1) |
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The Technocratic Model of Birth and Health Care |
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65 | (5) |
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The Myth of Technological Transcendence |
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67 | (1) |
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The 1--2 Punch and the Technological Imperative |
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68 | (2) |
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The 12 Tenets of the Technocratic Model of Birth and Health Care |
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70 | (7) |
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(1) Mind-Body Separation and (2) the Body as Machine |
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70 | (1) |
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(3) The Patient as Object; and (4) Alienation of Practitioner from Patient |
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70 | (1) |
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(5) Diagnosis and Treatment from the Outside In |
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71 | (1) |
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(6) Hierarchical Organization and (7) Standardization of Care |
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72 | (1) |
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(7) Authority and Responsibility Inherent in Practitioner, Not Patient |
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73 | (1) |
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(8) Supervaluation of Science and Technology |
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73 | (1) |
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(9) Aggressive Intervention with Emphasis on Short-Term Results, and (10) Death as Defeat |
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74 | (1) |
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Technomedical Hegemony: (11) A Profit-Driven System; and (12) Intolerance of Other Modalities |
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75 | (2) |
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4 The Humanistic Model of Birth and Health Care |
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77 | (13) |
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The 12 Tenets of the Humanistic Model of Birth and Health Care |
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78 | (12) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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The Patient as Relational Subject |
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80 | (1) |
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Connection and Caring between Practitioner and Patient |
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81 | (1) |
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Diagnosis and Healing from the Outside In and from the Inside Out |
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82 | (1) |
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Balance between the Needs of the Institution and the Individual: Superficial vs. Deep Humanism |
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83 | (1) |
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Information, Decision Making, and Responsibility Shared between Patient and Practitioner |
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84 | (1) |
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Science and Technology Counterbalanced with Humanism |
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85 | (1) |
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Focus on Disease Prevention: A Public Health Approach |
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85 | (1) |
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Death as an Acceptable Outcome |
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86 | (2) |
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88 | (1) |
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Open-Mindedness toward Other Modalities |
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89 | (1) |
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5 Birth Messages in the Hospital |
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90 | (97) |
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A Symbolic Analysis of Standard Obstetric Procedures |
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90 | (3) |
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Technocratic Rituals and Humanistic Ritual Changes |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (20) |
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Replacement of Clothes with Hospital Gown |
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94 | (1) |
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Pubic Shaving and Enemas: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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95 | (1) |
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Separation from Partner and Other Support People during the Prep |
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96 | (3) |
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The Presence of a Doula: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (3) |
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Artificial Rupture of the Membranes (Amniotomy) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (4) |
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Friedman's Curve vs. Zhang's Curve: Humanistic Ritual Change? |
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113 | (4) |
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An Argument for a Re-Classification of the "Three Stages of Labor" |
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117 | (1) |
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Types of Obstetric Analgesia |
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117 | (26) |
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Epidurals, Demerol, Fentanyl, Stadol, Morphine, and Nitrous Oxide |
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117 | (9) |
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126 | (3) |
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External Electronic Fetal Monitor and Tocometer |
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129 | (6) |
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Internal Electronic Fetal Monitor |
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135 | (2) |
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Bed and the Lithotomy and Semi-Sitting Positions for Labor and Birth |
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137 | (6) |
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The Influence of Labor and Delivery Nurses: A Brief Note |
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143 | (1) |
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You're 10 Centimeters: Now Push!/Don't Push! |
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144 | (4) |
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The Labor-Delivery-Recovery Room: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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148 | (1) |
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Water Immersion during Labor: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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148 | (28) |
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Episiotomy: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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149 | (3) |
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Cesarean Births and Vaginal Births after Cesarean (VBACs) |
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152 | (10) |
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Maintaining the Same Cesarean Rate Despite Attempts to Lower It: Techno-Maternity Care as a Self-Organizing, Self-Stabilizing System? |
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162 | (2) |
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164 | (1) |
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Umbilical Cord Clamping and Cutting |
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165 | (1) |
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(Not) Washing the Newborn |
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166 | (2) |
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Prophylactic Eye Treatment |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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Humanistic Ritual Change: Keeping Mother and Baby Together, and Bonding |
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170 | (6) |
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The Hospital Bassinet as Cultural Symbol |
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176 | (1) |
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Breastfeeding: Humanistic Ritual Change |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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178 | (1) |
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The Obstetric Re-Structuring of Accidental Out-of-Hospital Births |
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178 | (1) |
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Summary: Birth Rituals and Society |
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179 | (2) |
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The Alternative Birth Center in the Hospital |
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181 | (6) |
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A Humanistic Middle Ground? |
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181 | (6) |
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6 How The Messages Are Received: The Spectrum of Response |
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187 | (65) |
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Full Acceptance of the Technocratic Model of Birth |
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190 | (13) |
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Full Acceptance of the Technocratic Model of Birth: Rejecting Biology in Favor of Technology (9%) |
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190 | (2) |
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Full Acceptance of the Technocratic Model of Birth: Entering the Hospital with No Expectations (9%) |
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192 | (6) |
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Full Acceptance of the Technocratic Model of Birth: Women on Medicaid Who Had "No Choice" (6%) and the Racialized Maltreatment of Marginalized Women |
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198 | (4) |
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Comparative Analysis. Full Acceptance of the Technocratic Model of Birth: "Rejecting Biology in Favor of Technology," "Entering the Hospital with No Expectations," and "No Choice for Marginalized Women" (24%) |
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202 | (1) |
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Conceptual Fusion with the Technocratic Model during Labor and Birth |
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203 | (19) |
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Conceptual Fusion with the Technocratic Model: With Cognitive Ease (40%) |
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203 | (6) |
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Conceptual Fusion with the Technocratic Model: With Cognitive Dissonance (15%) |
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209 | (10) |
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Comparative Analysis. Conceptual Fusion with the Technocratic Model, with Cognitive Ease vs. with Cognitive Dissonance (55%) |
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219 | (3) |
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Maintaining Conceptual Distance from the Technocratic Model via Humanism in Birth (21%) |
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222 | (25) |
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Maintaining Conceptual Distance from the Technocratic Model: Counterbalancing Technology with Humanism to Achieve One's Own Choices (8%) |
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222 | (6) |
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Maintaining Conceptual Distance from the Technocratic Model: Achieving Humanized Childbirth in the Hospital with Obstetricians as Primary Birth Attendants (5%) |
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228 | (8) |
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Maintaining Conceptual Distance from the Technocratic Model: Achieving Natural Childbirth in the Hospital with Midwives as Primary Attendants (8%) |
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236 | (10) |
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Comparative Analysis: Maintaining Conceptual Distance from the Technocratic Model via Humanism in Birth |
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246 | (1) |
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A Note on Hospital Birth with Certified Nurse-Midwives (CNMs) |
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247 | (2) |
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The Spectrum of Women's Conceptual Responses to Their Birth Experiences |
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249 | (1) |
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The National Scene: "Listening to Mothers III" |
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250 | (2) |
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7 Scars into Stars: The Reinterpretation of the Childbirth Experience |
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252 | (15) |
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253 | (11) |
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"Further Epistemic Exploration": "Teilhard de Chardin" versus "Sartre" |
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254 | (1) |
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"Further Epistemic Exploration" through Narrative |
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255 | (2) |
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"Further Epistemic Exploration" through Subsequent Births |
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257 | (2) |
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"Further Epistemic Exploration" through Subsequent Births and through Involvement with Childbirth |
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259 | (5) |
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Scars into Stars: A Brief Note on Hospital Birth Attendants' Reinterpretations of Their Birth Attendance Experiences |
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264 | (3) |
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8 The Holistic Model of Birth and Health Care |
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267 | (17) |
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The 12 Tenets of the Holistic Model |
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268 | (12) |
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Oneness of BodyMindSpirit |
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268 | (2) |
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The Body as an Energy System Interlinked with Other Energy Systems |
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270 | (2) |
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Healing the Whole Person in Whole Life Context |
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272 | (1) |
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Essential Unity of Practitioner and Client |
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273 | (1) |
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Diagnosis and Healing from the Inside Out |
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273 | (1) |
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Individualization of Care |
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274 | (1) |
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Authority and Responsibility Inherent in the Individual |
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275 | (1) |
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Science and Technology Placed at the Service of the Individual |
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275 | (2) |
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A Long-Term Focus on Creating and Maintaining Health and Well-Being |
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277 | (1) |
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Death as a Step in a Process |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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Embrace of Multiple Healing Modalities |
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279 | (1) |
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Stratification in Holism and Technomedicine |
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280 | (2) |
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The Limitations of a Focus on the Individual |
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280 | (2) |
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Functional Medicine: A Brief Note |
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282 | (2) |
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9 Birth Messages at Home: Homebirth as Holistic Ideology in Action |
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284 | (42) |
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The Background and Context of Homebirth in the United States |
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284 | (3) |
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Motivations for Choosing Homebirth |
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287 | (9) |
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Birth as a Natural Aspect of Womanhood |
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288 | (2) |
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Birth as a Spiritual Process of Growth |
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290 | (4) |
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Choosing a Homebirth for Pragmatic Reasons |
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294 | (2) |
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Similarities among the Homebirth Interlocutors |
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296 | (2) |
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Birth Messages at Home: The Rituals of Homebirth |
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298 | (8) |
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298 | (8) |
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The Hospital/Technocratic and Homebirth/Midwifery Models of Care Compared |
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306 | (3) |
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When Planned Homebirth Requires Hospital Transfer |
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309 | (3) |
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Obstetricians Who Support Homebirths |
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312 | (2) |
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Why Do Some Obstetricians Support Midwives and Community Birth? |
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313 | (1) |
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The Politics of Homebirth Rituals |
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314 | (1) |
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Safety: Ideologies and Realities |
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315 | (5) |
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Breeches and VBACs at Home and the "Renegade" Midwives Who Attend Them |
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320 | (2) |
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Freestanding Birth Centers: A Mediating Ground |
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322 | (4) |
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10 Technocracy in Birth and Life: Some Ritual and Political Implications for the Future |
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326 | (15) |
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326 | (3) |
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Why Most American Women Accept Technocratic Birth |
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326 | (3) |
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Women's Rites: The Politics of Birth |
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329 | (4) |
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The Technocratic Model of Birth: Futuristic Extremes |
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333 | (5) |
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Kiri the Cyborg: Human-Technology Co-Evolution |
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338 | (3) |
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11 Holism in Birth and Life: Some Ritual and Political Implications for the Future |
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341 | (15) |
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The Need for the Growth of Community Birth |
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341 | (2) |
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The Possibility of Creating the World's Best Knowledge System about Birth |
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343 | (1) |
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Holism in Birth and Life: Social Movements and Futuristic Extremes Based on Systems Theory |
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343 | (7) |
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The Technocratic Birth, and Birth as the Biodance |
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350 | (6) |
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Envisioning the Richness of Diversity |
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350 | (2) |
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352 | (4) |
Conclusion: Birth as an American Rite of Passage |
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356 | (5) |
References |
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361 | (34) |
Index |
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395 | |