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E-raamat: Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in English [Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatud]

(Oxford University Press)
  • Formaat: 512 pages, Line Drawings, Graphs, Tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199574995
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatud
  • Raamatu hind pole hetkel teada
Borrowed Words: A History of Loanwords in EnglishSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 512 pages, Line Drawings, Graphs, Tables
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780199574995
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley OnlineRohkem infot Oxford Scholarship Online e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199574995.001.0001/acprof-9780199574995
"The rich variety of the English vocabulary reflects the vast number of words it has taken from other languages. These range from Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Celtic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian to, among others, Hebrew, Maori, Malay, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, and Yiddish. Philip Durkin's full and accessible history reveals how, when, and why. He shows how to discover the origins of loanwords, when and why they were adopted, and what happens to them once they have been."--Publishers website

The rich variety of the English vocabulary reflects the vast number of words it has taken from other languages. These range from Latin, Greek, Scandinavian, Celtic, French, Italian, Spanish, and Russian to, among others, Hebrew, Maori, Malay, Chinese, Hindi, Japanese, andYiddish. Philip Durkin's full and accessible history reveals how, when, and why. He shows how to discover the origins of loanwords, when and why they were adopted, and what happens to them once they have been. The long documented history of English includes contact with languages in a variety of contexts, including: the dissemination of Christian culture in Latin in Anglo-Saxon England, and the interactions of French, Latin, Scandinavian, Celtic, and English during the Middle Ages; exposure to languages throughout the world during the colonial era; and the effects of using English as an international language of science. Philip Durkin describes these and other historical inputs, introducing the approaches each requires, from the comparative method for the earliest period to documentary and corpus research in the modern. The discussion is illustrated at every point with examples taken from a variety of different sources. The framework Dr Durkin develops can be used to explore lexical borrowing in any language.

This outstanding book is for everyone interested in English etymology and in loanwords more generally. It will appeal to a wide general public and at the same time offers a valuable reference for scholars and students of the history of English.
List of Figures
xvii
List of Abbreviations
xx
PART I INTRODUCTION
1 Introducing concepts
3(19)
1.1 A first illustration of the part played by loanwords in the vocabulary of modern English
4(3)
1.2 Some initial definitions of terms
7(4)
1.2.1 Periods in the history of English
7(1)
1.2.2 Types of lexical borrowing; borrowing and code switching; borrowing and imposition
8(3)
1.3 Some different approaches to studying lexical borrowing
11(2)
1.4 On evidence and hypotheses
13(2)
1.5 What constitutes the vocabulary of English?
15(7)
2 Introducing the data
22(31)
2.1 Assessing input from different languages in the vocabulary of modern English
22(12)
2.2 Examining loanwords in the high-frequency vocabulary of modern English
34(7)
2.3 Assessing the impact of borrowing on the `basic' vocabulary of English
41(4)
2.4 Some implications of this data for the shape of this book
45(8)
PART II EARLY CONTACTS IN CONTINENTAL EUROPE AND BRITAIN
3 Historical and cultural background to c.1150
53(13)
3.1 The Germani at the dawn of their recorded history
53(1)
3.2 The Germani on the continent in later Roman times
54(1)
3.3 Britain before the Romans
55(1)
3.4 Roman Britain and its linguistic situation
56(3)
3.5 From the Anglo-Saxon `Settlement' to the first Christian centuries
59(3)
3.6 The influence of Latin after the conversion
62(2)
3.7 Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians
64(1)
3.8 The Norman Conquest
65(1)
4 Very early borrowings into Germanic
66(10)
4.1 Language families and comparative reconstruction
66(3)
4.2 Very early borrowings from Celtic
69(3)
4.3 Very early borrowings from Latin
72(4)
5 Old English in contact with Celtic
76(21)
5.1 Lexical borrowings from Celtic into Old English
77(4)
5.2 The evidence of personal names and place names
81(2)
5.3 A comparison: borrowing from Celtic into French
83(4)
5.4 The hypothesis of structural borrowing from Celtic in English (`the Celtic hypothesis')
87(4)
5.5 Epilogue: later lexical borrowing from Celtic languages
91(3)
5.6 Conclusions
94(3)
PART III OLD ENGLISH AND PROTO-OLD ENGLISH IN CONTACT WITH LATIN
Introduction to part III
97(2)
6 An overview of Latin loanwords in Old English
99(21)
6.1 Estimating the scale of the contribution
99(2)
6.2 Earlier and later borrowings
101(4)
6.2.1 Identifying earlier and later borrowings
101(2)
6.2.2 Characteristics of earlier and later borrowings
103(1)
6.2.3 Attempts to distinguish chronological and geographical layers of borrowing among the early loanwords
104(1)
6.3 The loanwords
105(15)
6.3.1 Early borrowings (to c. AD 650)
107(7)
6.3.2 Some cases where an early date has often been suggested but is less certain
114(2)
6.3.3 Some later loanwords (probably after AD 650)
116(4)
7 Interrogating the data from chapter 6
120(23)
7.1 Concerns about etymologies
120(1)
7.2 Derivatives and compounds of loanwords
121(2)
7.3 Uncertain cases of derivation or independent borrowing
123(1)
7.4 Problems concerning learned borrowings
123(6)
7.5 Assessing the influence of Latin loanwords in Old English
129(14)
7.5.1 Survival in modern English
129(2)
7.5.1.1 Survivals from probable earlier borrowings
131(1)
7.5.1.2 Survivals from later borrowings
131(1)
7.5.2 Word frequencies and textual distribution
132(5)
7.5.3 Loanwords showing basic meanings
137(2)
7.5.4 A closer examination of borrowed verbs
139(4)
8 Methodologies: sound change; word geography; loanwords versus semantic borrowing
143(28)
8.1 Evidence based on English and Latin sound change
143(12)
8.1.1 A selective list of changes
144(2)
8.1.2 Examples of Latin borrowings involving these changes
146(3)
8.1.3 Examples involving changes in Latin as well as English
149(5)
8.1.4 Changes of quantity reflected by late borrowings
154(1)
8.1.5 How analogy can produce misleading forms: proud and pride
154(1)
8.2 The problem of parallels/cognates in other Germanic languages
155(6)
8.2.1 Greek words, the hypothesis of the `Danube mission', and some word histories that have shown frequent reappraisals
158(3)
8.3 Semantic borrowing
161(5)
8.3.1 Cases where existing words acquire a new meaning
162(2)
8.3.2 Cases where a new word is created
164(2)
8.4 Word-geography, borrowing, and loan rendition reflected by the names of the days of the week in Old English and other Germanic languages
166(2)
Conclusions to part III
168(3)
PART IV SCANDINAVIAN INFLUENCE
Introduction to part IV
171(2)
9 Introduction to Scandinavian loanwords in English
173(17)
9.1 Areas of Scandinavian settlement in England
173(2)
9.2 What is meant by `early Scandinavian'
175(1)
9.3 An illustrative example of some of the main issues: they
175(4)
9.4 Periodization
179(11)
9.4.1 Scandinavian borrowings attested in Old English
179(3)
9.4.2 Borrowing as reflected in Middle English and in later sources
182(5)
9.4.3 The likely date of borrowing and its context
187(3)
10 Identifying Scandinavian borrowings and assessing their impact
190(33)
10.1 Identifying Scandinavian borrowings
190(1)
10.2 Words distinct in sound from their native cognates
191(7)
10.2.1 Absence of Old English /sk/ > /s/
193(1)
10.2.2 Absence of Old English /k/ > /ts/
194(1)
10.2.3 Absence of Old English /g/ > /j/ and /gg/ > /dd3/
195(1)
10.2.4 Absence of Old English development of Germanic *ai > a
196(1)
10.2.5 Germanic *au > ea in Old English (open e in Middle English)
197(1)
10.2.6 *jj > gg in early Scandinavian
197(1)
10.2.7 *ui > y in early Scandinavian
198(1)
10.2.8 Loss of final nasals in early Scandinavian
198(1)
10.3 Borrowings with different derivational morphology from a cognate
198(1)
10.4 Words with no native cognate where formal grounds indicate borrowing
199(2)
10.4.1 Absence of Old English /sk/ > /s/, /k/ > /ts/, /g/ > /j/
199(1)
10.4.2 Absence of Old English development of Germanic *ai > a
200(1)
10.4.3 Presence of early Scandinavian i-mutation (or r-mutation) of Germanic *eu
200(1)
10.4.4 Presence of early Scandinavian development of ae as a
200(1)
10.5 Borrowings that preserve aspects of Scandinavian morphology
201(1)
10.6 Cases where borrowing is argued for on grounds other than word form
201(7)
10.7 Apparent substitution of Scandinavian sounds in native words and vice versa
208(1)
10.8 Words that probably show semantic influence from Scandinavian
209(2)
10.9 Regional distribution of Scandinavian words
211(2)
10.10 Impact of Scandinavian borrowing on English core vocabulary
213(2)
10.11 The relationships of Scandinavian-derived lexis with other English words
215(2)
10.12 Borrowed word-forming elements and influence on other aspects of the grammatical system
217(3)
Conclusions to part IV
220(3)
PART V BORROWING FROM FRENCH AND LATIN IN MIDDLE ENGLISH
Introduction to part V
223(4)
11 Exploring the contact situation and identifying loans
227(27)
11.1 Sources of data
227(2)
11.2 Multilingualism in later medieval Britain
229(7)
11.3 Borrowing from French, Latin, and French and/or Latin
236(15)
11.3.1 Background
236(4)
11.3.2 Borrowings solely from French
240(4)
11.3.3 Borrowings solely from Latin
244(1)
11.3.4 Borrowings from French and/or Latin
245(5)
11.3.5 Likely mechanisms of borrowing
250(1)
11.4 Reinforcement or re-borrowing of words borrowed in Old English
251(3)
12 Quantifying French and Latin contributions to Middle English
254(27)
12.1 Chronological breakdown
254(15)
12.1.1 Latin, French, and Latin and/or French borrowings in English lexicography and lexicology
254(1)
12.1.2 Analysis of the data of the MED and OED3
255(9)
12.1.2.1 Semantic borrowing
264(1)
12.1.3 Studies based on particular texts or corpora
265(4)
12.2 Anglo-French and continental French
269(12)
12.2.1 Methodology
269(3)
12.2.2 Distinctively Anglo-French loanwords as documented in OED3
272(3)
12.2.3 A test case: words identified as loanwords from continental French in the parts of OED3 that overlap with AND2
275(2)
12.2.4 Evidence in English lexicography for unrecorded Anglo-French words, forms, or meanings
277(3)
12.2.5 Some conclusions
280(1)
13 Example passages from English and multilingual texts
281(18)
13.1 Example passages from Middle English texts with commentary
281(9)
13.1.1 Passage 1: from the Final Continuation of the Peterborough Chronicle
281(2)
13.1.2 Passage 2: from the Ormulum
283(1)
13.1.3 Passage 3: from the Ancrene Wisse
284(2)
13.1.4 Passage 4: from John Trevisa's translation of Ranulf Higden's Polychronicon
286(2)
13.1.5 Passage 5: from Caxton's Prologue to The Boke of Eneydos
288(2)
13.2 Some examples from multilingual texts and texts not in English
290(6)
Conclusions to part V
296(3)
PART VI LOANWORDS INTO ENGLISH AFTER 1500; HOW BORROWING HAS AFFECTED THE LEXICON
Introduction to part VI
299(6)
14 Borrowing from Latin and French after 1500
305(45)
14.1 The development of written English after 1500
305(15)
14.1.1 The expanding functions of English; changes in relationships between writing in English, Latin, and French
306(1)
14.1.2 Stylistic developments in the written language
307(3)
14.1.3 A re-examination of the data surveyed in chapter 2 in light of these factors
310(6)
14.1.4 Attitudes towards loanwords in English
316(4)
14.2 Morphological differentiation between Latin and French borrowings
320(5)
14.3 Latinate spelling forms and the respelling or remodelling of earlier borrowings
325(2)
14.4 Affixes of Latin and French origin in English word formation
327(5)
14.5 Test cases: selected word families in English
332(3)
14.6 Continued semantic borrowing shown by earlier loanwords
335(1)
14.7 Increasing word frequency over time
336(4)
14.8 Modern scientific formations from elements ultimately of Latin and Greek origin
340(6)
14.8.1 Formations in modern vernacular languages from Latin or Greek elements
341(3)
14.8.2 Scientific Latin
344(2)
14.9 Neoclassical compounding in English and other modern vernaculars
346(1)
14.10 Summary and conclusions
347(3)
15 Loanwords from other languages: test cases
350(50)
15.1 Introduction
350(4)
15.2 Loanwords from other European languages
354(29)
15.2.1 Dutch (and Afrikaans) and Low German
354(6)
15.2.2 High German and Yiddish
360(4)
15.2.3 Spanish and Portuguese
364(5)
15.2.4 Italian
369(3)
15.2.5 Distinguishing Romance inputs in Early Modern English
372(3)
15.2.6 Greek
375(3)
15.2.7 Russian
378(1)
15.2.8 Recent loanwords from French revisited
379(4)
15.3 Loanwords from languages from outside Europe
383(15)
15.3.1 Arabic
383(2)
15.3.2 Hebrew
385(1)
15.3.3 Languages of South Asia
386(3)
15.3.4 Malay
389(2)
15.3.5 Chinese
391(1)
15.3.6 Maori
392(3)
15.3.7 Japanese
395(3)
15.4 Some common themes
398(2)
16 Long-term effects of loanwords on the shape of the English Lexicon
400(24)
16.1 Some key questions
400(1)
16.2 The available research tools
401(4)
16.3 Some test cases
405(14)
16.3.1 Test case 1: loanwords among the 100-meaning `Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary'
405(6)
16.3.2 Test case 2: the senses
411(4)
16.3.3 Test case 3: the physical world
415(4)
16.4 Conclusions
419(5)
17 General conclusions and pointers for further investigation
424(5)
References 429(1)
General works cited by author 429(23)
Dictionaries, reference works, and databases cited by title 452(3)
General Index 455(12)
Word Index 467
Philip Durkin is Principal Etymologist of the Oxford English Dictionary. His Oxford Guide to Etymology (2009; paperback edition 2011) has become the standard work in the field.
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