E-raamat: Breakwaters and Closure Dams [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Preface		xi
Introduction		1	(3)
Scope		1	(1)
Authors		1	(1)
References		2	(1)
Miscellaneous		2	(2)
Positioning the Subject		4	(19)
General		4	(2)
Types of breakwaters		6	(3)
Mound types		6	(1)
Monolithic types		6	(1)
Composite types		7	(1)
Special (unconventional) types		7	(2)
Types of closure dams		9	(3)
Historical breakwaters		12	(3)
Historical closures		15	(8)
Introduction		15	(1)
The damming of the rivers Rhine and Meuse in the late Middle Ages		15	(1)
From the Middle Ages to 1920		16	(1)
1920 until 1952		17	(3)
Period after 1952		20	(3)
The Design Process		23	(9)
General		23	(1)
Abstraction level		24	(1)
Phases		25	(1)
Cyclic design		25	(1)
Consequences of systematic design		26	(1)
Probabilities		27	(5)
Basics of a probabilistic analysis and the use of safety coefficients		28	(1)
Additional problem in coastal engineering		29	(1)
Determination of a design storm		30	(2)
Considerations at System Level		32	(18)
General		32	(1)
Functions of breakwaters and examples		32	(9)
Protection against waves		33	(4)
Guiding of currents		37	(1)
Protection against shoaling		38	(2)
Provision of dock or quay facilities		40	(1)
Side effects of breakwaters		41	(2)
Failure modes		41	(1)
Nautical characteristics		42	(1)
Morphology		43	(1)
Functions of closure dams and side effects		43	(5)
Closure of the rivers Rhine and Meuse		44	(3)
Side effects of the Enclosure Dike (Afsluitdijk)		47	(1)
Various dams and a few details		48	(2)
Use of Theory		50	(46)
General		50	(1)
Hydraulics of flow		50	(18)
Upland discharges		50	(2)
Hydraulics of tides		52	(5)
Flow through gaps		57	(5)
Modelling		62	(2)
Forces on floating objects		64	(1)
Stability of floating objects		65	(3)
Waves		68	(17)
Linear wave theory		68	(3)
Refraction, diffraction, shoaling, breaking and reflection		71	(5)
Irregular waves in deep water		76	(9)
Geotechnics		85	(11)
Geotechnical data		85	(3)
Geotechnical stability		88	(5)
Settlement		93	(1)
Groundwater		94	(2)
Data Collection		96	(9)
General		96	(1)
Meteorological data		97	(1)
Hydrographic data		97	(3)
Bathymetry		97	(1)
Tides		98	(1)
Storm surges		98	(1)
Waves		99	(1)
Geotechnical data		100	(2)
Construction materials, equipment, labour		102	(3)
Construction materials		102	(2)
Equipment		104	(1)
Labour		104	(1)
Stability of Randomly Placed Rock Mounds		105	(24)
Introduction		105	(1)
Historic review		105	(9)
General		105	(1)
Iribarren		106	(3)
Hudson		109	(2)
Comparison of Hudson and Iribarren formulae		111	(1)
Application of Hudson formula		112	(2)
Irregular waves, approach of Van der Meer		114	(6)
General		114	(3)
Quarry stone		117	(1)
Concrete blocks		118	(2)
Stability calculation		120	(1)
Special subjects		121	(6)
General		121	(1)
Shallow water conditions		121	(1)
Shape of quarry stone		122	(1)
Grading of quarry stone		122	(2)
Stability of toe		124	(1)
Breakwater head		125	(1)
Stability of crest and rear armour		125	(1)
Stability of low and submerged breakwaters		126	(1)
Future developments		127	(2)
Dynamic Stability		129	(5)
Introduction		129	(1)
Seaward profiles		130	(2)
Longshore transport of stone		132	(1)
Crest and rear slope		133	(1)
Head of berm breakwater		133	(1)
Stability of Monolithic Breakwaters		134	(11)
Introduction		134	(1)
Wave forces and their effects		135	(7)
Quasi static forces		135	(1)
Dynamic forces		136	(3)
A working compromise: the Goda formula		139	(1)
Influencing the forces		140	(2)
Scour		142	(1)
Foundation		143	(2)
Wave-Structure Interaction		145	(12)
Introduction		145	(1)
Reflection		146	(1)
Run-up		146	(4)
Overtopping for rubble mounds		150	(2)
Overtopping and transmission for vertical walls		152	(1)
Transmission by rubble mounds		153	(4)
Design Practice of Breakwater Cross-Sections		157	(14)
Introduction		157	(1)
Permeability/porosity and layer thickness		158	(2)
Permeability/porosity		158	(1)
Layer thickness and number of units		159	(1)
Berm breakwater		160	(2)
Traditional multi-layered breakwater		162	(7)
Classification		162	(1)
General design rules		163	(3)
Standard cross-sections		166	(3)
Monolithic breakwaters		169	(2)
Design Practice for Closure Dams		171	(18)
Closing an estuary, creating final gaps in the tidal channels		171	(1)
Blocking the shallows first		172	(4)
Blocking the main channel first		176	(6)
Closure over the full dam length		182	(3)
Cross section of closure dams		185	(2)
Final remarks		187	(2)
Construction Methods for Granular Material		189	(22)
Introduction		189	(2)
Scour prevention by mattresses		191	(2)
Construction and use of mattresses		193	(1)
Construction of granular filters		194	(1)
Providing and handling of quarry stone		195	(2)
Use of rolling and floating equipment		197	(7)
Rolling equipment		198	(3)
Floating equipment		201	(2)
Combination of floating and rolling equipment		203	(1)
Very specific techniques and ancillary equipment		204	(5)
Closure by hydraulic filling with sand only		204	(4)
Use of a temporary bridge or a cable way		208	(1)
Minimizing risks during construction		209	(2)
Construction Methods for Monolithic Structures		211	(13)
Introduction		211	(2)
Caissons, closed or provided with sluice gates		211	(2)
Monolithic breakwaters		213	(2)
Monolithic breakwaters constructed by assembling small units		213	(1)
Monolithic breakwaters consisting of large units constructed in-situ		214	(1)
Prefabricated large units		214	(1)
Caissons		215	(9)
Building yard		215	(1)
Transport		216	(1)
Preparation of foundation and abutments		216	(1)
Floating stability during transport, positioning and ballasting		217	(2)
The sinking operation		219	(2)
Work-window of flow conditions during the sinking operation		221	(2)
Number of caissons and/or sluice gate caissons		223	(1)
Failure Modes and Optimization		224	(11)
Introduction		224	(1)
Failure mechanisms		225	(3)
Fault trees		228	(4)
Optimization		232	(3)
Micro level		232	(1)
Macro level		233	(2)
Flow Development in Closure Gaps		235	(9)
Calculation of flow in a river channel		235	(2)
Calculation of flow in the entrance of a tidal basin		237	(7)
Review		244	(9)
Breakwaters		244	(2)
Rubble or monolithic		244	(1)
Quarry stone or concrete armour units		245	(1)
Which design formula?		245	(1)
Service limit state		246	(1)
Closure dams		246	(7)
Decisive circumstances		246	(7)
Appendix 1 Glossary		253	(15)
Appendix 2 Quarry Operations		268	(9)
Appendix 3 Concrete Armour Units		277	(8)
Appendix 4 Goda's Principles for Breakwater Design		285	(21)
Appendix 5 Filter Rules		306	(2)
Appendix 6 Breakwater Examples		308	(8)
Appendix 7 Optimum Breakwater Design		316	(3)
Appendix 8 Construction Equipment		319	(11)
Appendix 9 Closures using Ancient Willow Mattresses		330	(6)
Appendix 10 Example of the Determination of a Design Storm		336	(29)
References		365	(5)
Index		370

Kee's d'Angremond graduated at Delft University of Technology in 1963 in civil engineering. He started working at WLIDelft Hydraulics, where he worked mainly in the field of maritime structures and dredging research. In 1975, he joined Volker Stevin Dredging and was involved in design and construction of a large number of projects in the Netherlands and abroad. From 1987 until 1989 he was managing director of the Port of Amsterdam. In 1989 he was appointed as full professor in Coastal Engineering at Delft University of Technology.

Ferd C. van Roode graduated at Delft University of Technology in 1965 in civil engineering. He then joined WLIDelft Hydraulics. From 1970 until his retirement in 1999 he was employed by Royal Boskalis Westminster. As senior engineer in the research department he was (amongst others) involved in preparation and execution of several tidal closures. From 1986 until 2000 he was associate professor at Delft University of Technology on a part time basis.