| Acknowledgements |
|
xv | |
| Abbreviations and symbols used in text |
|
xvii | |
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1 | (1) |
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The role of the lens in photography |
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2 | (2) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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Extension of visual perception |
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2 | (1) |
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2 | (2) |
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4 | (5) |
| Optical theory |
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9 | (6) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (2) |
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The electromagnetic spectrum |
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11 | (2) |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Spectral power distribution |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (19) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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Optical transmission density |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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Spectrally selective absorption |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Reflection from dielectric surfaces |
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18 | (1) |
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Reflection from metal surfaces |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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Total internal reflection |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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Dispersion by diffraction |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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Conditions for interference |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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27 | (2) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (2) |
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29 | (1) |
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Polarized light and polarizers |
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29 | (1) |
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Elliptically polarized light |
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30 | (1) |
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Circularly polarized light |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (3) |
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Inverse square law of illumination |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (2) |
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Image formation by simple optical systems |
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34 | (9) |
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34 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Image construction by graphical methods |
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39 | (1) |
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Image properties by calculation |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Image formation by compound lenses |
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43 | (4) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (9) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Back focal length and back focal distance |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (3) |
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Positive--positive systems |
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48 | (1) |
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Positive-negative systems |
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49 | (1) |
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Negative-positive systems |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (3) |
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Optical components and their imaging roles |
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56 | (16) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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Optical flats and windows |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (3) |
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Fresnel lenses and mirrors |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (3) |
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63 | (2) |
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Graded index fibres, rods and lenses |
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65 | (1) |
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Holographic optical elements |
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66 | (1) |
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Diffractive optical elements |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (4) |
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Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) |
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68 | (1) |
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Light emitting diodes (LEDs) |
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68 | (1) |
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Charge coupled devices (CCDs) |
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69 | (3) |
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72 | (10) |
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Light losses by surface reflections |
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72 | (1) |
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Single anti-reflection layers |
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73 | (1) |
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Double anti-reflection layers |
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74 | (1) |
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Multiple anti-reflection layers |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (3) |
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Aberrations -- defects in imaging systems |
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82 | (17) |
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82 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Failure of paraxial optics |
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82 | (1) |
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Monochromatic aberrations |
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82 | (1) |
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83 | (4) |
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Transverse ray aberrations |
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83 | (2) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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Seidel aberration coefficients |
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86 | (1) |
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Ray aberrations as Seidel sums |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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90 | (2) |
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92 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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93 | (3) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Aberrations of other systems |
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97 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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Electronic imaging systems |
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97 | (2) |
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99 | (13) |
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99 | (5) |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (2) |
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Polarizing and filter materials |
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106 | (1) |
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Natural and synthetic quartz |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (4) |
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Colour correction of lenses |
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112 | (10) |
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112 | (1) |
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Transverse chromatic aberration |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (16) |
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Stops, pupils and windows |
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122 | (3) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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Photometry of image formation |
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129 | (3) |
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129 | (2) |
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cos4θ law of illumination |
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131 | (1) |
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Image illuminance in wide-angle lenses |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Graduated neutral density and spot filters |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (4) |
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138 | (7) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Types and sources of flare |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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Resolving power of lenses and imaging systems |
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145 | (10) |
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Resolution and resolving power |
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145 | (1) |
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The diffraction-limited lens |
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145 | (3) |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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The aberration-limited lens |
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147 | (1) |
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Resolving power capabilities |
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148 | (1) |
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Photographic resolving power |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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Video imaging tubes and devices |
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149 | (1) |
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Measurement of resolving power |
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149 | (6) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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Area weighted average resolution |
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152 | (3) |
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Physical optics of lens systems |
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155 | (14) |
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155 | (3) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Fourier transform techniques |
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158 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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165 | (4) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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167 | (2) |
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Design, manufacture and testing of a lens |
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169 | (12) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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Special fabrication techniques |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (7) |
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Determination of lens parameters |
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174 | (1) |
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Contrast measurements and criteria |
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174 | (1) |
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MTF measurement apparatus |
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175 | (6) |
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Evaluation and calibration |
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181 | (11) |
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181 | (1) |
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181 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Slide projectors and enlargers |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Test charts for video systems |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (3) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (3) |
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Focusing an optical system |
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192 | (9) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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195 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Focusing with non-visible radiations |
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198 | (1) |
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Photographic focus calibration |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (2) |
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Autofocus and focus maintenance methods |
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201 | (14) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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203 | (5) |
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203 | (2) |
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Image contrast measurement |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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Autofocus by phase detection |
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208 | (7) |
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208 | (1) |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (2) |
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Depth of field and depth of focus |
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215 | (19) |
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Depth of field parameters |
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215 | (2) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (3) |
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217 | (3) |
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Distribution of depth of field |
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220 | (1) |
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Depth of field in practice |
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220 | (2) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Estimating depth of field |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (3) |
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224 | (1) |
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Relationship to depth of field |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (2) |
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Image surface considerations |
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226 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Depth of field scales, displays and calculators |
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228 | (3) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (1) |
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DOF calculators for large format cameras |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (3) |
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Aerial image relay system |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (2) |
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Perspective and projection |
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234 | (13) |
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234 | (4) |
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234 | (1) |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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Portrait lens perspective |
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239 | (1) |
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Perspective of tilted planes |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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|
242 | (5) |
| Lens types and properties |
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Evolution of the photographic lens |
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|
247 | (16) |
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247 | (1) |
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Prephotography 1800--1839 |
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247 | (4) |
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247 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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The Chevalier Landscape lens |
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251 | (1) |
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Systematic design of lenses |
|
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251 | (1) |
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251 | (2) |
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Optics of the Daguerreotype camera |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (5) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (2) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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|
258 | (1) |
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|
259 | (4) |
|
General properties of a lens |
|
|
263 | (17) |
|
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|
263 | (5) |
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|
263 | (1) |
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|
263 | (1) |
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|
264 | (1) |
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|
264 | (4) |
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|
268 | (1) |
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|
268 | (9) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (2) |
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271 | (4) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (3) |
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280 | (8) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (6) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (5) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (3) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
|
Extreme long focus lenses |
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|
297 | (5) |
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|
297 | (1) |
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|
297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (2) |
|
Telephoto and stabilized lenses |
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302 | (8) |
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|
302 | (1) |
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302 | (3) |
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302 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (2) |
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|
305 | (1) |
|
Hybrid diffractive lenses |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (3) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (3) |
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310 | (1) |
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|
310 | (3) |
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|
310 | (1) |
|
Interchangeable front components |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Convertible telephoto lenses |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (2) |
|
Short focus wide-angle lenses |
|
|
313 | (8) |
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313 | (4) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (2) |
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316 | (1) |
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|
316 | (1) |
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|
317 | (4) |
|
Retrofocus wide-angle lenses |
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|
321 | (5) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (1) |
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322 | (4) |
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322 | (1) |
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|
323 | (3) |
|
The fisheye lens and immersed optics |
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|
326 | (7) |
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326 | (1) |
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|
326 | (3) |
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329 | (1) |
|
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|
330 | (1) |
|
Fisheye projection systems |
|
|
331 | (1) |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (4) |
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|
333 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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|
333 | (1) |
|
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|
334 | (1) |
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|
334 | (3) |
|
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|
337 | (5) |
|
Improvements to mirror systems |
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
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|
337 | (1) |
|
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|
337 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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|
339 | (3) |
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|
339 | (1) |
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|
340 | (1) |
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|
340 | (2) |
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|
342 | (15) |
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|
342 | (3) |
|
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|
342 | (1) |
|
|
|
342 | (1) |
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|
342 | (1) |
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|
342 | (2) |
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|
344 | (1) |
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|
345 | (1) |
|
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|
345 | (1) |
|
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|
345 | (6) |
|
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|
345 | (1) |
|
Variable maximum aperture |
|
|
346 | (1) |
|
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|
347 | (2) |
|
Integration of a viewfinder |
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
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|
353 | (4) |
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|
357 | (7) |
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|
357 | (2) |
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|
359 | (1) |
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|
360 | (1) |
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|
361 | (1) |
|
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
361 | (3) |
|
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|
364 | (8) |
|
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|
364 | (1) |
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|
364 | (2) |
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|
366 | (2) |
|
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|
368 | (1) |
|
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|
369 | (1) |
|
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|
370 | (2) |
|
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|
372 | (5) |
|
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|
372 | (2) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
372 | (1) |
|
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
Resolving power and contrast |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
|
|
374 | (3) |
|
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
|
|
375 | (2) |
|
|
|
377 | (5) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
378 | (4) |
|
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
|
|
380 | (2) |
|
|
|
382 | (8) |
|
Resolving power requirements |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Constraints on optical designs |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (6) |
|
|
|
384 | (3) |
|
Microdocumentation lenses |
|
|
387 | (1) |
|
|
|
388 | (2) |
|
|
|
390 | (5) |
|
Environmental considerations |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (2) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
|
395 | (5) |
|
Environmental considerations |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (5) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (4) |
|
|
|
400 | (7) |
|
|
|
400 | (2) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
401 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
402 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Simple and triplet lenses |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Varifocal and zoom lenses |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
|
|
407 | (5) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
Optical design principles |
|
|
407 | (3) |
|
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
|
|
412 | (3) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
|
|
412 | (3) |
|
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Perforated diaphragm plates |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
|
|
413 | (2) |
|
Perspective control lenses |
|
|
415 | (5) |
|
|
|
415 | (2) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
418 | (2) |
|
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
420 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
|
|
421 | (2) |
|
|
|
423 | (5) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (4) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
425 | (3) |
|
Lenses for cinematography |
|
|
428 | (4) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
428 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
|
|
429 | (1) |
|
16 mm and 35 mm cine lenses |
|
|
430 | (2) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Zoom and anamorphic lenses |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (11) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
432 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
433 | (4) |
|
|
|
433 | (1) |
|
|
|
434 | (3) |
|
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
|
|
437 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
438 | (1) |
|
|
|
439 | (4) |
|
Lens attachments and accessories |
|
|
443 | (14) |
|
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (1) |
|
|
|
443 | (3) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Attachment of optical systems |
|
|
447 | (3) |
|
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
|
|
449 | (1) |
|
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
Positive (close-up) lenses |
|
|
450 | (1) |
|
|
|
451 | (1) |
|
Image modification devices |
|
|
451 | (2) |
|
Direction sensitive devices |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
Image degradation devices |
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
452 | (1) |
|
|
|
453 | (4) |
|
|
|
453 | (1) |
|
Beamsplitters and beamspreaders |
|
|
453 | (4) |
| Photographic optical systems |
|
|
|
|
457 | (7) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (3) |
|
|
|
457 | (2) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
460 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (2) |
|
Direct viewfinder systems |
|
|
464 | (7) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
The reversed Galilean finder |
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The universal range-viewfinder |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
The director's viewfinder |
|
|
468 | (1) |
|
Viewfinders for autofocus compact cameras |
|
|
469 | (2) |
|
Screen viewfinder systems |
|
|
471 | (13) |
|
|
|
471 | (3) |
|
|
|
471 | (2) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
The focusing magnifier or loupe |
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
474 | (3) |
|
|
|
474 | (1) |
|
|
|
475 | (2) |
|
The pentaprism viewfinder |
|
|
477 | (2) |
|
|
|
479 | (3) |
|
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Eyepiece dioptric correction |
|
|
481 | (1) |
|
Video and LCD viewfinders |
|
|
482 | (2) |
|
|
|
484 | (10) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Stadiametric rangefinders |
|
|
484 | (1) |
|
Optical coincidence rangefinders |
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
|
|
485 | (1) |
|
|
|
485 | (2) |
|
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Special focusing techniques |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
489 | (5) |
|
The split-image rangefinder |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
The optics of camera movements |
|
|
494 | (11) |
|
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
|
|
495 | (2) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
497 | (1) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
Control of image sharpness |
|
|
498 | (4) |
|
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
The Scheimpflug rule or condition |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
Optics of systems with moving film |
|
|
505 | (9) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
506 | (4) |
|
Image motion compensation |
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (1) |
|
|
|
508 | (2) |
|
Rotating prism compensators |
|
|
510 | (4) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (8) |
|
|
|
514 | (3) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
|
|
517 | (2) |
|
|
|
519 | (3) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
Optics of close-up photography and photomacrography |
|
|
522 | (12) |
|
Magnification and subject area |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (4) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (2) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
525 | (1) |
|
|
|
526 | (1) |
|
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
Perspective and working distance |
|
|
527 | (1) |
|
|
|
528 | (2) |
|
|
|
530 | (1) |
|
|
|
531 | (3) |
|
Optics of copying systems |
|
|
534 | (8) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
534 | (1) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Illumination of the original |
|
|
535 | (3) |
|
|
|
535 | (1) |
|
Distribution of illumination |
|
|
536 | (2) |
|
|
|
538 | (2) |
|
|
|
538 | (1) |
|
|
|
539 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (1) |
|
|
|
540 | (2) |
|
Optics of printing systems |
|
|
542 | (12) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
542 | (1) |
|
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
544 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Exposure assessment systems |
|
|
547 | (2) |
|
|
|
549 | (5) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
550 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
Rectification in practice |
|
|
552 | (2) |
|
Optics of projection systems |
|
|
554 | (19) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (3) |
|
|
|
555 | (1) |
|
Illuminated opaque objects |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
Trans-illuminated objects |
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (5) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
558 | (3) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (2) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
564 | (2) |
|
|
|
564 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
|
|
565 | (1) |
|
Backgrounds by front axial projection |
|
|
566 | (3) |
|
|
|
566 | (1) |
|
|
|
567 | (2) |
|
|
|
569 | (4) |
|
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
Digital mirror device (DMD) systems |
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
Optics of stereoscopic systems |
|
|
573 | (18) |
|
Visual perception of space |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
574 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
575 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (4) |
|
|
|
576 | (1) |
|
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
Theoretical considerations |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
|
|
581 | (1) |
|
|
|
582 | (9) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
|
|
583 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
|
586 | (1) |
|
|
|
587 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (1) |
|
|
|
588 | (3) |
|
Optics of light metering systems |
|
|
591 | (11) |
|
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
|
593 | (3) |
|
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Incident light measurements |
|
|
595 | (1) |
|
In-camera metering systems |
|
|
596 | (6) |
|
|
|
596 | (2) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (3) |
|
Optics of lighting systems |
|
|
602 | (10) |
|
|
|
602 | (2) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (2) |
|
|
|
606 | (2) |
|
|
|
606 | (1) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
|
|
608 | (4) |
|
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
|
|
610 | (2) |
|
|
|
612 | (8) |
|
|
|
612 | (4) |
|
|
|
612 | (1) |
|
|
|
613 | (1) |
|
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (1) |
|
|
|
616 | (2) |
|
|
|
618 | (1) |
|
|
|
618 | (2) |
|
|
|
620 | (12) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
620 | (1) |
|
|
|
621 | (1) |
|
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
Colour filters for photography |
|
|
622 | (2) |
|
Black and white photography |
|
|
622 | (1) |
|
|
|
623 | (1) |
|
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
Ultra-violet and infra-red filters |
|
|
624 | (2) |
|
Ultra-violet (UV) absorbing filters |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
Infra-red (IR) absorbing filters |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Graduated filters and vignettes |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Neutral density filters and attenuaters |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
Direction sensitive filters |
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
627 | (1) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
|
|
629 | (3) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Filters for colour printing |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
|
630 | (2) |
|
The optics of digital cameras |
|
|
632 | (9) |
|
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (4) |
| Index |
|
641 | |