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E-raamat: Applied Photographic Optics: Lenses and optical systems for photography, film, video, electronic and digital imaging 3rd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Senior Lecturer in Digital and Photographic Imaging, University of Westminster, photographer and Imaging Consultant.)
  • Formaat: 676 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Focal Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780080499253
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
  • Hind: 720,12 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Tavahind: 1 028,74 €
  • Säästad 30%
  • Formaat: 676 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 02-Jul-2021
  • Kirjastus: Focal Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780080499253
Teised raamatud teemal:
Intended for the professional working with visual, digital, and electronic media, this reference defines the capabilities and limitations of the various lenses and photographic optical systems, and demonstrates the integration of optical theory and optical systems into imaging applications and craft skills. The third edition adds a chapter on the optics of digital cameras. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Selected by the American Library Association's 'Choice' magazine as "best technical book", the first edition of this book soon established itself as the standard reference work on all aspects of photographic lenses and associated optical systems. This is unsurprising, as Sidney Ray provides a complete, comprehensive reference source for anyone wanting information on photographic lenses, from the student to the practitioner or specialist working with visual and digital media worldwide.

This third edition has been fully revised and expanded to include the rapid progress in the last decade in optical technology and advances in relevant electronic and digital forms of imaging. Every chapter has been revised and expanded using new figures and photographs as appropriate, as well as extended bibliographies. New chapters include details of filters, measurements from images and the optical systems of digital cameras. Details of electronic and digital imaging have been integrated throughout. More information is given on topics such as aspherics, diffractive optics, ED glasses, image stabilization, optical technology, video projection and new types of lenses.

A selection of the contents includes chapters on: optical theory, aberrations, auto focus, lens testing, depth of field, development of photographic lenses, general properties of lenses, wide-angle lenses, telephoto lenses, video lenses, viewfinder systems, camera movements, projection systems and 3-D systems.

Everything you need to know about still and moving image lenses in one handy volume
Be completely up-to-date with vital new information on optics for digital imagingBenefit from the expertise of this award-winning technical author



Selected by the American Library Association's 'Choice' magazine as "best technical book", the first edition of this book soon established itself as the standard reference work on all aspects of photographic lenses and associated optical systems. This is unsurprising, as Sidney Ray provides a complete, comprehensive reference source for anyone wanting information on photographic lenses, from the student to the practitioner or specialist working with visual and digital media worldwide.

This third edition has been fully revised and expanded to include the rapid progress in the last decade in optical technology and advances in relevant electronic and digital forms of imaging. Every chapter has been revised and expanded using new figures and photographs as appropriate, as well as extended bibliographies. New chapters include details of filters, measurements from images and the optical systems of digital cameras. Details of electronic and digital imaging have been integrated throughout. More information is given on topics such as aspherics, diffractive optics, ED glasses, image stabilization, optical technology, video projection and new types of lenses.

A selection of the contents includes chapters on: optical theory, aberrations, auto focus, lens testing, depth of field, development of photographic lenses, general properties of lenses, wide-angle lenses, telephoto lenses, video lenses, viewfinder systems, camera movements, projection systems and 3-D systems.

Everything you need to know about still and moving image lenses in one handy volume
Be completely up-to-date with vital new information on optics for digital imagingBenefit from the expertise of this award-winning technical author

Selected by the American Library Association's 'Choice' magazine as "best technical book", the first edition of this book soon established itself as the standard reference work on all aspects of photographic lenses and associated optical systems. This is unsurprising, as Sidney Ray provides a complete, comprehensive reference source for anyone wanting information on photographic lenses, from the student to the practitioner or specialist working with visual and digital media worldwide.

This third edition has been fully revised and expanded to include the rapid progress in the last decade in optical technology and advances in relevant electronic and digital forms of imaging. Every chapter has been revised and expanded using new figures and photographs as appropriate, as well as extended bibliographies. New chapters include details of filters, measurements from images and the optical systems of digital cameras. Details of electronic and digital imaging have been integrated throughout. More information is given on topics such as aspherics, diffractive optics, ED glasses, image stabilization, optical technology, video projection and new types of lenses.

A selection of the contents includes chapters on: optical theory, aberrations, auto focus, lens testing, depth of field, development of photographic lenses, general properties of lenses, wide-angle lenses, telephoto lenses, video lenses, viewfinder systems, camera movements, projection systems and 3-D systems.

Muu info

Everything you need to know about still and moving image lenses in one handy volume Be completely up-to-date with vital new information on optics for digital imagingBenefit from the expertise of this award-winning technical author
Acknowledgements xv
Abbreviations and symbols used in text xvii
Introduction
1(1)
The role of the lens in photography
2(2)
Imaging
2(1)
Recording
2(1)
Measurement
2(1)
Extension of visual perception
2(1)
Self-expression
2(2)
Optical requirements
4(5)
Optical theory
Light and energy
9(6)
Dual nature of light
9(1)
Wave nature
9(2)
The electromagnetic spectrum
11(2)
The full spectral range
11(1)
The visible spectrum
11(1)
Spectral power distribution
11(1)
Effect on detectors
12(1)
Particle nature
13(1)
Photometry
13(2)
Properties of light
15(19)
Transmission
15(1)
Transmittance
15(1)
Colour transmission
15(1)
Optical transmission density
16(1)
Optical path length
16(1)
Absorption
16(2)
Absorption law
16(1)
Spectrally selective absorption
16(1)
Heat filters
17(1)
Black filters
17(1)
Reflection
18(3)
Laws of reflection
18(1)
Types of reflection
18(1)
Laser speckle
18(1)
Reflection from dielectric surfaces
18(1)
Reflection from metal surfaces
19(2)
Refraction
21(3)
Laws of refraction
21(1)
Total internal reflection
22(1)
Snell's window
22(1)
Displacement
22(1)
Deviation
23(1)
Scratch treatment
23(1)
Double refraction
24(1)
Graded refractive index
24(1)
Dispersion
24(1)
Wavelength dependence
24(1)
Dispersion by diffraction
25(1)
Scattering
25(1)
Particle size
25(1)
Interference
26(1)
Conditions for interference
26(1)
Producing interference
26(1)
Newton's rings
27(1)
Fringe visibility
27(1)
Diffraction
27(2)
Fraunhofer diffraction
27(1)
The diffraction grating
28(1)
The zone plate
28(1)
Spatial filtering
28(1)
Polarization
29(2)
Natural light
29(1)
Polarized light and polarizers
29(1)
Elliptically polarized light
30(1)
Circularly polarized light
30(1)
Attenuation
31(3)
Inverse square law of illumination
31(1)
Lambert's cosine law
32(2)
Image formation by simple optical systems
34(9)
Types of images
34(1)
The pinhole
34(2)
Simple lenses
36(1)
Definitions
36(1)
Focal length
36(1)
Simple mirrors
36(2)
Plane mirrors
36(1)
Spherical mirrors
37(1)
Aspherical mirrors
37(1)
Image characteristics
38(1)
Orientation
38(1)
Shape
38(1)
Magnification
38(1)
Image construction by graphical methods
39(1)
Image properties by calculation
40(1)
Sign convention
40(1)
Lens conjugate equation
40(1)
Newton's equation
40(1)
Lagrange invariant
41(1)
Imaging limitations
41(2)
Image formation by compound lenses
43(4)
Cardinal planes
43(1)
Rear nodal point
44(1)
The thick lens
44(1)
Formulae
44(1)
Single-element types
45(1)
Thick lens combinations
45(2)
Combinations of elements
47(9)
Thin lens combinations
47(1)
Effective focal length
47(1)
Back focal length and back focal distance
47(1)
Separation of elements
48(1)
Specific combinations
48(3)
Positive--positive systems
48(1)
Positive-negative systems
49(1)
Negative-positive systems
50(1)
Varifocal system
51(1)
Telescopes
51(1)
The compound microscope
51(1)
Field flatteners
52(1)
Relay systems
53(3)
Optical components and their imaging roles
56(16)
Lenses
56(1)
Spherical lenses
56(1)
Aspherical lenses
56(1)
Mirrors
57(1)
Curved mirrors
57(1)
Plane mirrors
57(1)
Beamsplitters
58(1)
Optical flats and windows
58(1)
Cylindrical lenses
59(1)
Lenticular devices
59(1)
Prisms
59(3)
Fresnel lenses and mirrors
62(1)
Optical fibres
63(3)
Step index fibres
63(2)
Graded index fibres, rods and lenses
65(1)
Holographic optical elements
66(1)
Diffractive optical elements
66(1)
Micro lenses
67(1)
Opto-electronic devices
68(4)
Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
68(1)
Light emitting diodes (LEDs)
68(1)
Charge coupled devices (CCDs)
69(3)
Thin-layer coatings
72(10)
Light losses by surface reflections
72(1)
Single anti-reflection layers
73(1)
Double anti-reflection layers
74(1)
Multiple anti-reflection layers
75(1)
Mirror coatings
76(1)
Metal substrate
76(1)
Dielectric substrate
76(1)
Dielectric filters
77(2)
Dichroic filters
77(1)
Gradient index filters
78(1)
Coating methods
79(3)
Aberrations -- defects in imaging systems
82(17)
Image formation
82(1)
The perfect lens
82(1)
Failure of paraxial optics
82(1)
Monochromatic aberrations
82(1)
Surface contributions
83(4)
Transverse ray aberrations
83(2)
Wavefront aberrations
85(1)
Aberration terms
85(1)
Seidel aberration coefficients
86(1)
Ray aberrations as Seidel sums
86(1)
Other methods
86(1)
Spherical aberration
87(1)
Thin lens imagery
87(1)
Aspheric surfaces
87(1)
Floating elements
88(1)
Portrait lenses
88(1)
Additional aberration
88(1)
Coma
88(1)
Astigmatism
89(1)
Field curvature
90(3)
Petzval curvature
90(2)
Film flatness
92(1)
Field flatteners
92(1)
Curved field lenses
93(1)
Distortion
93(3)
Types
93(1)
Measurement
94(1)
Calibrated focal length
95(1)
Fundamental lens designs
96(1)
Aberrations of other systems
97(2)
Hologram
97(1)
Electronic imaging systems
97(2)
Optical materials
99(13)
Glasses
99(5)
Origins and composition
99(1)
Manufacturing methods
100(1)
Properties
101(2)
Special glasses
103(1)
Plastics
104(2)
Types
104(1)
Properties
104(2)
Hybrid systems
106(1)
Constructional plastics
106(1)
Other materials
106(2)
Polarizing and filter materials
106(1)
Natural and synthetic quartz
106(1)
Fluorite and crystals
107(1)
Germanium and others
107(1)
Optical liquids
108(4)
Colour correction of lenses
112(10)
Chromatic errors
112(1)
Transverse chromatic aberration
113(1)
Achromatic combinations
113(4)
Conventional glasses
113(2)
Anomalous dispersion
115(2)
Apochromatic lenses
117(1)
Superachromatic lenses
118(1)
Monochromatic lenses
119(1)
Reflective systems
119(1)
UV and IR photography
120(2)
The speed of a lens
122(16)
Stops, pupils and windows
122(3)
Exposure
122(1)
Field stop
122(1)
Aperture stop
122(1)
Pupils
122(2)
Pupil magnification
124(1)
Entrance window
125(1)
Aperture
125(4)
Relative aperture
125(1)
Aperture calibration
126(1)
Effective aperture
127(1)
Variable aperture
127(1)
Numerical aperture
127(1)
Transmission aperture
128(1)
Photometry of image formation
129(3)
Theoretical principles
129(2)
cos4θ law of illumination
131(1)
Image illuminance in wide-angle lenses
131(1)
Camera exposure
131(1)
Vignetting
132(2)
Optical vignetting
132(1)
Mechanical vignetting
133(1)
Graduated neutral density and spot filters
134(1)
Lens covering power
134(4)
Lens and camera flare
138(7)
Flare effects
138(1)
Veiling glare
138(1)
Types and sources of flare
138(1)
Measurement of flare
139(2)
Instrumental methods
139(1)
Ghost images
140(1)
Reduction of flare
141(2)
Lens and camera design
141(1)
Lens hood systems
141(2)
Applications of flare
143(2)
Resolving power of lenses and imaging systems
145(10)
Resolution and resolving power
145(1)
The diffraction-limited lens
145(3)
Resolution criteria
145(2)
Practical limits
147(1)
The aberration-limited lens
147(1)
Resolving power capabilities
148(1)
Photographic resolving power
148(1)
Silver halide systems
148(1)
Video imaging tubes and devices
149(1)
Measurement of resolving power
149(6)
Test targets
149(2)
Target optical contrast
151(1)
Area weighted average resolution
152(3)
Physical optics of lens systems
155(14)
Image formation
155(3)
Spread functions
155(1)
Convolution
156(1)
Modulation
157(1)
Fourier transform techniques
158(3)
Fourier transforms
158(1)
The OTF
159(2)
OTF analysis
161(2)
Variables
161(1)
Spatical frequency
161(1)
The MTF
162(1)
Cascading
162(1)
Graphical presentation
162(1)
Applications of MTF
163(2)
Lens design and testing
163(1)
Imaging systems
163(2)
Coherent optics
165(4)
Abbe's theory
165(1)
Fourier transform plane
166(1)
Spatial filtering
167(2)
Design, manufacture and testing of a lens
169(12)
Lens design
169(1)
Computer aided design
169(1)
Stages of production
170(2)
Special fabrication techniques
172(1)
Diamond machining
172(1)
Electroforming
172(1)
Replication
172(1)
Aspherics
173(1)
Lens-testing routines
173(1)
Workshop testing
173(1)
Batch testing
174(1)
MTF testing routines
174(7)
Determination of lens parameters
174(1)
Contrast measurements and criteria
174(1)
MTF measurement apparatus
175(6)
Evaluation and calibration
181(11)
The need for testing
181(1)
Infinity tests
181(2)
The collimator
181(1)
The autocollimator
182(1)
Star testing
183(1)
Resolution testing
183(2)
Lens-testing charts
183(1)
Test target design
184(1)
The Sayce chart
184(1)
Testing by projection
185(1)
Camera lenses
185(1)
Video diascope projector
185(1)
Slide projectors and enlargers
185(1)
Cine projectors
186(1)
Test charts for video systems
186(1)
Field testing
186(1)
Camera calibration
186(3)
Principal point location
186(2)
Principal distance
188(1)
Laboratory methods
189(1)
MTF testing
189(3)
Focusing an optical system
192(9)
Sharp focus
192(1)
Photographic space
192(1)
Image sharpness
192(1)
Geometry of focusing
192(1)
Mechanical arrangements
193(1)
Fixed focus
193(1)
Symbol focusing
194(1)
Unit focusing
194(1)
Optical methods
194(3)
Supplementary lenses
194(1)
Front cell focusing
195(1)
Internal focusing
195(1)
Apodization filter
196(1)
Close focusing
197(1)
Photographic focusing
198(1)
Focusing with non-visible radiations
198(1)
Photographic focus calibration
198(1)
Image sharpness meter
199(2)
Autofocus and focus maintenance methods
201(14)
Operational needs
201(1)
Autofocus enlargers
201(1)
Cam systems
201(1)
Inverter systems
201(1)
Slide projection
202(1)
Autofocus cameras
203(5)
Ranging systems
203(2)
Image contrast measurement
205(2)
Exit pupil measurements
207(1)
Autofocus by phase detection
208(7)
Phase detection
208(1)
Principles
208(2)
The autofocus module
210(1)
Detector arrays
211(1)
Autofocus flash assist
212(1)
Additional AF functions
213(2)
Depth of field and depth of focus
215(19)
Depth of field parameters
215(2)
Sharpness
215(1)
Visual acuity
215(1)
Circle of confusion
216(1)
Depth of field equations
217(3)
Derivation of equations
217(3)
Distribution of depth of field
220(1)
Depth of field in practice
220(2)
Departures from theory
220(1)
Hyperfocal distance
221(1)
Estimating depth of field
222(1)
Close-up depth of field
222(2)
Equations
222(1)
Background sharpness
223(1)
Immersion techniques
223(1)
Holographic techniques
223(1)
Depth of focus
224(3)
Equations
224(1)
Relationship to depth of field
224(1)
Practical considerations
224(2)
Image surface considerations
226(1)
Electron microscopy
227(1)
Use of movements
227(1)
Depth of field scales, displays and calculators
228(3)
Scales
228(2)
Calculators
230(1)
DOF calculators for large format cameras
230(1)
Special techniques
231(3)
Aerial image relay system
231(1)
Multi-plane scanning
231(1)
Confocal microscopy
232(2)
Perspective and projection
234(13)
Concepts of perspective
234(4)
Viewpoint
234(1)
Camera viewpoint
235(1)
Viewing distance
236(1)
Perspective distortions
237(1)
Wide-angle perspective
238(1)
Portrait lens perspective
239(1)
Perspective of tilted planes
240(1)
Other perspectives
240(1)
Orthographic perspective
240(1)
Panoramic perspective
241(1)
Projection formulae
241(1)
Lens viewpoint
242(5)
Lens types and properties
Evolution of the photographic lens
247(16)
Introduction
247(1)
Prephotography 1800--1839
247(4)
Optical instruments
247(1)
Optical glass
248(1)
Lens manufacture
248(1)
Lens design
249(1)
The camera obscura
250(1)
The Chevalier Landscape lens
251(1)
Systematic design of lenses
251(1)
The first camera lenses
251(2)
Optics of the Daguerreotype camera
251(1)
Wolcott mirror camera
252(1)
Astigmatic lenses
253(5)
Colour correction
253(1)
Achromatic doublets
253(1)
Orthoscopic lenses
254(1)
The Petzval lens
255(1)
The astigmatic lens
256(2)
Anastigmatic lenses
258(1)
The first anastigmats
258(1)
Symmetrical anastigmats
258(1)
The Cooke triplet
258(1)
Meniscus anastigmats
258(1)
Other types of lenses
259(4)
General properties of a lens
263(17)
Optical properties
263(5)
Focal length
263(1)
Aperture
263(1)
Field of view
264(1)
Format
264(4)
Performance
268(1)
Mechanical properties
268(9)
Configuration data
268(1)
The lens barrel
269(2)
The lens mount
271(4)
Flange focal distance
275(1)
The iris diaphragm
276(1)
Cleaning lens surfaces
277(3)
The standard lens
280(8)
Standard focal length
280(1)
Lens designs
281(2)
Lens limitations
283(1)
Zoom lenses
284(1)
Single use camera lenses
285(3)
Large-aperture lenses
288(6)
Maximum aperture limits
288(1)
Aperture requirements
289(1)
Design features
289(5)
Standard lenses
289(1)
Wide-angle lenses
290(1)
Long focus lenses
290(2)
Catadioptric lenses
292(1)
Image intensifier optics
292(2)
Medium long focus lenses
294(3)
Lens parameters
294(1)
Design types
294(2)
Focusing
296(1)
Extreme long focus lenses
297(5)
Lens parameters
297(1)
Resolving power
297(1)
Lens design
297(1)
Practical considerations
298(2)
Terrestrial telescopes
300(2)
Telephoto and stabilized lenses
302(8)
The telephoto principle
302(1)
Design evolution
302(3)
Early designs
302(1)
Distortion-free types
303(1)
Modern designs
303(2)
Super telephoto designs
305(2)
Refractive lenses
305(1)
Hybrid diffractive lenses
306(1)
Stabilized lenses
307(3)
Camera shake
307(1)
Stabilizing systems
308(2)
Convertible lenses
310(3)
Design principles
310(1)
Design variants
310(3)
Dual focal length
310(1)
Interchangeable front components
311(1)
Convertible telephoto lenses
311(1)
Other possibilities
311(2)
Short focus wide-angle lenses
313(8)
Imaging characteristics
313(4)
Field of view
313(1)
Covering power
314(2)
Distortion
316(1)
Back focal distance
316(1)
Lens designs
317(4)
Retrofocus wide-angle lenses
321(5)
The retrofocus principle
321(1)
Early designs
321(1)
Simple optics
321(1)
Distortion
322(1)
Lens designs
322(4)
Configurations
322(1)
Close focusing
323(3)
The fisheye lens and immersed optics
326(7)
Imaging requirements
326(1)
Design development
326(3)
Design features
329(1)
Fisheye attachments
330(1)
Fisheye projection systems
331(1)
Immersive optics
331(2)
Catoptric systems
333(4)
Mirror optics
333(1)
Imaging properties
333(1)
Single-mirror systems
333(1)
Dual-mirror systems
334(1)
Contemporary designs
334(3)
Catadioptric systems
337(5)
Improvements to mirror systems
337(1)
Schmidt corrector
337(1)
Mangin mirror
337(1)
Bouwers--Maksutov system
338(1)
Unusual designs
338(1)
Design features
339(3)
Imaging characteristics
339(1)
Aperture
340(1)
Focusing
340(2)
Zoom lenses
342(15)
Design principles
342(3)
The zoom concept
342(1)
Two-element systems
342(1)
The afocal zoom variator
342(1)
The relay system
342(2)
The compensator
344(1)
Focusing element
345(1)
Historical development
345(1)
Design features
345(6)
Aberration correction
345(1)
Variable maximum aperture
346(1)
Zoom ratios and ranges
347(2)
Integration of a viewfinder
349(1)
Ergonomics
350(1)
Focusing arrangements
351(2)
Normal range
351(1)
Close focusing range
352(1)
Compact zoom lenses
353(4)
Enlarging lenses
357(7)
Imaging requirements
357(2)
Resolving power
359(1)
Image illumination
360(1)
Enlarging calculations
361(1)
Features of lenses
361(1)
Enlarging lens designs
361(3)
Macro lenses
364(8)
Terminology
364(1)
Imaging requirements
364(2)
Optimum aperture
366(2)
Macro lens designs
368(1)
Medical macro lenses
369(1)
True macro lenses
370(2)
Process lenses
372(5)
Imaging requirements
372(2)
Process cameras
372(1)
Aberration correction
372(1)
Field of view
373(1)
Resolving power and contrast
373(1)
Lens designs
374(3)
Configurations
374(1)
The iris diaphragm
375(1)
Reversing systems
375(2)
Copying lenses
377(5)
Imaging requirements
377(1)
Field topography
377(1)
Subject features
377(1)
Lens design
377(1)
Aperture
377(1)
Other features
378(1)
Contemporary designs
378(4)
Electrophotography
378(1)
CRT displays
379(1)
Relay systems
379(1)
Cine copying
379(1)
Camera lenses
380(2)
High-resolution lenses
382(8)
Resolving power requirements
382(1)
Micro-imaging
382(1)
Theoretical capabilities
382(1)
Constraints on optical designs
383(1)
Imaging geometry
383(1)
Chromatic correction
384(1)
Depth of focus
384(1)
Lens designs
384(6)
Micro-imaging lenses
384(3)
Microdocumentation lenses
387(1)
Optical disc lenses
388(2)
Underwater lenses
390(5)
Environmental considerations
390(1)
Refraction effects
390(2)
Field of view
390(1)
Distortion
391(1)
Corrective systems
392(1)
Dome port
392(1)
Ivanoff corrector
392(1)
Retrofocus systems
392(1)
Water contact lenses
393(2)
Aerial lenses
395(5)
Environmental considerations
395(1)
Lens designs
395(5)
Hand-held cameras
395(1)
Reconnaissance lenses
395(1)
Survey lenses
396(4)
Projection lenses
400(7)
Imaging requirements
400(2)
Magnification
400(1)
Field of view
400(1)
Curvature of field
401(1)
Image orientation
401(1)
Image properties
402(1)
Image photometry
402(1)
Depth of focus
402(1)
Lens types
403(1)
Simple and triplet lenses
403(1)
Petzval lens
403(1)
Double Gauss lens
403(1)
Telephoto and retrofocus
403(1)
Varifocal and zoom lenses
404(1)
PC lenses
404(1)
Lens attachments
404(1)
Zoom attachments
404(1)
Anamorphic attachments
405(1)
Video projection lenses
405(2)
Anamorphic systems
407(5)
Optical requirements
407(1)
Optical design principles
407(3)
Crossed slits
407(1)
Cylindrical systems
408(1)
Prismatic systems
409(1)
Mirror systems
410(1)
Anamorphics in practice
410(2)
Soft focus lenses
412(3)
Imaging requirements
412(1)
Soft focus methods
412(3)
Conventional lenses
412(1)
Perforated diaphragm plates
413(1)
Floating elements
413(2)
Perspective control lenses
415(5)
Imaging requirements
415(2)
Tilt and shift lenses
417(1)
Mechanical arrangements
417(1)
PC projection lenses
418(2)
Ultra-violet lenses
420(3)
Spectral considerations
420(1)
Spectral transmission
420(1)
Chromatic correction
420(1)
Contemporary designs
421(2)
Catoptric systems
421(1)
Dioptric systems
421(2)
Infra-red lenses
423(5)
Spectral considerations
423(1)
Imaging regions
423(1)
Optical materials
423(1)
Contemporary designs
424(4)
Conventional lenses
424(1)
IR corrected lenses
424(1)
Thermal imaging lenses
425(3)
Lenses for cinematography
428(4)
Formats
428(1)
Design requirements
428(1)
Operational requirements
429(1)
8 mm cine lenses
429(1)
16 mm and 35 mm cine lenses
430(2)
Large aperture lenses
430(1)
Wide-angle lenses
430(1)
Zoom and anamorphic lenses
431(1)
Video lenses
432(11)
Video imaging
432(1)
Optical performance
432(1)
Resolving power
432(1)
Format switching
433(1)
Design requirements
433(4)
Mechanical arrangements
433(1)
Colour correction
434(3)
Lens types
437(2)
Zoom lenses
437(1)
Conventional lenses
438(1)
Special purpose lenses
438(1)
Lens attachments
439(4)
Lens attachments and accessories
443(14)
Afocal front converters
443(3)
Principles
443(1)
Telescopic devices
443(1)
Applications
443(3)
Teleconverter devices
446(1)
Principles
446(1)
Performance
447(1)
Attachment of optical systems
447(3)
Microscopes
447(2)
Other devices
449(1)
Supplementary lenses
450(1)
Positive (close-up) lenses
450(1)
Negative lenses
451(1)
Image modification devices
451(2)
Direction sensitive devices
452(1)
Image degradation devices
452(1)
Soft focus attachments
452(1)
Mirror systems
453(4)
Mirrors
453(1)
Beamsplitters and beamspreaders
453(4)
Photographic optical systems
Viewfinder systems
457(7)
Viewfinder functions
457(1)
Human vision
457(3)
Anatomy
457(2)
Refraction
459(1)
Resolution
459(1)
Dark adaptation
459(1)
Flicker
459(1)
Viewfinder properties
460(1)
Magnification
460(1)
Image orientation
460(1)
Aberrations
461(1)
Viewfinder errors
461(1)
Aiming errors
461(1)
Parallax error
462(1)
Interactive viewfinders
462(2)
Direct viewfinder systems
464(7)
The frame finder
464(1)
The brilliant finder
464(1)
The Newton finder
464(1)
The reversed Galilean finder
465(1)
The van Albada finder
466(1)
The universal finder
467(2)
The zoom finder
468(1)
The Kepler finder
468(1)
The universal range-viewfinder
468(1)
The director's viewfinder
468(1)
Viewfinders for autofocus compact cameras
469(2)
Screen viewfinder systems
471(13)
The focusing screen
471(3)
Screen properties
471(2)
Screen variants
473(1)
The screen image
474(1)
The focusing magnifier or loupe
474(1)
Reflex systems
474(3)
Image properties
474(1)
The reflex mirror
475(2)
The pentaprism viewfinder
477(2)
The viewfinder eyepiece
479(3)
Optical principles
479(2)
The focusing telescope
481(1)
Eyepiece dioptric correction
481(1)
Video and LCD viewfinders
482(2)
Viewfinder focusing
484(10)
The human factor
484(1)
Simple focusing systems
484(1)
Focusing by estimation
484(1)
Stadiametric rangefinders
484(1)
Optical coincidence rangefinders
485(3)
Principles
485(1)
Coupled rangefinder
485(2)
Rangefinder accuracy
487(1)
Screen focusing
488(1)
Focusing accuracy
488(1)
Contrast characteristics
489(1)
Special focusing techniques
489(1)
Passive focusing aids
489(5)
The split-image rangefinder
489(1)
Microprism arrays
490(4)
The optics of camera movements
494(11)
Degrees of freedom
494(3)
View camera design
494(1)
Translation movements
494(1)
Rotation movements
495(2)
Lens covering power
497(1)
Extra covering power
497(1)
Displacement limits
497(1)
Shift cameras
498(1)
Control of image sharpness
498(4)
Tilts and swings
498(1)
Limits
499(1)
The Scheimpflug rule or condition
500(1)
Yaw-free movements
501(1)
Control of image shape
502(3)
Optics of systems with moving film
505(9)
Intermittent motion
505(1)
Framing rate
505(1)
Image quality
505(1)
Limitations
506(1)
Continuous motion
506(4)
Image motion compensation
506(1)
The strip camera
507(1)
The streak camera
507(1)
The periphery camera
508(1)
The panoramic camera
508(2)
Rotating prism compensators
510(4)
Image displacement
510(1)
Practical systems
511(3)
Scanning optics
514(8)
Scanning systems
514(3)
Mechanical scanning
514(1)
Rotating mirror systems
514(1)
Nipkov disc system
515(1)
Airborne scanners
516(1)
Film scanning
517(2)
Laser scanning
519(3)
Polygon scanners
519(1)
Scanning lenses
519(1)
Dot generation
520(2)
Optics of close-up photography and photomacrography
522(12)
Magnification and subject area
522(1)
Optical systems
523(4)
Focusing extension
523(1)
Lens reversal
523(2)
Close-up lenses
525(1)
Teleconverter devices
525(1)
Other lenses
526(1)
Framing and focusing
527(1)
Perspective and working distance
527(1)
Depth of field
528(2)
Illumination systems
530(1)
Exposure considerations
531(3)
Optics of copying systems
534(8)
Copying requirements
534(1)
Subject matter
534(1)
Reproduction ratio
534(1)
Fidelity
534(1)
Exposure
535(1)
Illumination of the original
535(3)
Avoidance of reflexes
535(1)
Distribution of illumination
536(2)
Sizing and alignment
538(2)
Accurate size images
538(1)
Alignment
539(1)
Framing
540(1)
Focusing
540(1)
Depth of field
540(1)
Scanning systems
540(2)
Optics of printing systems
542(12)
Fundamentals
542(1)
Magnification
542(1)
Printing density
542(1)
Illumination systems
543(2)
Illuminants
543(1)
Diffuser arrangements
544(1)
Condenser arrangements
544(1)
Design features
545(1)
Negative carrier
545(1)
Filters
545(1)
Printing equipment
546(1)
Enlargers
546(1)
Printers
546(1)
Movie optical printers
547(1)
Digital printers
547(1)
Exposure assessment systems
547(2)
Rectification printing
549(5)
Camera tilt
549(1)
Enlarger easel tilt
549(1)
Combined tilts
550(1)
Full correction
551(1)
Rectification in practice
552(2)
Optics of projection systems
554(19)
The scope of projection
554(1)
Choice of lens
554(1)
Image illumination
554(3)
Self-luminous objects
555(1)
Illuminated opaque objects
556(1)
Trans-illuminated objects
556(1)
Projection systems
557(5)
The episcope
557(1)
The epidiascope
557(1)
The overhead projector
557(1)
The slide projector
558(3)
The 8 mm cine projector
561(1)
The 16 mm cine projector
561(1)
The 35 mm cine projector
562(1)
Projection screens
562(2)
General requirements
562(1)
Optical performance
563(1)
Screen types
564(1)
Rear projection
564(2)
Screen properties
564(1)
Optical screens
565(1)
Image orientation
565(1)
Video screen viewing
565(1)
Backgrounds by front axial projection
566(3)
Imaging geometry
566(1)
Screen properties
567(2)
Video projection
569(4)
Imaging requirements
568(1)
Single lens projection
569(1)
Triple lens projection
569(1)
Light valve systems
569(1)
Digital mirror device (DMD) systems
570(3)
Optics of stereoscopic systems
573(18)
Visual perception of space
573(1)
Depth cues
573(1)
Stereoscopic ability
573(1)
Stereoscopic photography
574(2)
Basic requirements
574(1)
Image parallax
574(1)
Stereo window
575(1)
Transposition
575(1)
Orthostereoscopy
576(4)
Necessary conditions
576(1)
Shape distortion
576(3)
Choice of base
579(1)
Stereo projection
580(2)
Theoretical considerations
580(1)
Image depth control
581(1)
Stereoscopic systems
582(9)
Cameras
582(1)
Cine cameras
583(1)
Mirror stereoscopes
584(1)
Lens stereoscopes
584(2)
Stereo projection
586(1)
Anaglyphs
587(1)
Autostereoscopic systems
588(1)
Video systems
588(1)
Stereophotomicrography
588(3)
Optics of light metering systems
591(11)
Calibration
591(2)
Light meters
593(3)
The photodetector
593(1)
Acceptance angle
594(1)
Spot meters
594(1)
Optical attachments
594(1)
Incident light measurements
595(1)
In-camera metering systems
596(6)
Photocell location
596(2)
Photocell optics
598(1)
Segmented photocells
599(1)
OTF measurements
599(3)
Optics of lighting systems
602(10)
Lighting
602(2)
Attributes
602(1)
Illumination
602(1)
Lighting ratio
602(1)
Shadows
603(1)
Artificial sources
604(1)
Daylight
604(2)
Luminaires
606(2)
Spotlights
606(1)
Floodlights
607(1)
Fibre optic systems
608(1)
Electronic flash
608(4)
Optics of flash units
608(2)
Red eye effects
610(1)
Flash guide number
610(2)
Optics for video systems
612(8)
Video cameras
612(4)
The colour splitter
612(1)
The three-chip camera
613(1)
Aliasing
614(1)
Spatial offset
615(1)
Filter arrays
616(1)
Optical multiplexing
616(2)
Telecine
618(1)
Video disc
618(2)
Optical filters
620(12)
Spectral properties
620(1)
Filter factor
620(1)
Optical quality
620(1)
Filter sizes
621(1)
Focusing
622(1)
Colour filters for photography
622(2)
Black and white photography
622(1)
Colour photography
623(1)
Haze penetration
624(1)
Ultra-violet and infra-red filters
624(2)
Ultra-violet (UV) absorbing filters
624(1)
UV transmission filters
625(1)
Infra-red (IR) absorbing filters
625(1)
IR transmission filters
626(1)
Graduated filters and vignettes
626(1)
Neutral density filters and attenuaters
626(1)
Direction sensitive filters
627(1)
Colour splitter systems
627(1)
Colour-enhancing filters
628(1)
Tunable filters
629(1)
Filters for darkroom use
629(3)
Safelight filters
629(1)
Filters for colour printing
630(1)
Dichroic filters
630(2)
The optics of digital cameras
632(9)
Introduction
632(1)
The photosensor array
632(2)
Lens designs
634(3)
General
634(1)
Formats and resolution
634(1)
Aberration correction
635(1)
Lens configurations
636(1)
Telecentric lenses
637(1)
Relay lens systems
637(1)
Afocal converters
637(1)
Viewfinder systems
637(4)
Index 641


Senior Lecturer in Digital and Photographic Imaging, University of Westminster, photographer and Imaging Consultant.