| Abbreviations |
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xv | |
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xxvii | |
| Alphabetical Table |
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xxvii | |
| Classification According to Countries and Courts |
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xxxv | |
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lvii | |
| Bilateral Treaties |
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lvii | |
| Multilateral Treaties |
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lxii | |
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Table of National Legislation |
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lxvii | |
| Introduction |
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3 | (1) |
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Abolition of Recognition of Governments? |
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3 | (11) |
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Recognition of Governments in Exile |
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14 | (7) |
| Part I. Meanings of Recognition of Governments in International Law |
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Meanings of `Recognition' |
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21 | (23) |
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21 | (2) |
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Indication of Willingness to Enter into Official Relations |
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23 | (6) |
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Manifestation of an Opinion on Legal Status |
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29 | (4) |
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Relationship Between the Two Meanings |
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33 | (11) |
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Recognition and its Variants |
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44 | (71) |
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Variants and their Meanings |
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44 | (5) |
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Early Usage of de facto, Diplomatic, and de jure Recognition: The Recognition of the New States in America |
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49 | (10) |
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Original Meanings of the Variants |
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49 | (5) |
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Reason for the Introduction of the Variants |
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54 | (2) |
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Distinction between de jure Recognition by the Former Sovereign and Recognition by Other States |
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56 | (3) |
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Modern Usage of de facto and de jure Recognition |
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59 | (56) |
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Relationship between de jure/de facto Recognition and Recognition of or as a de jure/de facto Government |
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59 | (6) |
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Meanings of de jure Recognition |
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65 | (12) |
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Meanings of de facto Recognition |
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77 | (12) |
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Use of the Terms `de facto' and `de jure Recognition' |
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89 | (6) |
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Areas of Use of de facto and de jure Recognition |
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95 | (1) |
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Secession, Decolonization, or Partition of States |
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95 | (7) |
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102 | (3) |
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Rival Governments of the Same State |
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105 | (2) |
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Effective Governments of States |
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107 | (1) |
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Meanings of Other Variants |
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108 | (7) |
| Part II. Legal Status of Authorities in Exile Recognized as Governments |
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Preliminary Considerations |
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115 | (2) |
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International Representation |
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117 | (90) |
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117 | (32) |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (12) |
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Limitations upon Treaty-making Competence |
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129 | (7) |
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Rights and Duties under Existing Treaties |
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136 | (6) |
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142 | (7) |
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Foreign Relations and Judicial Proceedings |
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149 | (42) |
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149 | (1) |
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Formal Diplomatic Relations |
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149 | (10) |
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Diplomatic and Consular Missions to States whose Governments are in Exile |
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159 | (6) |
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Status of Diplomatic Agents Following the Government into Exile |
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165 | (3) |
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Severance of Diplomatic Relations and Withdrawal of Recognition Distinguished |
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168 | (5) |
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173 | (1) |
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Representation of Members in Inter-State Forums |
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173 | (11) |
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Admission to Membership of Inter-State Forums |
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184 | (5) |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (11) |
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Access to State Property Abroad |
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191 | (4) |
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The Role of the State of situs |
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195 | (1) |
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The Practice of Freezing Foreign Assets |
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195 | (1) |
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US Legislation: The Edge Act 1941 |
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196 | (1) |
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The Case of Panamanian Property in the United States |
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196 | (3) |
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Succession to Property Abroad Controlled by Authorities in Exile |
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199 | (3) |
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202 | (5) |
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207 | (44) |
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207 | (1) |
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Exercise of Jurisdiction in the Host State |
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208 | (10) |
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Existence of Jurisdiction |
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208 | (7) |
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Consent of the Host State |
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215 | (3) |
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218 | (20) |
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Legislative Authority Inside National Territory |
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219 | (1) |
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National Territory under Belligerent Occupation |
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219 | (8) |
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National Territory under Control of a de facto Government |
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227 | (4) |
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Extraterritorial Legislative Authority |
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231 | (7) |
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238 | (5) |
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Recognition and Enforcement of Legislation in Exile by Foreign Courts |
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243 | (8) |
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243 | (3) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (3) |
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Privileges and Immunities |
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251 | (18) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (6) |
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Jurisdictional Immunities |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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Action against a Third Party |
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255 | (1) |
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Inviolability of Seat of Government in Exile |
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256 | (2) |
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Individual Members of the Government in Exile and its Army |
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258 | (11) |
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General Principle: Qui in territorio meo est, etiam meus subditus est |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (2) |
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Members of Government and Senior Staff |
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261 | (5) |
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Junior and Subordinate Staff |
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266 | (1) |
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Members of the Armed Forces of the Government in Exile |
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267 | (2) |
| Conclusion |
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269 | (6) |
| Appendices |
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275 | (68) |
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I. Questionnaire on the Recognition of Governments and Answers Received |
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275 | (11) |
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II. Authorities in Exile Claiming to be `Governments': Profiles |
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286 | (32) |
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III. List of Treaties Concluded by Authorities in Exile Recognized as Governments |
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318 | (25) |
| Bibliography |
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343 | (32) |
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343 | (24) |
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Sources of State Practice |
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367 | (8) |
| Index |
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375 | |