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xxvii | |
| Abbreviations and acronyms |
|
xxix | |
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1 | (160) |
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5 | (3) |
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8 | (47) |
|
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8 | (1) |
|
Innate and adaptive immunity |
|
|
8 | (1) |
|
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|
8 | (8) |
|
Innate-adaptive immune interactions |
|
|
16 | (2) |
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18 | (5) |
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23 | (3) |
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26 | (3) |
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Clusters of differentiation and monoclonal antibodies |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (4) |
|
Cytokines, chemokines, and signalling |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (1) |
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Central and peripheral lymphoid organs; lymphocyte recirculation |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (4) |
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44 | (2) |
|
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46 | (1) |
|
Secondary lymphoid organs |
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47 | (1) |
|
Lymphatic network; recirculation pathways |
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47 | (2) |
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49 | (2) |
|
Immunogens, antigens, and adjuvants |
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51 | (1) |
|
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51 | (1) |
|
Concept of complementarity |
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52 | (1) |
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T cell requirement for optimal B cell response |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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53 | (2) |
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Recognition elements, cells, and receptors in adaptive immunity |
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55 | (25) |
|
Major histocompatibility complex |
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55 | (1) |
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Structure, location, and function |
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55 | (4) |
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MHC and disease associations |
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59 | (1) |
|
Antigen processing and presentation: adhesion molecules and costimulation |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Extracellular pathogens and antigens |
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61 | (1) |
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Intracellular pathogens and antigens |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Essential signalling (1, 2, and 3) |
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63 | (2) |
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Costimulation and adhesion molecules |
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65 | (3) |
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T cells, receptors, and effectors: CD4+ Th1, Th2 and Th17; CD4+ Tregs and CD8+ CTLs |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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T cell effectors: CD4+/CD8+ subsets |
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69 | (4) |
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T cell effectors: CD4+ Tregs |
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73 | (1) |
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B cells, receptors, and antibodies |
|
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (3) |
|
Immunoglobulins and antibodies |
|
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76 | (3) |
|
Primary and secondary antibody responses |
|
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79 | (1) |
|
Recognition events and functionality of the integrated immune system in vivo |
|
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80 | (8) |
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80 | (1) |
|
Antigen entry and responses via the natural portal of the GIT |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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Mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue |
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83 | (1) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (2) |
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Parental injection of antigen |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (1) |
|
Physiological benefits of the effector immune response |
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88 | (20) |
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88 | (1) |
|
Complement system of proteins |
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89 | (6) |
|
Effector cells and receptors |
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95 | (1) |
|
CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effectors |
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95 | (5) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (1) |
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102 | (2) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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Vaccines at the extremes of life |
|
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107 | (1) |
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Immune regulation and modulation |
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108 | (21) |
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108 | (1) |
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Immune regulation and innate immunity |
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109 | (2) |
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111 | (1) |
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111 | (4) |
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115 | (1) |
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Immune tolerance: central and peripheral tolerance |
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116 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Central tolerance for T and B lymphocytes |
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117 | (1) |
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Peripheral tolerance for T and B lymphocytes |
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118 | (1) |
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Activation-induced cell death |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Genetic factors in autoimmunity |
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119 | (4) |
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Hormonal and environmental factors in autoimmunity |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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123 | (1) |
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Autoimmunity and epigenomics |
|
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (1) |
|
Autoimmunity: re-establishing homeostatic regulation |
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125 | (1) |
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Neuroimmunology: integration and interactivity |
|
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126 | (2) |
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Neuroimmunology: pathological disturbances |
|
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
|
Immunopathology and tissue damage, immune deficiency and immunotherapeutics |
|
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129 | (10) |
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Immunopathological processes: hypersensitivity (types I-IV) and tissue damage |
|
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129 | (1) |
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Mechanisms underlying the hypersensitivity reactions |
|
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
|
Type III hypersensitivity |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (1) |
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Case study of latex allergy |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (2) |
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Allergy, immunotherapy, and new vaccines |
|
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137 | (2) |
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Primary (congenital) and secondary (acquired) immune deficiencies (including HIV/AIDS) |
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139 | (2) |
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Innate and adaptive immune systems |
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139 | (2) |
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Acquired (secondary) immune deficiencies |
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141 | (1) |
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HIV, AIDS, and the surgeon |
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141 | (10) |
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141 | (4) |
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Epidemiology and transmission of HIV infection and treatment strategies |
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145 | (2) |
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147 | (1) |
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Serum antibodies in HIV/AIDS |
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148 | (1) |
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HIV/AIDS and surgical practice |
|
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148 | (2) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
|
Monoclonals and other biological therapies (including immunoglobulin replacement) |
|
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151 | (10) |
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151 | (4) |
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155 | (1) |
|
Soluble receptor constructs |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Polyclonal immunoglobulin replacement therapy |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
References and further reading |
|
|
157 | (4) |
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2 Trauma and tissue injury |
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161 | (38) |
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Host defences and the metabolic response to injury |
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161 | (6) |
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161 | (1) |
|
Trauma and multiple organ failure |
|
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162 | (2) |
|
Multiple organ failure and mesenteric lymph |
|
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164 | (3) |
|
Host defences and the critical care setting |
|
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167 | (6) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
|
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169 | (1) |
|
Pattern recognition receptors |
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|
170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (5) |
|
Haemostasis and fibrinolysis |
|
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173 | (1) |
|
Acute coagulopathy of trauma |
|
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174 | (1) |
|
Coagulation and the immune system |
|
|
175 | (2) |
|
Transfusion-related acute lung injury |
|
|
177 | (1) |
|
Host defences and the metabolic response to injury in children |
|
|
178 | (3) |
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|
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178 | (1) |
|
Development of the immune system |
|
|
179 | (1) |
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Injury-induced inflammation in children |
|
|
180 | (1) |
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Therapeutic modulation of host defences |
|
|
181 | (3) |
|
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|
181 | (1) |
|
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181 | (1) |
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182 | (1) |
|
Enhancement of the immune system |
|
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183 | (1) |
|
|
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183 | (1) |
|
Human recombinant granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh-G-CSF) |
|
|
183 | (1) |
|
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (14) |
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3 Transplantation immunology |
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|
199 | (38) |
|
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200 | (1) |
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Introduction and historical perspective |
|
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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Tissues and histocompatibility |
|
|
201 | (8) |
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201 | (3) |
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Immunological considerations in organ transplantation |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (3) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Immunology of transplant rejection |
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209 | (10) |
|
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209 | (1) |
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Contribution of innate immunity |
|
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209 | (2) |
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Allorecognition: direct and indirect pathways |
|
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211 | (4) |
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Initiation and amplification of the alloimmune response |
|
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215 | (1) |
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Effector mechanisms: cellular and humoral responses |
|
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216 | (2) |
|
Privileged sites, immunoisolation |
|
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218 | (1) |
|
Clinical patterns of rejection |
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219 | (3) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (2) |
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Acute cellular and humoral rejection |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Immunosuppressive therapy |
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222 | (5) |
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222 | (1) |
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Calcineurin blockers: ciclosporin and tacrolimus |
|
|
222 | (1) |
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Antiproliferative agents: azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil |
|
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
|
mTOR inhibitors: sirolimus and everolimus |
|
|
224 | (1) |
|
Biological agents: anti-CD3, anti-CD25, anti-CD20 |
|
|
225 | (2) |
|
Induction and maintenance immunosuppression; treatment of acute rejection |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
Complications of nonspecific immunosuppression |
|
|
227 | (2) |
|
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|
227 | (1) |
|
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|
227 | (1) |
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|
228 | (1) |
|
Cardiovascular disease and diabetes |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
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|
229 | (1) |
|
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230 | (3) |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
|
4 Cancer and the immune response |
|
|
237 | (66) |
|
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|
240 | (1) |
|
Immune surveillance and host responses in cancer |
|
|
241 | (16) |
|
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|
241 | (1) |
|
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|
242 | (1) |
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|
242 | (1) |
|
Spontaneous tumour development in immunodeficient mice |
|
|
242 | (2) |
|
Inflammation and carcinogenesis |
|
|
244 | (1) |
|
Experimental carcinogenesis in immunodeficient mice |
|
|
245 | (3) |
|
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes and role of T regulatory cells |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
Tumour-infiltrating macrophages |
|
|
249 | (2) |
|
Multiple myeloma; natural progression |
|
|
251 | (1) |
|
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|
251 | (1) |
|
Immunocompromised patients |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
The modern concept of immunoediting |
|
|
252 | (1) |
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|
252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
|
Failure of cancer immune editing and immune escape |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Tumour resistance to host defences and growth promotion |
|
|
254 | (1) |
|
Reduced/absent immunogenicity of the tumour |
|
|
255 | (1) |
|
Impairment of anticancer host defences by the tumour |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
Tumour microenvironment: role of TGF-β |
|
|
256 | (1) |
|
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|
256 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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|
257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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|
257 | (3) |
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|
257 | (1) |
|
Repertoire of tumour antigens |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Products of mutated oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Tumour-specific expressed cellular proteins |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
Tumour antigens produced by oncogenic viruses |
|
|
258 | (1) |
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Altered cell surface glycolipids and glycoproteins |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Cell-type-specific differentiation antigens |
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
Cancer and cellular immune mechanisms: innate and adaptive |
|
|
260 | (7) |
|
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|
260 | (1) |
|
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|
261 | (1) |
|
Antigen-specific T cells (human vaccination) |
|
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262 | (1) |
|
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262 | (4) |
|
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|
266 | (1) |
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|
266 | (1) |
|
Cancer and humoral immune mechanisms |
|
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267 | (3) |
|
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|
267 | (1) |
|
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268 | (1) |
|
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|
268 | (1) |
|
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269 | (1) |
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|
270 | (4) |
|
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|
270 | (1) |
|
TAMs, migration, and invasion |
|
|
271 | (1) |
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|
272 | (1) |
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|
272 | (2) |
|
Nonsurgical treatment and host defences |
|
|
274 | (1) |
|
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|
274 | (1) |
|
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|
274 | (1) |
|
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|
274 | (1) |
|
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|
275 | (1) |
|
Immunotherapy in malignant disease |
|
|
275 | (6) |
|
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|
275 | (1) |
|
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|
275 | (1) |
|
Adoptive cellular transfer |
|
|
275 | (1) |
|
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|
276 | (1) |
|
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|
276 | (1) |
|
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|
276 | (1) |
|
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277 | (1) |
|
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|
278 | (1) |
|
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|
278 | (1) |
|
Recombinant live viral vectors for gene transfer |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
DNA and RNA plasmid vaccines |
|
|
279 | (1) |
|
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|
279 | (1) |
|
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280 | (1) |
|
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281 | (2) |
|
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|
281 | (1) |
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|
281 | (1) |
|
Role of hormones (leptin) |
|
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282 | (1) |
|
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|
282 | (1) |
|
Agents affecting appetite |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Agents affecting cachectic mediators or signalling pathways |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
Psychoneuroimmunological aspects of cancer |
|
|
283 | (3) |
|
Psychosocial and psychiatric morbidity |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Effects of stress on the immune system |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
Effects of psychosocial and related interventions on host defences |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
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|
285 | (1) |
|
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|
286 | (1) |
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|
286 | (17) |
|
5 Sepsis and the immune response |
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303 | (40) |
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|
|
|
Background and basic concepts in sepsis |
|
|
304 | (2) |
|
Innate immunity and sepsis |
|
|
306 | (11) |
|
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Innate immune response in sepsis |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
Pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators in sepsis |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
|
|
308 | (2) |
|
Complement and coagulation cascade |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Defensins and antimicrobial peptides |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Cellular components of innate immune response in sepsis |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Monocytes and macrophages |
|
|
312 | (2) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Innate regulatory γδ T and NK T cells |
|
|
315 | (2) |
|
Nonprofessional immune cell effectors |
|
|
317 | (1) |
|
Adaptive immune response in sepsis |
|
|
317 | (3) |
|
|
|
317 | (2) |
|
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
Pathogenesis of septic shock and multiple organ failure |
|
|
320 | (3) |
|
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Multiple organ failure and mortality as a result of hyperinflammation |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Multiple organ failure and mortality as a result of hypoinflammation |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Multiple organ failure and mortality as a result of dysfunctional regulation of apoptosis |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
Predispositional components |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
Haemodynamic and vascular dysfunction in sepsis |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Disseminated intravascular coagulation |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
Neuroimmune regulation of the septic response |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
Neuroendocrine-immune regulation |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Experimental models of sepsis (acute versus chronic) |
|
|
326 | (2) |
|
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Endotoxin and superantigen (exotoxin) challenge |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Monospecific microbial challenge |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Peritoneal cavity inoculation with faecal material |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Pulmonary infection and sepsis |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
Caecal ligation and puncture |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
GIT or colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
Treatment strategies for sepsis |
|
|
328 | (5) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
Unintentional immunomodulation of other ICU care and medications |
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
332 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (1) |
|
|
|
333 | (10) |
|
|
|
343 | (36) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein-energy malnutrition and the immune system |
|
|
344 | (1) |
|
Obesity and the immune system |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
Probiotics and prebiotics |
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
|
|
346 | (2) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (4) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
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|
349 | (1) |
|
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|
350 | (1) |
|
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|
350 | (1) |
|
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|
351 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (5) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (2) |
|
Branched chain amino acids |
|
|
355 | (1) |
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Methionine and cysteine (sulphur amino acids) |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (10) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (3) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (4) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (6) |
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7 Therapy and host defences |
|
|
379 | (24) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (5) |
|
Immunosuppressive aspects of surgery |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Stress response to surgery |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Immunosuppressive aspects of blood transfusion |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Immunosuppressive aspects of anaesthetic agents and drugs |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
General anaesthetic agents |
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
Monocyte and macrophage dysfunction |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Natural killer cell dysfunction |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
T and B lymphocyte dysfunction |
|
|
385 | (1) |
|
Regional and local anaesthetic agents |
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Chemotherapy, corticosteroids, radiotherapy, and hormonal therapy |
|
|
386 | (4) |
|
|
|
386 | (1) |
|
Immune modulation by chemotherapy |
|
|
386 | (2) |
|
Immune modulation by corticosteroids |
|
|
388 | (1) |
|
Immune modulation by radiotherapy |
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
Immune modulation by hormonal therapy |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Immune-enhancing cytokine therapy |
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha |
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
Monoclonal antibodies and small molecule inhibitors |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (8) |
|
8 Autoimmune disease and inflammatory disorders |
|
|
403 | (26) |
|
|
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
Organ-specific autoimmunity |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
|
|
406 | (2) |
|
Gastric autoimmunity and pernicious anaemia |
|
|
408 | (1) |
|
Systemic (non-organ-specific) autoimmunity |
|
|
408 | (9) |
|
Rheumatoid arthritis and seronegative arthritides |
|
|
409 | (1) |
|
Systemic lupus erythematosus and antiphospholipid syndrome |
|
|
410 | (2) |
|
Paediatric chronic arthritis |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome |
|
|
412 | (1) |
|
Wegener's granulomatous disease and Churg-Strauss syndrome |
|
|
413 | (1) |
|
Overview of autoantibodies in clinical practice |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
Paraneoplastic syndromes and autoimmunity |
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Gastrointestinal and inflammatory diseases |
|
|
417 | (6) |
|
|
|
417 | (3) |
|
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis |
|
|
420 | (3) |
|
Autoinflammatory diseases |
|
|
423 | (2) |
|
Surgical interventions and autoimmune inflammation |
|
|
425 | (1) |
|
|
|
426 | (1) |
|
|
|
427 | (2) |
|
9 Principles of immunological assays and molecular technologies |
|
|
429 | (44) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
|
|
430 | (6) |
|
|
|
430 | (1) |
|
Principles of techniques and monoclonal antibodies |
|
|
431 | (1) |
|
Immunohistochemical techniques |
|
|
431 | (2) |
|
|
|
433 | (2) |
|
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Tumour marker assays in laboratory practice |
|
|
435 | (1) |
|
Assessment of immune responsiveness |
|
|
436 | (20) |
|
Cellular immunity (adaptive and innate) |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
Quantitative and qualitative analysis |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
In vitro functional assays |
|
|
439 | (3) |
|
In vivo assays of CMI-DTH skin test |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Assessment of neutrophils and monocytes |
|
|
442 | (1) |
|
Assays of phagocyte cell function |
|
|
442 | (2) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Qualitative and quantitative immunoglobulin assays |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Qualitative investigations |
|
|
445 | (1) |
|
Quantitative investigations |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Functional antibody tests |
|
|
446 | (1) |
|
Antibodies to microorganisms |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
Antibodies to nonreplicating antigens detected in allergy |
|
|
447 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
|
|
449 | (2) |
|
Flow cytometry: current practice and future developments |
|
|
451 | (5) |
|
Detection of autoantibodies |
|
|
456 | (6) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
Immunofluorescence techniques |
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
456 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
Multiplex and planar assays |
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
458 | (1) |
|
|
|
459 | (2) |
|
Antibodies and protein microarrays |
|
|
461 | (1) |
|
|
|
462 | (4) |
|
|
|
462 | (1) |
|
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (1) |
|
Principles of newer molecular technologies and therapeutic approaches |
|
|
466 | (5) |
|
Genome-wide association studies |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
Bioinformatics and systems biology in medicine |
|
|
467 | (2) |
|
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
|
|
472 | (1) |
| Glossary |
|
473 | (16) |
| Index |
|
489 | |