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E-raamat: Sewer Processes: Microbial and Chemical Process Engineering of Sewer Networks, Second Edition 2nd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Aalborg University, Denmark), (Aalborg University, Denmark), (Aalborg University, Denmark)
  • Formaat: 400 pages, 56 Tables, black and white; 108 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429110986
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Sewer Processes: Microbial and Chemical Process Engineering of Sewer Networks, Second Edition 2nd editionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 400 pages, 56 Tables, black and white; 108 Illustrations, black and white
  • Ilmumisaeg: 23-Apr-2013
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9780429110986
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429110986
This extensively revised and updated second edition presents major revisions of several chapters, reflecting the theoretical and practical knowledge that has been gained since the publication of the previous edition a decade ago. In addition, it supplies new chapters on advanced modeling of sewer processes and gas phase control. It also includes greatly expanded coverage of odor formation and prediction, as well as of concrete corrosion caused by hydrogen sulfide. The book is written for graduate students, researchers, and industry professionals-- Since the first edition was published over a decade ago, advancements have been made in the design, operation, and maintenance of sewer systems, and new problems have emerged. For example, sewer processes are now integrated in computer models, and simultaneously, odor and corrosion problems caused by hydrogen sulfide and other volatile organic compounds, as well as other potential health issues, have caused environmental concerns to rise. Reflecting the most current developments, Sewer Processes: Microbial and Chemical Process Engineering of Sewer Networks, Second Edition, offers the reader updated and valuable information on the sewer as a chemical and biological reactor. It focuses on how to predict critical impacts and control adverse effects. It also provides an integrated description of sewer processes in modeling terms. This second edition is full of illustrative examples and figures, includes revisions of chapters from the previous edition, adds three new chapters, and presents extensive study questions.Presents new modeling tools for the design and operation of sewer networks Establishes sewer processes as a key element in preserving water qualityIncludes greatly expanded coverage of odor formation and predictionDetails the WATS sewer process modelHighlights the importance of aerobic, anoxic, and anaerobic processesSewer Processes: Microbial and Chemical Process Engineering of Sewer Networks, Second Edition, provides a basis for up-to-date understanding and modeling of sewer microbial and chemical processes and demonstrates how this knowledge can be applied for the design, operation, and the maintenance of wastewater collection systems. The authors add chemical and microbial dimensions to the design and management of sewer networks with an overall aim of improved sustainability for the system itself and the surrounding environment.
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Authors xix
Chapter 1 Sewer Systems and Processes
1(24)
1.1 Introduction and Purpose
1(3)
1.2 Sewer Developments in a Historical Perspective
4(5)
1.2.1 Early Days of Sewers
4(1)
1.2.2 Sewers in Ancient Rome
5(1)
1.2.3 Sewers in Middle Ages
5(1)
1.2.4 Sewer Network of Today under Development
6(1)
1.2.5 Sanitation: Hygienic Aspects of Sewers
6(1)
1.2.6 Sewer and Its Adjacent Environment
7(1)
1.2.7 Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewers
8(1)
1.2.8 Final Comments
9(1)
1.3 Types and Performance of Sewer Networks
9(3)
1.3.1 Type of Sewage Collected
10(1)
1.3.2 Transport Mode of Sewage Collected
10(1)
1.3.3 Size and Function of Sewer
10(2)
1.4 Sewer as a Reactor for Chemical and Microbial Processes
12(3)
1.5 Water and Mass Transport in Sewers
15(7)
1.5.1 Advection, Diffusion, and Dispersion
16(1)
1.5.1.1 Advection
16(1)
1.5.1.2 Molecular Diffusion
17(1)
1.5.1.3 Dispersion
18(1)
1.5.2 Hydraulics of Sewers
18(3)
1.5.3 Mass Transport in Sewers
21(1)
1.6 Sewer Process Approach
22(3)
References
23(2)
Chapter 2 In-Sewer Chemical and Physicochemical Processes
25(50)
2.1 Redox Reactions
26(21)
2.1.1 Chemical Equilibrium and Potential for Reaction
26(3)
2.1.2 Redox Reactions in Sewers
29(2)
2.1.3 Redox Reactions and Thermodynamics
31(1)
2.1.3.1 Nature of Redox Reactions
31(1)
2.1.3.2 Redox Reactions and Thermodynamics
32(4)
2.1.3.3 Redox Reactions and Phase Changes
36(2)
2.1.4 Stoichiometry of Redox Reactions
38(1)
2.1.4.1 Oxidation Level
39(4)
2.1.4.2 Electron Equivalent of a Redox Reaction
43(1)
2.1.4.3 Balancing of Redox Reactions
43(4)
2.2 Kinetics of Microbiological Systems
47(12)
2.2.1 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions
48(1)
2.2.1.1 Zero-Order Reaction
48(1)
2.2.1.2 First-Order Reaction
49(1)
2.2.1.3 n-Order Reactions
50(1)
2.2.1.4 Growth Limitation Kinetics
50(4)
2.2.2 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Reactions
54(1)
2.2.2.1 Biofilms and Biofilm Kinetics
54(4)
2.2.2.2 Kinetics of Hydrolysis
58(1)
2.3 Temperature Dependency of Microbial, Chemical, and Physicochemical Processes
59(2)
2.4 Acid--Base Chemistry in Sewers
61(8)
2.4.1 Carbonate System
61(2)
2.4.1.1 Air--Water Equilibrium
63(1)
2.4.1.2 Water Phase Equilibria
63(1)
2.4.1.3 Water--Solid Equilibrium
64(1)
2.4.1.4 General Physicochemical Expressions
64(1)
2.4.2 Alkalinity and Buffer Systems
65(4)
2.5 Iron and Other Heavy Metals in Sewers
69(6)
2.5.1 Speciation of Iron and Sulfide
69(1)
2.5.2 Sulfide Control by Addition of Iron Salts
70(2)
2.5.3 Metals in Sewer Biofilms
72(1)
References
72(3)
Chapter 3 Microbiology in Sewer Networks
75(34)
3.1 Wastewater: Sources, Flows, and Constituents
75(8)
3.1.1 Sources and Flows of Wastewater
76(1)
3.1.2 Wastewater Quality
77(1)
3.1.3 An Overview of the Microbial System in Wastewater of Sewers
78(5)
3.2 Microbial Reactions and Quality of Substrate
83(26)
3.2.1 Aerobic and Anoxic Microbial Processes
83(1)
3.2.2 Anaerobic Microbial Processes
84(4)
3.2.3 Microbial Uptake of Substrate and Hydrolysis
88(1)
3.2.4 Particulate and Soluble Substrate
89(1)
3.2.5 Organic Constituents in Wastewater of Sewer Networks
90(5)
3.2.6 Wastewater Compounds as Model Parameters
95(4)
3.2.7 Biofilm Characteristics and Interactions with the Bulk Water Phase
99(3)
3.2.8 Sewer Sediment Characteristics and Processes
102(1)
3.2.8.1 Physical Characteristics and Processes
102(1)
3.2.8.2 Chemical Characteristics
103(1)
3.2.8.3 Microbial Characteristics and Processes
103(2)
References
105(4)
Chapter 4 Sewer Atmosphere: Odor and Air--Water Equilibrium and Dynamics
109(58)
4.1 Air--Water Equilibrium
111(12)
4.1.1 Basic Characteristics of the Air--Water Equilibrium
111(1)
4.1.1.1 Descriptors for Volatile Substances at the Air--Water Interface
111(2)
4.1.1.2 Partitioning Coefficient
113(1)
4.1.1.3 Relative Volatility
114(1)
4.1.2 Henry's Law
114(1)
4.1.2.1 Formulation of Henry's Law
114(4)
4.1.2.2 Temperature Dependency of Henry's Law Constant
118(1)
4.1.3 Water--Air Equilibrium for Dissociated Substances
119(4)
4.2 Air--Water Transport Processes
123(8)
4.2.1 Overview of Theoretical Approaches
123(1)
4.2.2 Two-Film Theory
123(1)
4.2.2.1 Expressions for Mass Transfer across Air--Water Interface
124(2)
4.2.2.2 Molecular Diffusion at the Air--Water Interface
126(2)
4.2.2.3 General Characteristics of Air--Water Mass Transfer Coefficients
128(3)
4.3 Sewer Atmosphere and Its Surroundings
131(15)
4.3.1 Odors: Properties and Characteristics
132(3)
4.3.2 Occurrence of Volatile Substances in Sewer Atmosphere
135(3)
4.3.3 Odorous, Corroding, and Toxic Substances in Sewers
138(3)
4.3.4 Air Movement and Ventilation in Sewers
141(1)
4.3.4.1 Ventilation
141(2)
4.3.4.2 Air Movement and Wastewater Drag
143(1)
4.3.4.3 Experimental Techniques for Monitoring Air Movement and Ventilation
144(1)
4.3.5 Odor and Health Problems of Volatile Compounds in Sewers
144(2)
4.3.6 Odorous Substances in the Urban Atmosphere
146(1)
4.4 Reaeration in Sewer Networks and Its Role in Predicting Air--Water Mass Transfer
146(9)
4.4.1 Solubility of Oxygen
147(1)
4.4.2 Empirical Models for Air--Water Oxygen Transfer in Sewer Pipes
148(2)
4.4.3 Mass Transfer Rates for Volatile Substances Relative to Reaeration Rate
150(1)
4.4.4 Air--Water Mass Transfer at Sewer Falls and Drops
151(1)
4.4.4.1 Mass Transfer at Sewer Falls and Drops
152(1)
4.4.4.2 Reaeration at Sewer Falls and Drops
153(2)
4.5 Acid--Base Characteristics of Wastewater in Sewers: Buffers and Phase Exchanges
155(12)
4.5.1 Buffer Systems in Wastewater of Sewers
155(4)
4.5.2 Impacts of Volatile Substances on pH of Wastewater
159(2)
4.5.3 Water--Solid Interactions and Impacts on pH Value
161(1)
4.5.4 Final Comments
161(1)
References
162(5)
Chapter 5 Aerobic and Anoxic Sewer Processes: Transformations of Organic Carbon, Sulfur, and Nitrogen
167(48)
5.1 Aerobic, Heterotrophic Microbial Transformations in Sewers
167(2)
5.2 Illustration of Aerobic Transformations in Sewers
169(4)
5.2 A Concept for Aerobic Transformations of Wastewater in Sewers
173(9)
5.2.1 Conceptual Basis for Aerobic Sewer Processes
173(2)
5.2.2 A Concept for Microbial Transformations in Sewers
175(7)
5.3 Formulation in Mathematical Terms of Aerobic Heterotrophic Processes in Sewers
182(7)
5.3.1 Expressions for Sewer Processes: Options and Constraints
182(1)
5.3.2 Mathematical Expressions for Aerobic, Heterotrophic Processes in Sewers
183(1)
5.3.2.1 Heterotrophic Growth of Suspended Biomass and Growth-Related Oxygen Consumption
183(1)
5.3.2.2 Maintenance Energy Requirement of Suspended Biomass
184(1)
5.3.2.3 Heterotrophic Growth and Respiration of Sewer Biofilms
184(3)
5.3.2.4 Hydrolysis
187(2)
5.3.2.5 Final Comments
189(1)
5.4 DO Mass Balances and Variations in Gravity Sewers
189(6)
5.5 Aerobic Sulfide Oxidation
195(6)
5.5.1 Sulfide Oxidation in Wastewater of Sewers
195(1)
5.5.1.1 Stoichiometry of Sulfide Oxidation
196(1)
5.5.1.2 Kinetics of Sulfide Oxidation in Wastewater
196(3)
5.5.1.3 Sulfide Oxidation under Field Conditions
199(1)
5.5.2 Sulfide Oxidation in Sewer Biofilms
200(1)
5.6 Anoxic Transformations in Sewers
201(14)
5.6.1 Relations between Anoxic and Aerobic Sewer
Processes
201(2)
5.6.2 Anoxic Transformations in the Water Phase
203(1)
5.6.2.1 Heterotrophic Anoxic Processes
203(2)
5.6.2.2 Autotrophic Anoxic Sulfide Oxidation
205(1)
5.6.3 Anoxic Heterotrophic Transformations in
Biofilms
206(1)
5.6.4 Prediction of Nitrate Removal under Anoxic
Conditions
206(1)
5.6.5 Concept for Heterotrophic Anoxic Transformations
207(3)
References
210(5)
Chapter 6 Anaerobic Sewer Processes: Hydrogen Sulfide and Organic Matter Transformations
215(42)
6.1 Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewers: A Worldwide Occurring Problem
216(1)
6.2 Overview of Basic Knowledge on Sulfur-Related Processes
217(1)
6.3 Introduction to Hydrogen Sulfide in Sewer Networks
218(7)
6.3.1 Basic Principles of Sulfur Cycle in Sewers
218(2)
6.3.2 Basic Aspects and Stoichiometry of Hydrogen Sulfide Formation
220(1)
6.3.3 Conditions Affecting Formation and Buildup of Sulfide
221(1)
6.3.3.1 Sulfate
222(1)
6.3.3.2 Quality and Quantity of Biodegradable Organic Matter
223(1)
6.3.3.3 Temperature
223(1)
6.3.3.4 pH
223(1)
6.3.3.5 Area/Volume Ratio of Sewer Pipes
223(1)
6.3.3.6 Flow Velocity
224(1)
6.3.3.7 Anaerobic Residence Time
225(1)
6.4 Predicting Models for Sulfide Formation
225(13)
6.4.1 Sulfide as a Sewer Phenomenon: 1900--1940
225(1)
6.4.2 Toward a New Understanding of Sulfide in Sewers: 1940--1945
226(2)
6.4.3 Empirical Sulfide Prediction and Effect Models: 1945--1995
228(1)
6.4.3.1 Type I Sulfide Prediction Models
229(2)
6.4.3.2 Type II Sulfide Prediction Models
231(7)
6.5 Sulfide-Induced Corrosion of Concrete Sewers
238(7)
6.5.1 Concrete Corrosion as a Sewer Process Phenomenon
239(2)
6.5.2 Prediction of Hydrogen Sulfide-Induced Corrosion
241(1)
6.5.2.1 Traditional Approach of Predicting Concrete Corrosion
241(1)
6.5.2.2 A Process-Related Approach for Prediction of Concrete Corrosion
242(3)
6.6 Metal Corrosion and Treatment Plant Impacts
245(1)
6.7 Anaerobic Microbial Transformations in Sewers
245(7)
6.7.1 Anaerobic Transformations of Organic Matter in Sewers
246(3)
6.7.2 Conceptual Formulations of Central Anaerobic Processes in Sewers
249(1)
6.7.2.1 Anaerobic Hydrolysis
249(1)
6.12.2 Fermentation
250(1)
6.1.23 Anaerobic Decay of Heterotrophic Biomass
250(1)
6.7.2.4 Sulfate Reduction
250(2)
6.8 Integrated Aerobic--Anaerobic Concept for Microbial Transformations
252(5)
References
253(4)
Chapter 7 Sewer Processes and Mitigation: Water and Gas Phase Control Methods
257(24)
7.1 Overview of Mitigation Methods
258(3)
7.1.1 Inhibition or Reduction of Sulfide Formation
259(1)
7.1.2 Reduction of Generated Sulfide
259(1)
7.1.3 Sewer Gas Reduction and Dilution
260(1)
7.2 Sewer Process Control Procedures
261(5)
7.2.1 General Aspects of Sewer Process Controls
261(1)
7.2.1.1 Design and Management Procedures for Active Control of Sewer Gas Problems
262(1)
7.2.1.2 Design Procedures for Passive Control of Sewer Gas Problems
263(1)
7.2.1.3 Operational Procedures for Control of Sewer Gas Problems
264(2)
7.3 Selected Measures for Control of Sewer Gases
266(12)
7.3.1 Measures Aimed at Preventing Anaerobic Conditions or the Effect Hereof
266(1)
7.3.1.1 Injection of Air
267(1)
7.3.1.2 Injection of Pure Oxygen
267(1)
7.3.1.3 Addition of Nitrate
268(1)
7.3.2 Chemical Precipitation of Sulfide
268(3)
7.3.3 Chemical Oxidation of Sulfide
271(1)
7.3.3.1 Chlorine Compounds
272(1)
7.3.3.2 Hydrogen Peroxide
272(1)
7.3.3.3 Ozone
272(1)
7.3.3.4 Permanganate
273(1)
7.3.4 Alkaline Substances Increasing pH
273(1)
7.3.5 Addition of Biocides
274(1)
7.3.6 Mechanical Methods
274(1)
7.3.7 Treatment and Management of Vented Sewer Gas
274(1)
7.3.7.1 Wet and Dry Scrubbing
275(1)
7.3.7.2 Biological Treatment of Vented Sewer Gas
276(1)
7.3.7.3 Activated Carbon Adsorption
277(1)
7.3.7.4 Forced Ventilation and Dilution
277(1)
7.3.8 Evolving Mitigation Methods
277(1)
7.4 Final Comments
278(3)
References
279(2)
Chapter 8 Sewer Process Modeling: Concepts and Quality Assessment
281(16)
8.1 Types of Process Models
282(4)
8.1.1 Model Validation, Calibration, and Verification
283(1)
8.1.1.1 Validation
283(1)
8.1.1.2 Calibration
284(1)
8.1.1.3 Verification
284(1)
8.1.2 Empirical Models
284(1)
8.1.3 Deterministic Models
285(1)
8.1.4 Stochastic Models
286(1)
8.2 Deterministic Sewer Process Model Approach
286(7)
8.2.1 Principle of a Sewer Process Model
287(4)
8.2.2 The Principle of a Solution to a Sewer Process Model
291(2)
8.3 Additional Modeling Approaches
293(4)
8.3.1 Modeling at Catchment Scale
293(1)
References
294(3)
Chapter 9 WATS: A Sewer Process Model for Water, Biofilm, and Gas Phase Transformations
297(18)
9.1 WATS Model: An Overview
298(1)
9.2 Process Elements of WATS Model
299(6)
9.2.1 Process Matrix for Aerobic, Heterotrophic Organic Matter Transformations
299(1)
9.2.2 Process Matrix for Anoxic, Heterotrophic Transformations
300(1)
9.2.3 Process Matrix for Anaerobic, Heterotrophic Transformations
301(1)
9.2.4 Process Matrix for the Sulfur Cycle
302(2)
9.2.5 Acid---Base Characteristics and WATS Modeling
304(1)
9.3 Water and Gas Phase Transport in Sewers
305(1)
9.4 Sewer Network Data and Model Parameters
305(2)
9.4.1 Sewer Network Data and Flows
306(1)
9.4.2 Wastewater Composition
306(1)
9.4.3 WATS Process Model Parameters
306(1)
9.5 Specific Modeling Characteristics
307(2)
9.5.1 Process Contents of WATS Model
307(1)
9.5.2 WATS Modeling Procedures
308(1)
9.6 Examples of WATS Modeling Results
309(6)
References
312(3)
Chapter 10 Methods for Sewer Process Studies and Model Calibration
315(36)
10.1 Methods for Bench Scale, Pilot Scale, and Full Scale Studies
316(10)
10.1.1 General Methodology for Sewer Process Studies
316(1)
10.1.1.1 Bench Scale Analysis and Studies
316(1)
10.1.1.2 Pilot Plant Studies
316(2)
10.1.1.3 Field Experiments and Monitoring
318(1)
10.1.2 Sampling, Monitoring, and Handling Procedures
319(1)
10.1.3 Oxygen Uptake Rate Measurements of Bulk Water
319(4)
10.1.4 Measurements in Sewer Networks
323(1)
10.1.4.1 DO Measurements
323(1)
10.1.4.2 Measurement of Reaeration
324(1)
10.1.4.3 In Situ Measurement of Biofilm Respiration
324(1)
10.1.4.4 Gas Phase Movement and Ventilation in Gravity Sewers
325(1)
10.1.5 Odor Measurements
325(1)
10.2 Methods for Determination of Substances and Parameters for Sewer Process Modeling
326(20)
10.2.1 Determination of Central Model Parameters
328(5)
10.2.2 Determination of the Biodegradability of Wastewater Organic Matter
333(3)
10.2.3 Determination of Model Parameters by Iterative Simulation
336(1)
10.2.4 Calibration and Verification of the WATS Sewer Process Model
336(4)
10.2.5 Estimation of Model Parameters for Anaerobic Transformations in Sewers
340(1)
10.2.5.1 Volatile Fatty Acids
341(1)
10.2.5.2 Sulfide and Sulfide Formation Rate
342(1)
10.2.5.3 Determination of the Formation Rate for Readily Biodegradable Substrate in Wastewater under Anaerobic Conditions
342(4)
10.3 Final Remarks
346(5)
References
347(4)
Chapter 11 Applications: Sewer Process Design and Perspectives
351(12)
11.1 Wastewater Design: An Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment
352(1)
11.2 Sewer Structural and Operational Impacts on Wastewater Quality
353(3)
11.3 Sewer Processes: Final Comments and Perspectives
356(7)
11.3.1 Wastewater Processes in General
356(1)
11.3.2 In-Sewer Processes and Wet Weather Discharges of Wastewater
357(3)
11.3.3 In-Sewer Processes and Sustainable Urban Wastewater Management
360(1)
References
361(2)
Appendix A Units and Nomenclature 363(6)
Appendix B Definitions and Glossary 369(2)
Appendix C Acronyms 371(2)
Index 373
Thorkild Hvitved-Jacobsen, MSc, is professor emeritus at Aalborg University, Denmark. In 2008, he retired from his position as professor of environmental engineering at the Section of Environmental Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark. His primary research and professional activities concern environmental process engineering of the wastewater collection and treatment systems, including process engineering and pollution related to urban drainage and road runoff. His research has resulted in more than 320 scientific publications in primarily international journals and proceedings. He has authored and coauthored a number of books published in the United Kingdom, the United States, and Japan.

Jes Vollertsen, PhD, is a professor of environmental engineering at the Section of Water and Soil, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark. His research interests are urban storm water and wastewater technology, where he combines experimental work on bench scale with pilot-scale studies and field studies. He integrates the gained knowledge on conveyance systems and systems for wastewater and storm water management by numerical modeling of the processes. He is an experienced consultant for private firms and municipalities as well as on litigation support. He is a reviewer for a national research committee in relation to environmental engineering.

Asbjørn Haaning Nielsen, PhD, is an associate professor of environmental engineering at the Section of Water and Soil, Department of Civil Engineering, Aalborg University, Denmark. His research and teaching has primarily been devoted to wastewater process engineering of sewer systems and process engineering of combined sewer overflows and storm water runoff from urban areas and highways. He has extensive experience with chemical analyses of complex environmental samples, particularly relating to the composition of wastewater and sewer gas. He is a committee member of the Danish National Committee for the IWA.
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