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E-raamat: Ultrasonic Inspection Technology Development and Search Unit Design: Examples of Practical Applications [Wiley Online]

  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Jan-2012
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118104781
  • ISBN-13: 9781118104781
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 153,31 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Ultrasonic Inspection Technology Development and Search Unit Design: Examples of Practical ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 320 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 06-Jan-2012
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118104781
  • ISBN-13: 9781118104781
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118104781
Ultrasonic testing is a relatively new branch of science and industry. The development of ultrasonic testing started in the late 1920s. At the beginning, the fundamentals of this method were borrowed from basic physics, geometrical and wave optics, acoustics and seismology. Later it became clear that some of these theories and calculation methods could not always explain the phenomena observed in many specific cases of ultrasonic testing. Without knowing the nuances of the ultrasonic wave propagation in the test object it is impossible to design effective inspection technique and search units for it realization. This book clarifies the theoretical differences of ultrasonics from the other wave propagation theories presenting both  basics of physics in the wave propagation, elementary mathematic and advanced practical applications.  Almost every specific technique presented in this book is proofed by actual  experimental data and examples of calculations.
Foreword xiii
Preface xv
List of Figures
xxi
List of Tables
xxxi
1 Introduction
1(12)
1.1 General Characteristic of Nondestructive Testing (NDT) Method
1(5)
1.2 Ultrasonic Wave Type Overview
6(7)
2 Introduction to Search Unit Design
13(52)
2.1 Principles of Search Unit Design
13(19)
2.1.1 Basic Types of Ultrasonic Search Units
13(4)
2.1.2 Essential Facts about Ultrasonic Wave Propagation
17(3)
2.1.3 Basic Considerations for Delay Line and Wedge Design
20(1)
Delay Line for Straight Beam Probes (Figure 2.5)
20(3)
Wedge for Angle Beam Probe
23(2)
2.1.4 Examples of Probe Design for Automated Inspection
25(2)
2.1.5 Wedge Design for Surface Wave Probe
27(5)
2.2 Considerations for Transducer Selection
32(25)
2.2.1 Basics of Transducer Design
32(1)
Matching Layer
33(1)
Backing
34(1)
Tuning Components
35(1)
2.2.2 Acoustic Properties of Crystal Materials
35(3)
2.2.3 Velocity Measurement in Metals
38(1)
Bulk Velocity Measurement in Thick Metal
38(1)
Bulk Velocity Measurement Using a Thin Metal Strip
39(3)
2.2.4 Velocity and Attenuation Measurement in Wedge Materials
42(1)
Velocity Measurement in Wedge Materials
42(3)
Attenuation Measurement in Wedge Materials
45(7)
2.2.5 Crystal Size Selection
52(5)
2.3 Calculation of Straight Beam Transducer Directional Characteristic
57(8)
2.3.1 Acoustic Field of a Straight Beam Transducer
57(3)
2.3.2 Angle of Divergence Calculation
60(2)
2.3.3 Main Lobe Profile Calculation of a Round Crystal in Far Field
62(1)
2.3.4 Coefficient K Calculation at Any Decibel Level
63(2)
3 Single Angle Beam Probe Design
65(12)
3.1 Basics of Probe Design
65(2)
3.2 Considerations Related to the Practical Concept of Wedge Design
67(2)
3.3 Measurement of Refracted Angles
69(4)
3.4 Deviation of Refracted Angle Related to Thick Wall Test Object Inspection
73(4)
4 Dual Straight and Angle Beam Probe Design
77(22)
4.1 Principles of Dual Straight Beam Probe Design
77(1)
4.2 Sequence of Wedge Calculation
78(3)
4.3 Sensitivity Curves
81(1)
4.4 Example of Dual Straight Beam Probe Design
82(4)
4.5 Basics of Dual Angle Beam Probe Design
86(1)
4.6 Wedge Conceptual Design
87(1)
4.7 Wedge Design for Inspection of a Test Object with Flat and Parallel Surfaces
88(4)
4.7.1 The Wedge Calculation for the Inspection of Test Objects with Flat and Parallel Surfaces
91(1)
4.8 Wedge Design for the Inspection of a Test Object with a Curved Surface
92(7)
4.8.1 Wedge Calculation for the Inspection of a Test Object with Concentric Surfaces
92(1)
The Case of Axial Direction of Beam Propagation
92(1)
The Case of Circumferential Direction of Beam Propagation
93(6)
5 Multiple Crystal Probe Design
99(12)
5.1 Concept of "Packaging"
99(4)
5.1.1 Triplex Probes
100(1)
5.1.2 Dual Duplex Angle Beam Probes
101(1)
5.1.3 Five Crystal Assemblies Probe
102(1)
5.2 Example of Triplex Probe Design
103(8)
5.2.1 Requirements for Triplex Probe Design
103(1)
5.2.2 Wedge Design for 60°S Refracted Angle
104(2)
5.2.3 Wedge Design for 45°S Refracted Angle
106(1)
5.2.4 Dual Straight Beam Probe Design as Portion of Triplex Probe
107(4)
6 Technique Development and Probe Design for TOFD Method Application
111(24)
6.1 Introduction to Techniques Based on Diffraction Phenomena
111(2)
6.2 TOFD Forward Scattering Technique
113(5)
6.2.1 Flat Surface Test Object Inspection
115(2)
6.2.2 Curved Surface Test Object Inspection (Figure 6.5)
117(1)
6.3 Examples of Probe Calculation for Curved Surface Test Object Inspection
118(5)
6.3.1 Axial Crack Detection and Sizing
118(2)
6.3.2 Circumferential Crack Detection and Sizing (Figure 6.7)
120(1)
6.3.3 Probe Design
121(1)
6.3.4 Comments
122(1)
6.4 Probe Design for TOFD Back Scattering Technique
123(12)
6.4.1 Basics of TOFD Back Scattering Technique
123(4)
6.4.2 Examples of Tandem Probe Design
127(6)
6.4.3 Gliding Diffracted Waves Technique
133(2)
7 Technique Development and Probe Design for Cylindrical Rod Inspection
135(28)
7.1 Boundary Effect
135(1)
7.2 Symmetric and Asymmetric Cylindrical Rod-Guided Waves
136(4)
7.3 Technique Development and Probe Design for Inspection of Stepped Shaft
140(4)
7.4 Technique Development and Probe Design for Stud Inspection
144(13)
7.4.1 Stud Inspection from the Top Surface
144(4)
7.4.2 Stud Inspection from a Center-Drilled Bore
148(9)
7.5 Notch Dimension Calculation for Stud Calibration Standards
157(6)
8 Technique Development and Probe Design for Hollow Cylinder Inspection
163(56)
8.1 Lamb Wave Generation
163(13)
8.1.1 Phase and Group Velocities
167(3)
8.1.2 Lamb Wave Propagation Parameters
170(3)
Selection of the Best Modes and Frequencies
173(1)
Lamb Wave Attenuation
174(1)
Reflected Signal Shape
175(1)
8.2 Technique Development and Probe Design for the Inspection of Hollow Cylinders from the Inside Surface
176(8)
8.2.1 Test Object Description and Inspection Consideration
176(6)
8.2.2 Lamb-Type Guided Wave Mode Selection for Practical Application
182(2)
8.3 Technique Development and Probe Design for the Inspection of Hollow Cylinder from the Outside Surface
184(35)
8.3.1 Technique Development and Probe Design for Inspection of Cylinders with Welded Adapters
184(1)
Test Object Description and Inspection Consideration
184(2)
Selection of the Best Modes and Frequencies
186(3)
Group Velocity Measurement
189(3)
8.3.2 Technique Development and Probe Design for Heater Sleeve Inspection
192(1)
Test Object Description and Inspection Consideration
192(3)
Lamb-Type Guided Wave Mode Selection
195(1)
Experiments to Measure Wave Propagation Parameters
196(8)
8.3.3 Technique Development and Probe Design for a Thick Wall Hollow Cylinder Inspection
204(1)
Test Object Description
204(4)
Mode Selection for Transducer with Standard Frequencies
208(5)
Energy Distribution along the Hollow Cylinder
213(2)
Influence of Water Gap Thickness on Wave Propagation for S0 Mode
215(1)
Rayleigh Wave Velocity Measurement
216(3)
9 Technique Development and Focuse Probe Design for Immersion Method Inspection
219(18)
9.1 Basics of Focused Immersion Probe Design
219(5)
9.1.1 General Observation
219(2)
9.1.2 Consideration Relative to Straight Beam Immersion Focused Probe Design
221(1)
Spherical Aberrations Phenomenon
221(2)
9.1.3 Acoustic Parameters of Focused Probe
223(1)
9.2 Geometric and Acoustic Parameter Calculation
224(2)
9.3 Straight Beam Spherical Focused Probe Design
226(11)
9.3.1 Assessment of Design Feasibility
226(2)
9.3.2 Consequence of Calculation
228(3)
9.3.3 Example of Focused Immersion Probe Calculation with a Single-Surface Lens
231(6)
10 Technique Development and Probe Design for Reactor Pressure Vessel Nozzle Inner Radius Inspection
237(10)
10.1 Inspection Zone Configuration
237(1)
10.2 Inspection from the Outside Nozzle Surfaces: Contact Method
238(2)
10.3 Example of Wedge Design for Inner Radius Inspection from the Outer Surface
240(3)
10.4 Inspection from the Inside Nozzle Surface: Immersion Method
243(4)
11 Search Unit Functioning Test
247(10)
11.1 Evaluation of Certain Characteristics of a Search Unit
247(3)
11.1.1 Definition and Examples of Bandwidth
248(2)
11.2 Measurement of Specific Parameters of Selected Search Units
250(7)
11.2.1 IIW Reference Blocks
251(2)
11.2.2 Additional Test Blocks
253(4)
Appendix A System of Units and Symbols That Are Accepted for This Book 257(4)
Appendix B American Societies Engaged in Activities Related to Nondestructive Testing and Serving the Needs of NDT Professionals 261(4)
Appendix C An Example of Applying the Third Critical Angle 265(2)
Appendix D WesDyne International Computer Program for Lamb Wave Dispersion Curve Calculation 267(6)
Glossary of Terms Specific to This Book 273(6)
Bibliography 279(4)
About the Author 283(2)
Index 285
MARK V. BROOK, PhD, received his doctoral degree from Leningrad Waterway Transportation Institute, now renamed as St. Petersburg State University of Water Communications. He worked as an associate professor and was in charge of the Nondestructive Testing Laboratory there. Dr. Brook has worked for Combustion Engineering, ABB, and Westinghouse Electric Company as a consultant in the research and development of ultrasonic nondestructive testing. He holds four patents and has written numerous articles. Dr. Brook has taken part in numerous projects for developing techniques and designing probes for ultrasonic inspection of test objects, mostly for nuclear power plants.
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