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E-raamat: Understanding Aerodynamics - Arguing from the Real Physics: Arguing from the Real Physics [Wiley Online]

(University of California at Riverside; Princeton University)
  • Formaat: 576 pages
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118454197
  • ISBN-13: 9781118454190
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 125,82 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
  • Formaat: 576 pages
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 30-Nov-2012
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118454197
  • ISBN-13: 9781118454190
Much-needed, fresh approach that brings a greater insight into the physical understanding of aerodynamics

Based on the author’s decades of industrial experience with Boeing, this book helps students and practicing engineers to gain a greater physical understanding of aerodynamics. Relying on clear physical arguments and examples, Mclean provides a much-needed, fresh approach to this sometimes contentious subject without shying away from addressing "real" aerodynamic situations as opposed to the oversimplified ones frequently used for mathematical convenience. Motivated by the belief that engineering practice is enhanced in the long run by a robust understanding of the basics as well as real cause-and-effect relationships that lie behind the theory, he provides intuitive physical interpretations and explanations, debunking commonly-held misconceptions and misinterpretations, and building upon the contrasts provided by wrong explanations to strengthen understanding of the right ones.

  • Provides a refreshing view of aerodynamics that is based on the author’s decades of industrial experience yet is always tied to basic fundamentals.
  • Provides intuitive physical interpretations and explanations, debunking commonly-held misconceptions and misinterpretations
  • Offers new insights to some familiar topics, for example, what the Biot-Savart law really means and why it causes so much confusion, what “Reynolds number” and “incompressible flow” really mean, and a real physical explanation for how an airfoil produces lift.
  • Addresses "real" aerodynamic situations as opposed to the oversimplified ones frequently used for mathematical convenience, and omits mathematical details whenever the physical understanding can be conveyed without them.
Foreword xi
Series Preface xiii
Preface xv
List of Symbols
xix
1 Introduction to the Conceptual Landscape
1(4)
2 From Elementary Particles to Aerodynamic Flows
5(8)
3 Continuum Fluid Mechanics and the Navier-Stokes Equations
13(66)
3.1 The Continuum Formulation and Its Range of Validity
13(3)
3.2 Mathematical Formalism
16(2)
3.3 Kinematics: Streamlines, Streaklines, Timelines, and Vorticity
18(15)
3.3.1 Streamlines and Streaklines
18(1)
3.3.2 Streamtubes, Stream Surfaces, and the Stream Function
19(3)
3.3.3 Timelines
22(1)
3.3.4 The Divergence of the Velocity and Green's Theorem
23(1)
3.3.5 Vorticity and Circulation
24(2)
3.3.6 The Velocity Potential in Irrotational Flow
26(1)
3.3.7 Concepts that Arise in Describing the Vorticity Field
26(3)
3.3.8 Velocity Fields Associated with Concentrations of Vorticity
29(2)
3.3.9 The Biot-Savart Law and the "Induction" Fallacy
31(2)
3.4 The Equations of Motion and their Physical Meaning
33(7)
3.4.1 Continuity of the Flow and Conservation of Mass
34(1)
3.4.2 Forces on Fluid Parcels and Conservation of Momentum
35(1)
3.4.3 Conservation of Energy
36(1)
3.4.4 Constitutive Relations and Boundary Conditions
37(1)
3.4.5 Mathematical Nature of the Equations
37(1)
3.4.6 The Physics as Viewed in the Eulerian Frame
38(2)
3.4.7 The Pseudo-Lagrangian Viewpoint
40(1)
3.5 Cause and Effect, and the Problem of Prediction
40(3)
3.6 The Effects of Viscosity
43(5)
3.7 Turbulence, Reynolds Averaging, and Turbulence Modeling
48(7)
3.8 Important Dynamical Relationships
55(5)
3.8.1 Galilean Invariance, or Independence of Reference Frame
55(1)
3.8.2 Circulation Preservation and the Persistence of Irrotationality
56(1)
3.8.3 Behavior of Vortex Tubes in Inviscid and Viscous Flows
57(1)
3.8.4 Bernoulli Equations and Stagnation Conditions
58(2)
3.8.5 Crocco's Theorem
60(1)
3.9 Dynamic Similarity
60(6)
3.9.1 Compressibility Effects and the Mach Number
63(1)
3.9.2 Viscous Effects and the Reynolds Number
63(1)
3.9.3 Scaling of Pressure Forces: the Dynamic Pressure
64(1)
3.9.4 Consequences of Failing to Match All of the Requirements for Similarity
65(1)
3.10 "Incompressible" Flow and Potential Flow
66(4)
3.11 Compressible Flow and Shocks
70(9)
3.11.1 Steady ID Isentropic Flow Theory
71(3)
3.11.2 Relations for Normal and Oblique Shock Waves
74(5)
4 Boundary Layers
79(84)
4.1 Physical Aspects of Boundary-Layer Flows
80(19)
4.1.1 The Basic Sequence: Attachment, Transition, Separation
80(2)
4.1.2 General Development of the Boundary-Layer Flowfield
82(8)
4.1.3 Boundary-Layer Displacement Effect
90(3)
4.1.4 Separation from a Smooth Wall
93(6)
4.2 Boundary-Layer Theory
99(18)
4.2.1 The Boundary-Layer Equations
100(8)
4.2.2 Integrated Momentum Balance in a Boundary Layer
108(2)
4.2.3 The Displacement Effect and Matching with the Outer Flow
110(3)
4.2.4 The Vorticity "Budget" in a 2D Incompressible Boundary Layer
113(1)
4.2.5 Situations That Violate the Assumptions of Boundary-Layer Theory
114(3)
4.2.6 Summary of Lessons from Boundary-Layer Theory
117(1)
4.3 Flat-Plate Boundary Layers and Other Simplified Cases
117(13)
4.3.1 Flat-Plate Flow
117(4)
4.3.2 2D Boundary-Layer Flows with Similarity
121(2)
4.3.3 Axisymmetric Flow
123(2)
4.3.4 Plane-of-Symmetry and Attachment-Line Boundary Layers
125(3)
4.3.5 Simplifying the Effects of Sweep and Taper in 3D
128(2)
4.4 Transition and Turbulence
130(20)
4.4.1 Boundary-Layer Transition
131(7)
4.4.2 Turbulent Boundary Layers
138(12)
4.5 Control and Prevention of Flow Separation
150(8)
4.5.1 Body Shaping and Pressure Distribution
150(1)
4.5.2 Vortex Generators
150(5)
4.5.3 Steady Tangential Blowing through a Slot
155(2)
4.5.4 Active Unsteady Blowing
157(1)
4.5.5 Suction
157(1)
4.6 Heat Transfer and Compressibility
158(4)
4.6.1 Heat Transfer, Compressibility, and the Boundary-Layer Temperature Field
158(1)
4.6.2 The Thermal Energy Equation and the Prandtl Number
159(1)
4.6.3 The Wall Temperature and Other Relations for an Adiabatic Wall
159(3)
4.7 Effects of Surface Roughness
162(1)
5 General Features of Flows around Bodies
163(28)
5.1 The Obstacle Effect
164(4)
5.2 Basic Topology of Flow Attachment and Separation
168(18)
5.2.1 Attachment and Separation in 2D
169(2)
5.2.2 Attachment and Separation in 3D
171(5)
5.2.3 Streamline Topology on Surfaces and in Cross Sections
176(10)
5.3 Wakes
186(3)
5.4 Integrated Forces: Lift and Drag
189(2)
6 Drag and Propulsion
191(68)
6.1 Basic Physics and Flowfield Manifestations of Drag and Thrust
192(49)
6.1.1 Basic Physical Effects of Viscosity
193(1)
6.1.2 The Role of Turbulence
193(1)
6.1.3 Direct and Indirect Contributions to the Drag Force on the Body
194(2)
6.1.4 Determining Drag from the Flowfield: Application of Conservation Laws
196(8)
6.1.5 Examples of Flowfield Manifestations of Drag in Simple 2D Flows
204(3)
6.1.6 Pressure Drag of Streamlined and Bluff Bodies
207(3)
6.1.7 Questionable Drag Categories: Parasite Drag, Base Drag, and Slot Drag
210(2)
6.1.8 Effects of Distributed Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction
212(10)
6.1.9 Interference Drag
222(3)
6.1.10 Some Basic Physics of Propulsion
225(16)
6.2 Drag Estimation
241(9)
6.2.1 Empirical Correlations
242(1)
6.2.2 Effects of Surface Roughness on Turbulent Skin Friction
243(7)
6.2.3 CFD Prediction of Drag
250(1)
6.3 Drag Reduction
250(9)
6.3.1 Reducing Drag by Maintaining a Run of Laminar Flow
251(1)
6.3.2 Reduction of Turbulent Skin Friction
251(8)
7 Lift and Airfoils in 2D at Subsonic Speeds
259(100)
7.1 Mathematical Prediction of Lift in 2D
260(5)
7.2 Lift in Terms of Circulation and Bound Vorticity
265(4)
7.2.1 The Classical Argument for the Origin of the Bound Vorticity
267(2)
7.3 Physical Explanations of Lift in 2D
269(38)
7.3.1 Past Explanations and their Strengths and Weaknesses
269(15)
7.3.2 Desired Attributes of a More Satisfactory Explanation
284(2)
7.3.3 A Basic Explanation of Lift on an Airfoil, Accessible to a Nontechnical Audience
286(16)
7.3.4 More Physical Details on Lift in 2D, for the Technically Inclined
302(5)
7.4 Airfoils
307(52)
7.4.1 Pressure Distributions and Integrated Forces at Low Mach Numbers
307(9)
7.4.2 Profile Drag and the Drag Polar
316(3)
7.4.3 Maximum Lift and Boundary-Layer Separation on Single-Element Airfoils
319(10)
7.4.4 Multielement Airfoils and the Slot Effect
329(6)
7.4.5 Cascades
335(3)
7.4.6 Low-Drag Airfoils with Laminar Flow
338(3)
7.4.7 Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils
341(1)
7.4.8 Airfoils in Transonic Flow
342(8)
7.4.9 Airfoils in Ground Effect
350(2)
7.4.10 Airfoil Design
352(2)
7.4.11 Issues that Arise in Defining Airfoil Shapes
354(5)
8 Lift and Wings in 3D at Subsonic Speeds
359(112)
8.1 The Flowfield around a 3D Wing
359(17)
8.1.1 General Characteristics of the Velocity Field
359(3)
8.1.2 The Vortex Wake
362(9)
8.1.3 The Pressure Field around a 3D Wing
371(1)
8.1.4 Explanations for the Flowfield
371(4)
8.1.5 Vortex Shedding from Edges Other Than the Trailing Edge
375(1)
8.2 Distribution of Lift on a 3D Wing
376(9)
8.2.1 Basic and Additional Spanloads
376(3)
8.2.2 Linearized Lifting-Surface Theory
379(1)
8.2.3 Lifting-Line Theory
380(2)
8.2.4 3D Lift in Ground Effect
382(2)
8.2.5 Maximum Lift, as Limited by 3D Effects
384(1)
8.3 Induced Drag
385(26)
8.3.1 Basic Scaling of Induced Drag
385(1)
8.3.2 Induced Drag from a Farfield Momentum Balance
386(3)
8.3.3 Induced Drag in Terms of Kinetic Energy and an Idealized Rolled-Up Vortex Wake
389(2)
8.3.4 Induced Drag from the Loading on the Wing Itself: Trefftz-Plane Theory
391(3)
8.3.5 Ideal (Minimum) Induced-Drag Theory
394(2)
8.3.6 Span-Efficiency Factors
396(1)
8.3.7 The Induced-Drag Polar
397(1)
8.3.8 The Sin-Series Spanloads
398(3)
8.3.9 The Reduction of Induced Drag in Ground Effect
401(1)
8.3.10 The Effect of a Fuselage on Induced Drag
402(2)
8.3.11 Effects of a Canard or Aft Tail on Induced Drag
404(5)
8.3.12 Biplane Drag
409(2)
8.4 Wingtip Devices
411(16)
8.4.1 Myths Regarding the Vortex Wake, and Some Questionable Ideas for Wingtip Devices
411(3)
8.4.2 The Facts of Life Regarding Induced Drag and Induced-Drag Reduction
414(6)
8.4.3 Milestones in the Development of Theory and Practice
420(2)
8.4.4 Wingtip Device Concepts
422(1)
8.4.5 Effectiveness of Various Device Configurations
423(4)
8.5 Manifestations of Lift in the Atmosphere at Large
427(17)
8.5.1 The Net Vertical Momentum Imparted to the Atmosphere
427(2)
8.5.2 The Pressure Far above and below the Airplane
429(2)
8.5.3 Downwash in the Trefftz Plane and Other Momentum-Conservation Issues
431(4)
8.5.4 Sears's Incorrect Analysis of the Integrated Pressure Far Downstream
435(1)
8.5.5 The Real Flowfield Far Downstream of the Airplane
436(8)
8.6 Effects of Wing Sweep
444(27)
8.6.1 Simple Sweep Theory
444(5)
8.6.2 Boundary Layers on Swept Wings
449(15)
8.6.3 Shock/Boundary-Layer Interaction on Swept Wings
464(1)
8.6.4 Laminar-to-Turbulent Transition on Swept Wings
465(3)
8.6.5 Relating a Swept, Tapered Wing to a 2D Airfoil
468(1)
8.6.6 Tailoring of the Inboard Part of a Swept Wing
469(2)
9 Theoretical Idealizations Revisited
471(20)
9.1 Approximations Grouped According to how the Equations were Modified
471(11)
9.1.1 Reduced Temporal and/or Spatial Resolution
472(1)
9.1.2 Simplified Theories Based on Neglecting Something Small
472(1)
9.1.3 Reductions in Dimensions
472(1)
9.1.4 Simplified Theories Based on Ad hoc Flow Models
472(9)
9.1.5 Qualitative Anomalies and Other Consequences of Approximations
481(1)
9.2 Some Tools of MFD (Mental Fluid Dynamics)
482(9)
9.2.1 Simple Conceptual Models for Thinking about Velocity Fields
482(3)
9.2.2 Thinking about Viscous and Shock Drag
485(1)
9.2.3 Thinking about Induced Drag
486(1)
9.2.4 A Catalog of Fallacies
487(4)
10 Modeling Aerodynamic Flows in Computational Fluid Dynamics
491(36)
10.1 Basic Definitions
493(1)
10.2 The Major Classes of CFD Codes and Their Applications
493(8)
10.2.1 Navier-Stokes Methods
493(4)
10.2.2 Coupled Viscous/Inviscid Methods
497(1)
10.2.3 Inviscid Methods
498(3)
10.2.4 Standalone Boundary-Layer Codes
501(1)
10.3 Basic Characteristics of Numerical Solution Schemes
501(7)
10.3.1 Discretization
501(1)
10.3.2 Spatial Field Grids
502(4)
10.3.3 Grid Resolution and Grid Convergence
506(1)
10.3.4 Solving the Equations, and Iterative Convergence
507(1)
10.4 Physical Modeling in CFD
508(7)
10.4.1 Compressibility and Shocks
508(2)
10.4.2 Viscous Effects and Turbulence
510(1)
10.4.3 Separated Shear Layers and Vortex Wakes
511(2)
10.4.4 The Farfield
513(1)
10.4.5 Predicting Drag
514(1)
10.4.6 Propulsion Effects
515(1)
10.5 CFD Validation?
515(1)
10.6 Integrated Forces and the Components of Drag
516(1)
10.7 Solution Visualization
517(7)
10.8 Things a User Should Know about a CFD Code before Running it
524(3)
References 527(12)
Index 539
Doug Mclean, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, USA Doug McLean is a Boeing Technical Fellow in the Enabling Technology and Research unit within Aerodynamics Engineering at Boeing Commercial Airplanes. He received a BA in physics from the University of California at Riverside in 1965 and a PhD in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University in 1970. He joined the Boeing Commercial Airplane Group in 1974 and has worked there ever since on a range of problems, both computational and experimental, in the areas of viscous flow, drag reduction, and aerodynamic design. Computer programs he developed for the calculation of three-dimensional boundary layers and swept shock/boundary-layer interactions were in use by wing-design groups at Boeing for many years.