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E-raamat: Aerosol Science - Technology and Applications: Technology and Applications [Wiley Online]

Edited by , Edited by (University of Essex)
  • Formaat: 496 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118682556
  • ISBN-13: 9781118682555
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  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 208,29 €*
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Aerosol Science - Technology and Applications: Technology and ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 496 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 31-Jan-2014
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1118682556
  • ISBN-13: 9781118682555
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118682555
AEROSOL SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Aerosols influence many areas of our daily life. They are at the core of environmental problems such as global warming, photochemical smog and poor air quality. They can also have diverse effects on human health, where exposure occurs in both outdoor and indoor environments.

However, aerosols can have beneficial effects too; the delivery of drugs to the lungs, the delivery of fuels for combustion and the production of nanomaterials all rely on aerosols. Advances in particle measurement technologies have made it possible to take advantage of rapid changes in both particle size and concentration. Likewise, aerosols can now be produced in a controlled fashion. Reviewing many technological applications together with the current scientific status of aerosol modelling and measurements, this book includes:





Satellite aerosol remote sensing The effects of aerosols on climate change Air pollution and health Pharmaceutical aerosols and pulmonary drug delivery Bioaerosols and hospital infections Particle emissions from vehicles The safety of emerging nanomaterials Radioactive aerosols: tracers of atmospheric processes

With the importance of this topic brought to the public's attention after the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajökull, this book provides a timely, concise and accessible overview of the many facets of aerosol science.
List Of Contributors
xiii
Preface xv
1 Introduction
1(14)
Mihalis Lazaridis
Ian Colbeck
1.1 Introduction
1(4)
1.2 Size and Shape
5(1)
1.3 Size Distribution
6(4)
1.4 Chemical Composition
10(1)
1.5 Measurements and Sampling
11(4)
References
12(3)
2 Aerosol Dynamics
15(30)
Mihalis Lazaridis
Yannis Drossinos
2.1 Introduction
15(2)
2.2 General Dynamic Equation
17(2)
2.2.1 Discrete Particle Size Distribution
18(1)
2.2.2 Continuous Particle Size Distribution
19(1)
2.3 Nucleation: New Particle Formation
19(7)
2.3.1 Classical Nucleation Theory
20(2)
2.3.2 Multicomponent Nucleation
22(1)
2.3.3 Heterogeneous Nucleation
23(1)
2.3.4 Atmospheric Nucleation
24(2)
2.4 Growth by Condensation
26(1)
2.5 Coagulation and Agglomeration
27(5)
2.5.1 Brownian Coagulation
28(1)
2.5.2 Agglomeration
28(4)
2.6 Deposition Mechanisms
32(6)
2.6.1 Stokes Law
32(1)
2.6.2 Gravitational Settling
32(2)
2.6.3 Deposition by Diffusion
34(1)
2.6.4 Deposition by Impaction
34(1)
2.6.5 Phoretic Effects
34(1)
2.6.6 Atmospheric Aerosol Deposition
35(1)
2.6.7 Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract
36(2)
2.7 Resuspension
38(7)
2.7.1 Monolayer Resuspension
38(1)
2.7.2 Multilayer Resuspension
39(2)
References
41(4)
3 Recommendations for Aerosol Sampling
45(16)
Alfred Wiedensohler
Wolfram Birmili
Jean-Philippe Putaud
John Ogren
3.1 Introduction
45(1)
3.2 Guidelines for Standardized Aerosol Sampling
46(7)
3.2.1 General Recommendations
46(1)
3.2.2 Standardization of Aerosol Inlets
47(2)
3.2.3 Humidity Control
49(4)
3.3 Concrete Sampling Configurations
53(4)
3.3.1 General Aspects of Particle Motion
53(1)
3.3.2 Laminar Flow Sampling Configuration
54(1)
3.3.3 Turbulent Flow Sampling Configuration
55(2)
3.4 Artifact-Free Sampling for Organic Carbon Analysis
57(4)
Acknowledgements
59(1)
References
59(2)
4 Aerosol Instrumentation
61(28)
Da-Ren Chen
David Y. H. Pui
4.1 Introduction
61(1)
4.2 General Strategy
62(1)
4.3 Aerosol Sampling Inlets and Transport
63(1)
4.4 Integral Moment Measurement
64(4)
4.4.1 Total Number Concentration Measurement: Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)
65(1)
4.4.2 Total Mass Concentration Measurement: Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM) and Tapered-Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)
66(1)
4.4.3 Light-Scattering Photometers and Nephelometers
67(1)
4.5 Particle Surface Area Measurement
68(2)
4.6 Size-Distribution Measurement
70(8)
4.6.1 Techniques based on Particle--Light Interaction
70(1)
4.6.2 Techniques based on Particle Inertia
71(3)
4.6.3 Techniques based on Particle Electrical Mobility
74(3)
4.6.4 Techniques based on Particle Diffusion
77(1)
4.7 Chemical Composition Measurement
78(2)
4.8 Conclusion
80(9)
References
82(7)
5 Filtration Mechanisms
89(30)
Sarah Dunnett
5.1 Introduction
89(2)
5.2 Deposition Mechanisms
91(13)
5.2.1 Flow Models
92(4)
5.2.2 Diffusional Deposition
96(2)
5.2.3 Deposition by Interception
98(1)
5.2.4 Deposition due to Inertial Impaction
99(1)
5.2.5 Gravitational Deposition
100(1)
5.2.6 Electrostatic Deposition
100(4)
5.3 Factors Affecting Efficiency
104(5)
5.3.1 Particle Rebound
104(2)
5.3.2 Particle Loading
106(3)
5.4 Filter Randomness
109(1)
5.5 Applications
109(1)
5.6 Conclusions
110(9)
Nomenclature
110(3)
References
113(6)
6 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Aerosols
119(34)
Sagnik Dey
Sachchida Nand Tripathi
6.1 Introduction
119(1)
6.2 Surface-Based Remote Sensing
120(6)
6.2.1 Passive Remote Sensing
120(6)
6.2.2 Active Remote Sensing
126(1)
6.3 Satellite-Based Remote Sensing
126(15)
6.3.1 Passive Remote Sensing
127(8)
6.3.2 Active Spaceborne Lidar
135(1)
6.3.3 Applications of Satellite-Based Aerosol Products
136(5)
6.4 Summary and Future Requirements
141(12)
Acknowledgements
142(1)
References
142(11)
7 Atmospheric Particle Nucleation
153(28)
Mikko Sipila
Katrianne Lehtipalo
Markku Kulmala
7.1 General Relevance
153(3)
7.2 Detection of Atmospheric Nanoparticles
156(7)
7.2.1 Condensation Particle Counting
156(2)
7.2.2 Electrostatic Methods
158(2)
7.2.3 Mass Spectrometric Methods for Cluster Detection
160(3)
7.3 Atmospheric Observations of New Particle Formation
163(3)
7.3.1 Nucleation
163(2)
7.3.2 Growth
165(1)
7.4 Laboratory Experiments
166(3)
7.4.1 Sulfuric Acid Nucleation
166(2)
7.4.2 Hunt for Compound X
168(1)
7.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Challenges
169(12)
References
170(11)
8 Atmospheric Aerosols and Climate Impacts
181(26)
Maria Kanakidou
8.1 Introduction
181(1)
8.2 Global Aerosol Distributions
181(1)
8.3 Aerosol Climate Impacts
182(4)
8.4 Simulations of Global Aerosol Distributions
186(4)
8.5 Extinction of Radiation by Aerosols (Direct Effect)
190(4)
8.5.1 Aerosol Optical Depth and Direct Radiative Forcing of Aerosol Components
193(1)
8.6 Aerosols and Clouds (Indirect Effect)
194(6)
8.6.1 How Aerosols Become CCNs and Grow into Cloud Droplets
195(5)
8.7 Radiative Forcing Estimates
200(3)
8.8 The Way Forward
203(4)
References
203(4)
9 Air Pollution and Health and the Role of Aerosols
207(14)
Pat Goodman
Otto Hanninen
9.1 Background
207(1)
9.2 Size Fractions
208(1)
9.3 Which Pollution Particle Sizes Are Important?
209(1)
9.4 What Health Outcomes Are Associated with Exposure to Air Pollution?
209(1)
9.5 Sources of Atmospheric Aerosols
210(1)
9.6 Particle Deposition in the Lungs
210(1)
9.7 Aerosol Interaction Mechanisms in the Human Body
211(4)
9.8 Human Respiratory Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure
215(1)
9.9 Cardiovascular Outcomes and Aerosol Exposure
215(1)
9.10 Conclusions and Recommendations
216(5)
References
216(5)
10 Pharmaceutical Aerosols and Pulmonary Drug Delivery
221(50)
Darragh Murnane
Victoria Hutter
Marie Harang
10.1 Introduction
221(2)
10.2 Pharmaceutical Aerosols in Disease Treatment
223(3)
10.2.1 Asthma
223(1)
10.2.2 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
224(1)
10.2.3 Cystic Fibrosis
224(1)
10.2.4 Respiratory Tract Infection
225(1)
10.2.5 Beyond the Lung: Systemic Drug Delivery
225(1)
10.3 Aerosol Physicochemical Properties of Importance in Lung Deposition
226(2)
10.4 The Fate of Inhaled Aerosol Particles in the Lung
228(5)
10.4.1 Paracellular Transport
229(1)
10.4.2 Transcellular Transport
229(1)
10.4.3 Carrier-Mediated Transport
230(1)
10.4.4 Models for Determining the Fate of Inhaled Aerosols
231(2)
10.5 Production of Inhalable Particles
233(4)
10.5.1 Particle Attrition and Milling
233(2)
10.5.2 Constructive Particle Production
235(2)
10.6 Aerosol Generation and Delivery Systems for Pulmonary Therapy
237(16)
10.6.1 Nebulised Disease Therapies
237(4)
10.6.2 Pressurised Metered-Dose Inhaler Systems
241(7)
10.6.3 Dry-Powder Inhalation
248(4)
10.6.4 Advancing Drug-Delivery Strategies
252(1)
10.7 Product Performance Testing
253(2)
10.7.1 Total-Emitted-Dose Testing
253(1)
10.7.2 Aerodynamic Particle Size Determination: Inertial Impaction Analysis
253(2)
10.8 Conclusion and Outlook
255(16)
References
255(16)
11 Bioaerosols and Hospital Infections
271(20)
Kaman Lai
Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
Jonathon Taylor
11.1 The Importance of Bioaerosols and Infections
271(1)
11.2 Bioaerosol-Related Infections in Hospitals
272(3)
11.3 Bioaerosol Properties and Deposition in Human Respiratory Systems
275(1)
11.4 Chain of Infection and Infection Control in Hospitals
275(2)
11.5 Application of Aerosol Science and Technology in Infection Control
277(8)
11.5.1 Understanding Hospital Aerobiology and Infection Control
277(3)
11.5.2 Bioaerosol Experiments and Models
280(1)
11.5.3 Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion in Hospitals
281(1)
11.5.4 Air-Cleaning Technologies
282(3)
11.6 Conclusion
285(6)
References
285(6)
12 Nanostructured Material Synthesis in the Gas Phase
291(36)
Peter V. Pikhitsa
Mansoo Choi
12.1 Introduction
291(1)
12.2 Aerosol-Based Synthesis
292(1)
12.3 Flame Synthesis
292(7)
12.4 Flame and Laser Synthesis
299(3)
12.5 Laser-Induced Synthesis
302(7)
12.6 Metal-Powder Combustion
309(4)
12.7 Spark Discharge
313(1)
12.8 Assembling Useful Nanostructures
314(8)
12.9 Conclusions
322(5)
References
323(4)
13 The Safety of Emerging Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
327(18)
L. Reijnders
13.1 Introduction
327(3)
13.2 Human Health and Inhaled Persistent Engineered Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
330(3)
13.3 Human Health Hazards and Risks Linked to the Ingestion of Persistent Inorganic Nanomaterials
333(2)
13.4 Ecotoxicity of Persistent Inorganic and Carbon Nanomaterials
335(1)
13.5 Conclusion
336(9)
References
336(9)
14 Environmental Health in Built Environments
345(24)
Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
14.1 Environmental Hazards and Built Environments
345(3)
14.2 Particulate Contaminants
348(3)
14.2.1 Transport and Behaviour of Particles in Built Environments
349(2)
14.3 Gas Contaminants
351(18)
14.3.1 Biological Hazards
351(6)
14.3.2 Physical Hazards
357(1)
14.3.3 Ergonomic Hazards
358(1)
14.3.4 Ventilation and Environmental Hazards
359(2)
14.3.5 Energy-Efficient Built Environments, Climate Change and Environmental Health
361(1)
References
362(7)
15 Particle Emissions from Vehicles
369(24)
Jonathan Symonds
15.1 Introduction
369(1)
15.2 Engine Concepts and Technologies
370(3)
15.2.1 Air-Fuel Mixture
370(1)
15.2.2 Spark-Ignition Engines
371(1)
15.2.3 Compression-Ignition Engines
372(1)
15.2.4 Two-Stroke Engines
372(1)
15.2.5 Gas-Turbine Engines
373(1)
15.3 Particle Formation
373(3)
15.3.1 In-Cylinder Formation
373(2)
15.3.2 Evolution in the Exhaust and Aftertreatment Systems
375(1)
15.3.3 Noncombustion Particle Sources
375(1)
15.3.4 Evolution in the Environment
376(1)
15.4 Impact of Vehicle Particle Emissions
376(2)
15.4.1 Health and Environmental Effects
376(1)
15.4.2 Legislation
376(2)
15.5 Sampling and Measurement Techniques
378(7)
15.5.1 Sample Handling
378(1)
15.5.2 Mass Measurement
379(1)
15.5.3 Solid-Particle-Number Measurement
380(2)
15.5.4 Sizing Techniques
382(1)
15.5.5 Morphology Determination
382(3)
15.6 Amelioration Techniques
385(8)
15.6.1 Fuel Composition
385(1)
15.6.2 Control by Engine Design and Calibration
385(1)
15.6.3 Particulate Filters
386(2)
Acknowledgements
388(1)
References
388(5)
16 Movement of Bioaerosols in the Atmosphere and the Consequences for Climate and Microbial Evolution
393(24)
Cindy E. Morris
Christel Leyronas
Philippe C. Nicot
16.1 Introduction
393(2)
16.2 Emission: Launch into the Atmosphere
395(4)
16.2.1 Active Release
397(1)
16.2.2 Passive Release
397(1)
16.2.3 Quantifying Emissions
398(1)
16.3 Transport in the Earth's Boundary Layer
399(5)
16.3.1 Motors of Transport
399(1)
16.3.2 Quantifying Near-Surface Flux
400(4)
16.4 Long-Distance Transport: From the Boundary Layer into the Free Troposphere
404(2)
16.4.1 Scale of Horizontal Long-Distance Transport
404(1)
16.4.2 Altitude of Long-Distance Transport
405(1)
16.5 Interaction of Microbial Aerosols with Atmospheric Processes
406(1)
16.6 Implications of Aerial Transport for Microbial Evolutionary History
407(10)
References
410(7)
17 Disinfection of Airborne Organisms by Ultraviolet-C Radiation and Sunlight
417(24)
Jana S. Kesavan
Jose-Luis Sagripanti
17.1 Introduction
417(1)
17.2 UV Radiation
418(1)
17.3 Sunlight
419(2)
17.4 Selected Organisms
421(2)
17.4.1 Bacterial Endospores
421(1)
17.4.2 Vegetative Bacteria
422(1)
17.4.3 Viruses
423(1)
17.5 Effects of UV Light on Aerosolized Organisms
423(6)
17.5.1 Cell Damage Caused By UV Radiation
423(1)
17.5.2 Photorepair
424(1)
17.5.3 Typical Survival Curve for UV Exposure
425(2)
17.5.4 The UV Rate Constant
427(1)
17.5.5 RH and Temperature Effects
428(1)
17.5.6 Bacterial Clusters
429(1)
17.6 Disinfection of Rooms Using UV-C Radiation
429(1)
17.7 Sunlight Exposure Studies
430(1)
17.8 Testing Considerations
431(4)
17.8.1 Test Methodology in Our Laboratory
432(3)
17.9 Discussion
435(6)
References
435(6)
18 Radioactive Aerosols: Tracers of Atmospheric Processes
441(28)
Katsumi Hirose
18.1 Introduction
441(1)
18.2 Origin of Radioactive Aerosols
442(4)
18.2.1 Natural Radionuclides
442(2)
18.2.2 Anthropogenic Radionuclides
444(2)
18.3 Tracers of Atmospheric Processes
446(11)
18.3.1 Transport of Radioactive Aerosols
446(2)
18.3.2 Dry Deposition
448(1)
18.3.3 Wet Deposition
449(1)
18.3.4 Resuspension
450(2)
18.3.5 Other Processes
452(1)
18.3.6 Application of Multitracers
452(2)
18.3.7 Atmospheric Residence Time of Radioactive Aerosols
454(3)
18.4 Tracer of Environmental Change
457(3)
18.5 Conclusion
460(9)
References
461(8)
Index 469
IAN COLBECK, University of Essex, UK

MIHALIS LAZARIDIS, Technical University of Crete, Greece
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