| Introduction |
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xiii | |
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Part 1 Production: Global Knowledge and Science in the Digital Era |
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1 | (46) |
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Chapter 1 Current Knowledge Dynamics |
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3 | (8) |
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1.1 Transparency of scientific data |
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4 | (2) |
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1.1.1 Transparency of access |
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5 | (1) |
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1.2 Transparency of experimental protocol |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.2.2 And as for citizens |
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6 | (1) |
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1.3 A necessary form of research engineering |
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7 | (1) |
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1.4 Confusion between data ana scientific results: avoiding manipulation of research results |
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8 | (3) |
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Chapter 2 Digital Conditions for Knowledge Production |
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11 | (12) |
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2.1 An economic system oriented toward innovation |
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11 | (2) |
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2.2 What of knowledge and indeed the concept of the commons? |
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13 | (1) |
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2.3 From analog to digital |
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14 | (2) |
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2.4 User-producer: civil society enters the knowledge production system |
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16 | (2) |
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2.4.1 Unauthorized knowledge producers |
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16 | (1) |
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2.4.2 Promoting "lay expertise" and its necessary relationship "with formal expertise" |
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17 | (1) |
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2.5 The interactions between the various spheres of knowledge production |
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18 | (2) |
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2.5.1 A form of competition |
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18 | (2) |
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2.6 Collaboration between society and knowledge: producing authorities should be put into perspective |
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20 | (3) |
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Chapter 3 The Dual Relationship between the User and the Developer |
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23 | (6) |
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3.1 Legal arrangements for knowledge-sharing using development platforms |
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23 | (2) |
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3.1.1 Controlled development through Open Access |
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23 | (2) |
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3.1.2 The emergence of a common market for structured research |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2 The user contributes to the creation and development of content process |
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25 | (4) |
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3.2.1 The user in the creative process |
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25 | (1) |
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3.2.2 The user in the development process |
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26 | (3) |
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Chapter 4 Researchers' Uses and Needs for Scientific and Technical Information |
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29 | (8) |
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29 | (2) |
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4.1.1 The 10 CNRS institutes |
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30 | (1) |
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4.2 Diverse uses and dual needs |
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31 | (2) |
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4.3 An explanation through differentiated scientific analysis |
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33 | (4) |
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Chapter 5 New Tools for Knowledge Capture |
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37 | (6) |
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5.1 The growth of metadata exploitation |
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37 | (1) |
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5.1.1 The growth of the use of metadata |
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37 | (1) |
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5.2 Are we moving toward a semantic Web? |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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5.3 Tools and limits for metadata processing |
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39 | (1) |
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5.3.1 Tools being developed |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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5.3.3 Classification of metadata |
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40 | (1) |
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5.4 The challenges of the semantic Web |
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40 | (3) |
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5.4.1 The main technical difficulties |
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40 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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Chapter 6 Modes of Knowledge Sharing and Technologies |
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43 | (4) |
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6.1 Data storage technologies and access allowing knowledge sharing |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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6.2 Exchange platforms and catalogs |
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44 | (1) |
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6.3 Knowledge-processing and digital editions |
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45 | (2) |
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Part 2 Sharing Mechanisms: Knowledge Sharing and the Knowledge-based Economy |
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47 | (42) |
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Chapter 7 Business Model for Scientific Publication |
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49 | (8) |
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7.1 The current economic model is changing so as to adapt to new conditions for knowledge sharing |
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49 | (2) |
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7.1.1 A former model currently under discussion |
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49 | (2) |
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7.1.2 A model changed drastically by the presence of NICTs |
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51 | (1) |
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7.2 Creation of a new model |
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51 | (1) |
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7.2.1 Toward a so-called "open process"? |
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51 | (1) |
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7.2.2 Moving toward open access |
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52 | (1) |
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7.3 The issues raised by the creation of a new economic model |
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52 | (2) |
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7.3.1 Appearance of a digital halo |
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52 | (2) |
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7.4 A new economic model struggling to fine its niche |
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54 | (3) |
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Chapter 8 Actor Strategy: International Scientific Publishing, Services with High Added Value and Research Communities |
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57 | (10) |
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8.1 Publishing, editing and existing: live issues within the publication of Scientific and Technical Information (STI) |
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58 | (1) |
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8.1.1 Publishers' sources of power |
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58 | (1) |
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8.2 Who is subject to it? The other players in scientific publishing |
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59 | (1) |
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8.3 The characteristics of SMS (Science of Man and Society) |
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60 | (2) |
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8.3.1 The national character of SMSs |
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61 | (1) |
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8.3.2 The specific temporality and profitability of SMSs |
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61 | (1) |
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8.4 Existing without publishing? New STI directions |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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8.5 Alternatives to scientific publishing |
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63 | (4) |
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Chapter 9 New Approaches to Scientific Production |
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67 | (10) |
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9.1 New means of access to scientific production: innovative models |
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67 | (4) |
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9.1.1 In favor of optimizing publication and scientific collaboration |
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67 | (3) |
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9.1.2 Moving toward open peer review with greater transparency and quality |
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70 | (1) |
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9.2 Two main objectives: accelerating knowledge sharing and promoting scientific collaboration |
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71 | (1) |
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9.2.1 Accelerating knowledge sharing |
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71 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Promoting scientific collaboration: academic social networks |
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71 | (1) |
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9.3 The need for new analytical tools and the risk of reprivatization of scientific knowledge |
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72 | (2) |
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9.3.1 Increase in data and the weakness of indicators: the need for new analytical tools |
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72 | (1) |
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9.3.2 The need for new analytical tools |
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73 | (1) |
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9.4 The absence of the usage doctrine and the risk of reprivatization of science: the case of social networks |
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74 | (3) |
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9.4.1 Academic social networks and major publishing houses: are they undergoing the same struggle? |
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74 | (1) |
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9.4.2 The risk of a loss of benchmarks |
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74 | (3) |
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Chapter 10 The Geopolitics of Science |
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77 | (8) |
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10.1 National convergent research models |
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78 | (3) |
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10.1.1 The United States and sector interpenetration |
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78 | (2) |
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10.1.2 China: a hybrid model |
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80 | (1) |
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10.2 Science is a source of international cooperation |
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81 | (3) |
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10.2.1 The European Union: a laboratory for joint scientific projects |
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81 | (3) |
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10.3 International scientific cooperation is accelerating |
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84 | (1) |
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Chapter 11 Copyright Serving the Market |
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85 | (4) |
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Part 3 Enhancement Knowledge Rights and Public Policies in the Wake of Digital Technology |
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89 | (86) |
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Chapter 12 Legal Protection of Scientific Research Results in the Humanities and Social Sciences |
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91 | (12) |
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12.1 Different legal protections for different kinds of science |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (5) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (2) |
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12.3.3 The practical system |
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97 | (1) |
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12.4 Protect against whom? |
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98 | (1) |
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12.5 Changing the challenges of Internet protection |
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99 | (1) |
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12.6 Legal obstacles related to the author's right |
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100 | (3) |
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Chapter 13 Development of Knowledge and Public Policies |
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103 | (8) |
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13.1 Knowledge enhancement concerns everyone |
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104 | (1) |
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13.1.1 An issue in the common interest |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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13.2 What are the public policies for enhancing knowledge? |
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105 | (2) |
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13.2.1 The legal frameworks |
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105 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Knowledge enhancement also occurs by allocating funding |
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106 | (1) |
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13.3 State establishment of connections between actors: a key tool in knowledge enhancement |
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107 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Competitiveness centers |
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108 | (1) |
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13.4 Comparing the United States and the European Union |
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109 | (2) |
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13.4.1 European Union policy |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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Chapter 14 From Author to Enhancer |
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111 | (6) |
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14.1 Enhancing scientific research is a complex process |
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112 | (2) |
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14.1.1 Knowledge enhancement may take several forms depending on the objective pursued |
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112 | (1) |
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14.1.2 Authors and enhancers are actors in a process which is divided into several stages |
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112 | (2) |
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14.2 Scientific research enhancement follows a legislative framework intended to promote innovation |
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114 | (3) |
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14.2.1 Public enhancement policies truly came into being in the aftermath of the World War II |
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114 | (1) |
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14.2.2 The State attempts to stimulate technology transfers by establishing a specific legislative framework |
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115 | (2) |
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Chapter 15 The Right to Knowledge: Moving Toward a Universal Law? |
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117 | (10) |
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15.1 Unclear regulatory frameworks |
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118 | (3) |
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15.1.1 The Internet, a privileged space for soft law expression |
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118 | (1) |
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15.1.2 Setting up international institutional frameworks: the case of data protection |
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119 | (2) |
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15.2 Developing legal frameworks related to the Internet is complicated |
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121 | (2) |
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15.2.1 The historic development of the Internet occurred without the support of a clear legal framework |
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121 | (1) |
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15.2.2 Moving toward an extraterritorial approach to standards? |
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122 | (1) |
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15.3 Proposals for developing legal frameworks for the Internet |
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123 | (4) |
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15.3.1 Proposals which fall within the framework of public or private international law or into new approaches |
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123 | (2) |
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15.3.2 The absence of Internet territoriality and the obstacles to be overcome |
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125 | (2) |
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Chapter 16 Governing by Algorithm |
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127 | (6) |
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16.1 Statistics that foreshadow algorithms |
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128 | (2) |
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16.1.1 The gradual development of statistics |
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128 | (1) |
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16.1.2 The appearance of automation |
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129 | (1) |
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16.2 Algorithmic governance and democratic opportunities |
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130 | (3) |
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16.2.1 The importance of algorithms in the decision-making process |
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130 | (1) |
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16.2.2 The democratic importance of algorithms |
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131 | (1) |
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16.2.3 Moving toward a State platform |
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131 | (2) |
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Chapter 17 Public Data and Science in e-Government |
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133 | (8) |
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17.1 Disseminating data and disseminating science: a new requirement |
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134 | (3) |
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17.1.1 The openness of public data and the dissemination of science: a democratic requirement? |
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134 | (1) |
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17.1.2 An economic and social issue |
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135 | (1) |
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17.1.3 Protecting personal data |
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136 | (1) |
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17.2 Public data in the e-government |
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137 | (2) |
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17.3 Science within e-government |
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139 | (2) |
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Chapter 18 Surveillance, Sousveillance, Improper Capturing |
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141 | (8) |
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18.1 The traditional legal framework for information capture |
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142 | (3) |
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18.1.1 Capture regulated by intellectual property law |
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142 | (1) |
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18.1.2 A legal context ill-suited to open science |
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143 | (2) |
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18.2 The clear need for a specific law |
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145 | (4) |
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18.2.1 What is the legal qualification of APIs? |
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145 | (1) |
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18.2.2 Moving toward the creation of an open science law? |
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146 | (3) |
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Chapter 19 Public Knowledge Policies in the Digital Age |
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149 | (8) |
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19.1 GAFA domination and the oligopolization of the market |
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150 | (2) |
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19.2 Isolated digital ecosystems |
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152 | (1) |
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19.3 Regulation through competition law |
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153 | (1) |
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19.4 Data protection: moving toward a law for the digital community |
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154 | (3) |
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Chapter 20 The Politics of Creating Artificial Intelligence |
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157 | (8) |
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158 | (2) |
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20.1.1 From joy to "the winter of artificial intelligence" |
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158 | (1) |
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20.1.2 A recurrent failure |
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159 | (1) |
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20.1.3 The "spring of artificial intelligence" rediscovered |
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159 | (1) |
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20.2 Artificial intelligence has become a priority for public and private actors |
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160 | (2) |
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20.2.1 Mass investment from the private sector |
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160 | (1) |
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160 | (1) |
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20.2.3 Public actors are aware of the importance of artificial intelligence |
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161 | (1) |
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20.4 The appearance of legal problems |
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162 | (3) |
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Chapter 21 Security Policies in Artificial Intelligence |
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165 | (10) |
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21.1 Security as a comment on machines and data |
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166 | (3) |
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21.1.1 Freedom for machines? |
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166 | (2) |
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21.1.2 How far should we go? |
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168 | (1) |
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21.2 From the security of machines to the security of humans |
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169 | (6) |
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21.2.1 Can machines be made responsible? |
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170 | (1) |
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21.2.2 Data and metadata: where should machines stop? |
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171 | (4) |
| Conclusion |
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175 | (2) |
| Postscript |
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177 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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179 | (6) |
| Bibliography |
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185 | (16) |
| Index |
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201 | |
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