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E-raamat: Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Including a Treatment of Tiltrotor Aircraft 3rd Edition [Wiley Online]

(University of Liverpool, UK)
  • Formaat: 856 pages
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119401089
  • ISBN-13: 9781119401087
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 148,02 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Including a Treatment of Tiltrotor Aircraft 3rd EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 856 pages
  • Sari: Aerospace Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 05-Oct-2018
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119401089
  • ISBN-13: 9781119401087
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119401087

The Book

The behaviour of helicopters and tiltrotor aircraft is so complex that understanding the physical mechanisms at work in trim, stability and response, and thus the prediction of Flying Qualities, requires a framework of analytical and numerical modelling and simulation. Good Flying Qualities are vital for ensuring that mission performance is achievable with safety and, in the first and second editions of Helicopter Flight Dynamics, a comprehensive treatment of design criteria was presented, relating to both normal and degraded Flying Qualities. Fully embracing the consequences of Degraded Flying Qualities during the design phase will contribute positively to safety. In this third edition, two new Chapters are included. Chapter 9 takes the reader on a journey from the origins of the story of Flying Qualities, tracing key contributions to the developing maturity and to the current position. Chapter 10 provides a comprehensive treatment of the Flight Dynamics of tiltrotor aircraft; informed by research activities and the limited data on operational aircraft. Many of the unique behavioural characteristics of tiltrotors are revealed for the first time in this book. 

The accurate prediction and assessment of Flying Qualities draws on the modelling and simulation discipline on the one hand and testing practice on the other. Checking predictions in flight requires clearly defined mission tasks, derived from realistic performance requirements. High fidelity simulations also form the basis for the design of stability and control augmentation systems, essential for conferring Level 1 Flying Qualities. The integrated description of flight dynamic modelling, simulation and flying qualities of rotorcraft forms the subject of this book, which will be of interest to engineers practising and honing their skills in research laboratories, academia and manufacturing industries, test pilots and flight test engineers, and as a reference for graduate and postgraduate students in aerospace engineering.

Series Preface xv
Preface to Third Edition xvii
Preface to Second Edition xix
Preface to First Edition xxiii
Acknowledgements xxvii
Notation xxix
List of Abbreviations
xxxix
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Simulation Modelling
2(1)
1.2 Flying Qualities
3(1)
1.3 Missing Topics
4(1)
1.4 Simple Guide to the Book
5(3)
Chapter 2 Helicopter and Tilt rotor Flight Dynamics -- An Introductory Tour
2.1 Introduction
8(1)
2.2 Four Reference Points
9(12)
2.2.1 The Mission and Piloting Tasks
9(3)
2.2.2 The Operational Environment
12(1)
2.2.3 The Vehicle Configuration, Dynamics, and Flight Envelope
13(1)
Rotor Controls
13(2)
Two Distinct Flight Regimes
15(1)
Rotor Stall Boundaries
16(3)
2.2.4 The Pilot and Pilot-Vehicle Interface
19(1)
2.2.5 Resume of the Four Reference Points
20(1)
2.3 Modelling Helicopter/Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics
21(29)
2.3.1 The Problem Domain
21(1)
2.3.2 Multiple Interacting Subsystems
22(2)
2.3.3 Trim, Stability, and Response
24(1)
2.3.4 The Flapping Rotor in a Vacuum
25(3)
2.3.5 The Flapping Rotor in Air -- Aerodynamic Damping
28(3)
2.3.6 Flapping Derivatives
31(1)
2.3.7 The Fundamental 90° Phase Shift
31(1)
2.3.8 Hub Moments and Rotor/Fuselage Coupling
32(3)
2.3.9 Linearization in General
35(1)
2.3.10 Stability and Control Resume'
36(1)
2.3.11 The Static Stability Derivative Mw
37(2)
2.3.12 Rotor Thrust, Inflow, Zw, and Vertical Gust Response in Hover
39(2)
2.3.13 Gust Response in Forward Flight
41(1)
2.3.14 Vector-Differential Form of Equations of Motion
42(3)
2.3.15 Validation
45(3)
2.3.16 Inverse Simulation
48(1)
2.3.17 Modelling Review
49(1)
2.4 Flying Qualities
50(16)
2.4.1 Pilot Opinion
50(1)
2.4.2 Quantifying Quality Objectively
51(1)
2.4.3 Frequency and Amplitude -- Exposing the Natural Dimensions
52(1)
2.4.4 Stability -- Early Surprises Compared with Aeroplanes
53(3)
2.4.5 Pilot-in-the-Loop Control; Attacking a Manoeuvre
56(1)
2.4.6 Bandwidth -- A Parameter for All Seasons?
57(2)
2.4.7 Flying a Mission Task Element
59(1)
2.4.8 The Cliff Edge and Carefree Handling
60(1)
2.4.9 Agility Factor
60(1)
2.4.10 Pilot's Workload
61(2)
2.4.11 Inceptors and Displays
63(1)
2.4.12 Operational Benefits of Flying Qualities
63(2)
2.4.13 Flying Qualities Review
65(1)
2.5 Design for Flying Qualities; Stability and Control Augmentation
66(5)
2.5.1 Impurity of Primary Response
67(1)
2.5.2 Strong Cross-Couplings
67(1)
2.5.3 Response Degradation at Flight Envelope Limits
67(1)
2.5.4 Poor Stability
68(1)
2.5.5 The Rotor as a Control Filter
68(1)
2.5.6 Artificial Stability
69(2)
2.6 Tiltrotor Flight Dynamics
71(1)
2.7
Chapter Review
71(3)
Chapter 3 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Building a Simulation Model
3.1 Introduction and Scope
74(4)
3.2 The Formulation of Helicopter Forces and Moments in Level 1 Modelling
78(56)
3.2.1 Main Rotor
79(1)
Blade Flapping Dynamics -- Introduction
79(2)
The Centre-Spring Equivalent Rotor
81(5)
Multiblade Coordinates
86(6)
Rotor Forces and Moments
92(5)
Rotor Torque
97(1)
Rotor Inflow
98(1)
Momentum Theory for Axial Flight
98(3)
Momentum Theory in Forward Flight
101(5)
Local-Differential Momentum Theory and Dynamic Inflow
106(2)
Rotor Flapping-Further Considerations of the Centre-Spring Approximation
108(6)
Rotor in-Plane Motion: Lead-Lag
114(2)
Rotor Blade Pitch
116(1)
Ground Effect on Inflow and Induced Power
117(3)
3.2.2 The Tail Rotor
120(2)
3.2.3 Fuselage and Empennage
122(1)
The Fuselage Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
122(3)
The Empennage Aerodynamic Forces and Moments
125(2)
3.2.4 Powerplant and Rotor Governor
127(2)
3.2.5 Flight Control System
129(2)
Pitch and Roll Control
131(2)
Yaw Control
133(1)
Heave Control
134(1)
3.3 Integrated Equations of Motion of the Helicopter
134(2)
3.4 Beyond Level 1 Modelling
136(11)
3.4.1 Rotor Aerodynamics and Dynamics
137(1)
Rotor Aerodynamics
137(1)
Modelling Section Lift, Drag, and Pitching Moment
138(2)
Modelling Local Incidence
140(1)
Rotor Dynamics
141(2)
3.4.2 Interactional Aerodynamics
143(4)
3.5
Chapter 3 Epilogue
147(17)
Appendix 3 A Frames of Reference and Coordinate Transformations
153(1)
3A.1 The Inertial Motion of the Aircraft
153(3)
3A.2 The Orientation Problem -- Angular Coordinates of the Aircraft
156(2)
3A.3 Components of Gravitational Acceleration along the Aircraft Axes
158(1)
3A.4 The Rotor System -- Kinematics of a Blade Element
158(3)
3A.5 Rotor Reference Planes -- Hub, Tip Path, and No-Feathering
161(3)
Chapter 4 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Trim and Stability Analysis
4.1 Introduction and Scope
164(4)
4.2 Trim Analysis
168(13)
4.2.1 The General Trim Problem
170(1)
4.2.2 Longitudinal Partial Trim
171(5)
4.2.3 Lateral/Directional Partial Trim
176(2)
4.2.4 Rotorspeed/Torque Partial Trim
178(1)
4.2.5 Balance of Forces and Moments
178(1)
4.2.6 Control Angles to Support the Forces and Moments
179(2)
4.3 Stability Analysis
181(81)
4.3.1 Linearization
183(4)
4.3.2 The Derivatives
187(1)
The Translational Velocity Derivatives
188(1)
The Derivatives Xu, Yv, Xv, and Yu (Mv and Lu)
188(1)
The Derivatives Mu and Mw
189(1)
The Derivatives Mw, MV, and Mv
190(1)
The Derivative Zw
191(2)
The Derivatives Lv, Nv
193(1)
The Derivatives Nu, Nw, Lu, Lw
194(1)
The Angular Velocity Derivatives
195(1)
The Derivatives Xq, Yp
195(1)
The Derivatives Mq, Lp, Mp, Lq
196(3)
The Derivatives Nr, Lr, Np
199(1)
The Control Derivatives
200(1)
The Derivatives Zt0, Zt1s
200(1)
The Derivatives Mt0, Lt0
201(1)
The Derivatives Mt1s, Mt1c, Lt1s, Lt1c
201(1)
The Derivatives YtOT, LtOT, NtOT
202(1)
The Effects of Nonuniform Rotor Inflow on Damping and Control Derivatives
203(1)
Some Reflections on Derivatives
204(1)
4.3.3 The Natural Modes of Motion
205(2)
The Longitudinal Modes
207(7)
The Lateral/Directional Modes
214(4)
Comparison with Flight
218(1)
Appendix 4A The Analysis of Linear Dynamic Systems (with Special Reference to 6-Dof Helicopter Flight)
218(9)
Appendix 4B The Three Case Helicopters: Lynx, Bo 105 and Puma
227(1)
4B.1 Aircraft Configuration Parameters
227(1)
The RAE (DRA) Research Lynx, ZD559
227(2)
The DLR Research Bo 105, S123
229(2)
The RAE (DRA) Research Puma, XW241
231(2)
Fuselage Aerodynamic Characteristics
233(1)
Lynx
233(1)
Bo105
233(1)
Puma
233(1)
Empennage Aerodynamic Characteristics
234(1)
Lynx
234(1)
Bo105
234(1)
Puma
234(1)
4B.2 Stability and Control Derivatives
234(8)
4B.3 Tables of Stability and Control Derivatives and System Eigenvalues
242(16)
Appendix 4C The Trim Orientation Problem
258(4)
Chapter 5 Modelling Helicopter Flight Dynamics: Stability Under Constraint and Response Analysis
5.1 Introduction and Scope
262(1)
5.2 Stability Under Constraint
263(20)
5.2.1 Attitude Constraint
264(11)
5.2.2 Flight Path Constraint
275(1)
Longitudinal Motion
275(4)
Lateral Motion
279(4)
5.3 Analysis of Response to Controls
283(26)
5.3.1 General
283(1)
5.3.2 Heave Response to Collective Control Inputs
284(1)
Response to Collective in Hover
284(6)
Response to Collective in Forward Flight
290(1)
5.3.3 Pitch and Roll Response to Cyclic Pitch Control Inputs
291(1)
Response to Step Inputs in Hover -- General Features
292(1)
Effects of Rotor Dynamics
292(2)
Step Responses in Hover -- Effect of Key Rotor Parameters
294(2)
Response Variations with Forward Speed
296(1)
Stability Versus Agility -- Contribution of the Horizontal Tailplane
296(1)
Comparison with Flight
297(4)
5.3.4 Yaw/Roll Response to Pedal Control Inputs
301(8)
5.4 Response to Atmospheric Disturbances
309(25)
Modelling Atmospheric Disturbances
310(1)
Modelling Helicopter Response
311(2)
Ride Qualities
313(2)
Appendix 5A Speed Stability Below Minimum Power; A Forgotten Problem?
315(19)
Chapter 6 Flying Qualities: Objective Assessment and Criteria Development
6.1 General Introduction to Flying Qualities
334(4)
6.2 Introduction and Scope: The Objective Measurement of Quality
338(3)
6.3 Roll Axis Response Criteria
341(33)
6.3.1 Task Margin and Manoeuvre Quickness
341(6)
6.3.2 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power
347(6)
6.3.3 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth
353(1)
Early Efforts in the Time Domain
353(3)
Bandwidth
356(3)
Phase Delay
359(1)
Bandwidth/Phase Delay Boundaries
360(3)
Civil Applications
363(1)
The Measurement of Bandwidth
363(5)
Estimating ωbw and τp
368(2)
Control Sensitivity
370(1)
6.3.4 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability
371(1)
6.3.5 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability
372(2)
6.4 Pitch Axis Response Criteria
374(11)
6.4.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power
374(3)
6.4.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth
377(1)
6.4.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability
378(3)
6.4.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability
381(4)
6.5 Heave Axis Response Criteria
385(10)
6.5.1 Criteria for Hover and Low-Speed Flight
388(3)
6.5.2 Criteria for Torque and Rotorspeed During Vertical Axis Manoeuvres
391(1)
6.5.3 Heave Response Criteria in Forward Flight
392(1)
6.5.4 Heave Response Characteristics in Steep Descent
393(2)
6.6 Yaw Axis Response Criteria
395(7)
6.6.1 Moderate to Large Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Quickness and Control Power
396(2)
6.6.2 Small Amplitude/Moderate to High Frequency: Bandwidth
398(1)
6.6.3 Small Amplitude/Low to Moderate Frequency: Dynamic Stability
398(3)
6.6.4 Trim and Quasi-Static Stability
401(1)
6.7 Cross-Coupling Criteria
402(4)
6.7.1 Pitch-to-Roll and Roll-to-Pitch Couplings
402(2)
6.7.2 Collective to Yaw Coupling
404(1)
6.7.3 Sideslip to Pitch and Roll Coupling
405(1)
6.8 Multi-Axis Response Criteria and Novel-Response Types
406(4)
6.8.1 Multi-Axis Response Criteria
406(1)
6.8.2 Novel Response Types
407(3)
6.9 Objective Criteria Revisited
410(8)
Chapter 7 Flying Qualities: Subjective Assessment and Other Topics
7.1 Introduction and Scope
418(1)
7.2 The Subjective Assessment of Flying Quality
419(19)
7.2.1 Pilot Handling Qualities Ratings -- HQRs
420(5)
7.2.2 Conducting a Handling Qualities Experiment
425(1)
Designing a Mission Task Element
425(2)
Evaluating Roll Axis Handling Characteristics
427(11)
7.3 Special Flying Qualities
438(24)
7.3.1 Agility
438(1)
Agility as a Military Attribute
438(1)
The Agility Factor
439(3)
Relating Agility to Handling Qualities Parameters
442(3)
7.3.2 The Integration of Controls and Displays for Flight in Degraded Visual Environments
445(1)
Flight in DVE
445(1)
Pilotage Functions
445(1)
Flying in DVE
446(1)
The Usable Cue Environment
446(6)
UCE Augmentation with Overlaid Symbology
452(3)
7.3.3 Carefree Flying Qualities
455(7)
7.4 Pilot's Controllers
462(2)
7.5 The Contribution of Flying Qualities to Operational Effectiveness and the Safety of Flight
464(6)
Chapter 8 Flying Qualities: Forms of Degradation
8.1 Introduction and Scope
470(2)
8.2 Flight in Degraded Visual Environments
472(39)
8.2.1 Recapping the Usable Cue Environment
472(3)
8.2.2 Visual Perception in Flight Control -- Optical Flow and Motion Parallax
475(8)
8.2.3 Time to Contact; Optical Tau, τ
483(3)
8.2.4 τ Control in the Deceleration-to-Stop Manoeuvre
486(1)
8.2.5 Tau-Coupling -- A Paradigm for Safety in Action
487(7)
8.2.6 Terrain-Following Flight in Degraded Visibility
494(4)
τ on the Rising Curve
498(9)
8.2.7 What Now for Tau?
507(4)
8.3 Handling Qualities Degradation through Flight System Failures
511(13)
8.3.1 Methodology for Quantifying Flying Qualities Following Flight Function Failures
512(2)
8.3.2 Loss of Control Function
514(1)
Tail Rotor Failures
514(3)
8.3.3 Malfunction of Control -- Hard-Over Failures
517(5)
8.3.4 Degradation of Control Function -- Actuator Rate Limiting
522(2)
8.4 Encounters with Atmospheric Disturbances
524(18)
8.4.1 Helicopter Response to Aircraft Vortex Wakes
525(1)
The Wake Vortex
525(1)
Hazard Severity Criteria
526(7)
Analysis of Encounters -- Attitude Response
533(3)
Analysis of Encounters -- Vertical Response
536(2)
8.4.2 Severity of Transient Response
538(4)
8.5
Chapter Review
542(12)
Appendix 8A HELIFLIGHT, HELIFLIGHT-R, and FLIGHTLAB at the University of Liverpool
545(1)
8A.1 FLIGHTLAB
545(2)
8A.2 Immersive Cockpit Environment
547(4)
8A.3 HELIFLIGHT-R
551(3)
Chapter 9 Flying Qualities: The Story of an Idea
9.1 Introduction and Scope
554(3)
9.2 Historical Context of Rotorcraft Flying Qualities
557(20)
9.2.1 The Early Years; Some Highlights from the 1940s--1950s
557(7)
9.2.2 The Middle Years -- Some Highlights from the 1960s--1970s
564(13)
9.3 Handling Qualities as a Performance Metric -- The Development of ADS--33
577(2)
9.3.1 The Evolution of a Design Standard -- The Importance of Process
578(1)
9.3.2 Some Critical Innovations in ADS-33
579(1)
9.4 The UK MoD Approach
579(1)
9.5 Roll Control; A Driver for Rotor Design
580(3)
9.6 Helicopter Agility
583(10)
9.6.1 ADS-33 Tailoring and Applications
585(2)
9.6.2 Handling Qualities as a Safety Net; The Pilot as a System Component
587(6)
9.7 The Future Challenges for Rotorcraft Handling Qualities Engineering
593(5)
Chapter 10 Tiltrotor Aircraft: Modelling and Flying Qualities
10.1 Introduction and Scope
598(6)
10.2 Modelling and Simulation of Tiltrotor Aircraft Flight Dynamics
604(31)
10.2.1 Building a Simulation Model
605(2)
Multi-Body Dynamic Modelling
607(2)
Axes Systems
609(1)
Gimbal Rotors
610(6)
FXV-15 Model Components and Data
616(1)
Gimballed Proprotor Family
616(2)
Wing Family
618(1)
Fuselage Family
618(1)
Empennage Family
618(1)
Power Plant and Transmission Family
619(1)
Flight Control System Family
619(1)
10.2.2 Interactional Aerodynamics in Low-Speed Flight
620(1)
10.2.3 Vortex Ring State and the Consequences for Tiltrotor Aircraft
621(5)
10.2.4 Trim, Linearisation, and Stability
626(6)
10.2.5 Response Analysis
632(3)
10.3 The Flying Qualities of Tiltrotor Aircraft
635(51)
10.3.1 General
635(3)
10.3.2 Developing Tiltrotor Mission Task Elements
638(6)
10.3.3 Flying Qualities of Tiltrotors; Clues from the Eigenvalues
644(8)
10.3.4 Agility and Closed-Loop Stability of Tiltrotors
652(1)
Lateral-Directional Agility and Closed-Loop Stability
652(5)
Longitudinal Pitch-Heave Agility and Closed-Loop Stability
657(13)
10.3.5 Flying Qualities during the Conversion
670(3)
10.3.6 Improving Tiltrotor Flying Qualities with Stability and Control Augmentation
673(1)
Rate Stabilisation
673(2)
V-22 Power Management and Control
675(4)
Unification of Flying Qualities
679(4)
Flying Qualities of Large Civil Tiltrotor Aircraft
683(3)
10.4 Load Alleviation versus Flying Qualities for Tiltrotor Aircraft
686(12)
10.4.1 Drawing on the V-22 Experience
686(1)
Transient Driveshaft and Rotor Mast Torque
686(1)
Proprotor Flapping
686(1)
Oscillatory Yoke In-plane/Chordwise Bending
687(1)
Nacelle Conversion Actuator Loads
688(1)
10.4.2 Load Alleviation for the European Civil Tiltrotor
688(1)
Modelling for SLA -- Oscillatory Yoke (Chordwise) Bending Moments
689(7)
Control Laws for SLA
696(2)
10.5
Chapter Epilogue; Tempus Fugit for Tiltrotors
698(55)
Appendix 10A Flightlab Axes Systems and Gimbal Flapping Dynamics
700(1)
10A.1 FLIGHTLAB Axes Systems
700(3)
10A.2 Gimbal Flapping Dynamics
703(2)
Appendix 10B The XV-15 Tiltrotor
705(1)
Aircraft Configuration Parameters
705(2)
XV-15 3-view
707(1)
XV-15 Control Ranges and Gearings
707(3)
Appendix 10C The FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivatives
710(1)
10C.1 Graphical Forms
710(15)
10C.2 FXV-15 Stability and Control Derivative and Eigenvalue Tables
725(1)
Helicopter Mode (Matrices Shown with and without (nointf) Aerodynamic Interactions)
725(8)
Conversion Mode
733(4)
Airplane Mode
737(5)
Appendix 10D Proprotor Gimbal Dynamics in Airplane Mode
742(4)
Appendix 10E Tiltrotor Directional Instability Through Constrained Roll Motion: An Elusive, Paradoxical Dynamic
746(1)
10E.1 Background and the Effective Directional Stability
746(1)
10E.2 Application to Tiltrotors
747(6)
References 753(36)
Index 789
The Author

The wonder of flight, and things that flew, led Gareth Padfield to study aeronautical engineering at the University of London, and later learning to fly both aeroplanes and helicopters. His career has been spent in the aviation industry, government research and in academia and has involved all aspects of flight dynamics - flight testing, modelling and simulation, flying qualities and flight control. He has held senior management and leadership roles in Government service (Chief Rotorcraft Scientist) and Academia (Head of School of Engineering) and has always endeavoured to keep his technical skills active as a practitioner.

Gareth's current role is Emeritus Professor of Aerospace Engineering at The University of Liverpool where he supports staff and students in their endeavours. He also operates a consultancy company, Flight Stability and Control, undertaking a variety of specialist projects for the aviation industry, and delivering short courses in Europe, the USA and the Far East.



Gareth Padfield is a Chartered Engineer, a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering and the Royal Aeronautical Society. He is an honorary member of the American Helicopter Society's Modelling and Simulation and Handling Qualities Technical Committees and he has served on the UK's Defence Scientific Advisory Council.

While Helicopter Flight Dynamics is primarily for practising engineers, his 'other' book, So You Want to be an Engineer, (ISBN: 978-0-9929017-2-1) is primarily for students and early practitioners; it is available as a pdf on researchgate.net.

Gareth is also a musician and songwriter, recognising the close connection between creativity in engineering and creativity in music; both require a mix of disciplined and free thinking that, in the right combination, can work wonders and unmask mysteries.
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