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E-raamat: Chemistry of the Climate System 2nd [De Gruyter e-raamatud]

  • Formaat: 786 pages, 148 Tables, black and white; 170 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110331943
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • De Gruyter e-raamatud
  • Hind: 215,94 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Chemistry of the Climate System 2ndSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 786 pages, 148 Tables, black and white; 170 Illustrations
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Aug-2014
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110331943
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley OnlineRohkem infot De Gruyter e-raamatute kohta
The second edition of this magisterial volume expands and develops ideas and concepts presented in the first one, updating it to the state of the art. This is the only text to gather, under one cover, a wealth of detail on atmospheric chemistry that covers all aspects of the atmospheric system. A short introductory chapter sets out the scope of the project describing in some detail the processes and methodology used in research in this field, as well as several specific problems facing a scientist. A comprehensive discussion of the chemical evolution of the atmosphere follows, then an overview of the climate change and climate system with details on cloud and precipitation chemistry. Two more massive chapters detail the fundamentals of climatic physico-chemistry and a description and analysis of chemical reactions in the climate system and the substances involved. Appendices cover acronyms and abbreviations, quantities and units, and the geological timescale. A lengthy bibliography provides necessary information for more advanced research. Annotation ©2015 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)
1 Introduction 1(26)
1.1 Air and atmosphere — a multiphase and multi-component system
1(5)
1.2 Chemistry and environmental research
6(6)
1.3 A historical perspective of air, water and chemistry
12(15)
1.3.1 From Antiquity to the Renaissance: Before the discovery of the air composition
13(3)
1.3.2 Discovery of the composition of air and water
16(5)
1.3.3 Discovery of trace substances in air
21(2)
1.3.4 Dust and acid rain: Air pollution
23(4)
2 Chemical evolution 27(320)
2.1 The pre-biological period
29(20)
2.1.1 Origin of elements, molecules and the earth
29(9)
2.1.2 Origin of organic bonded carbon
38(8)
2.1.2.1 What is organic chemistry?
39(1)
2.1.2.2 Origin of carbon
40(6)
2.1.3 Origin of nitrogen
46(3)
2.2 Evolution of the atmosphere
49(45)
2.2.1 Degassing of the earth: The formation of the atmosphere
49(14)
2.2.1.1 Volcanic gases
50(2)
2.2.1.2 Gases occluded and produced from rocks
52(5)
2.2.1.3 The pre-biological primitive atmosphere
57(6)
2.2.2 Biosphere-atmosphere interaction
63(31)
2.2.2.1 Origin of life
63(4)
2.2.2.2 The rise of oxygen and ozone: Biogeochemical evolution
67(7)
2.2.2.3 Photosynthesis: Non-equilibrium redox processes
74(7)
2.2.2.4 A short history of understanding the process of photosynthesis
81(4)
2.2.2.5 The carbon and oxygen pools and global cycling
85(8)
2.2.2.6 Life limits by catastrophic events: Mass extinctions
93(1)
2.3 The earth's energy sources
94(24)
2.3.1 Solar radiation
95(7)
2.3.1.1 The sun and its radiation output
95(1)
2.3.1.2 Solar radiation transfer through the atmosphere
96(6)
2.3.2 Absorption and emission of light
102(4)
2.3.2.1 Absorption (Lambert-Beer law)
103(1)
2.3.2.2 Emission (Planck's law and Stefan-Boltzmann's law)
104(2)
2.3.3 Terrestrial radiation and radiation budget
106(2)
2.3.4 Geothermal energy
108(2)
2.3.5 Renewable energy
110(6)
2.3.5.1 Wind energy
110(1)
2.3.5.2 Water energy
111(1)
2.3.5.3 Bioenergy
111(3)
2.3.5.4 Comparison among earth's energy sources — potential for humans
114(2)
2.3.6 Abiogenic versus biogenic formation of "fossil fuels"
116(1)
2.3.7 The energy problem
117(1)
2.4 The biosphere and global biogeochemical cycles
118(28)
2.4.1 Biosphere and the noosphere
119(5)
2.4.2 Biogeochemical cycling: The principles
124(4)
2.4.3 Global biogeochemical cycles
128(15)
2.4.3.1 Nitrogen
129(5)
2.4.3.2 Sulfur
134(4)
2.4.3.3 Chlorine
138(5)
2.4.4 What is the role of life in the earth's climate system?
143(3)
2.5 The hydrosphere and the global water cycle
146(27)
2.5.1 Water: Physical and chemical properties
148(6)
2.5.1.1 Water structure: Hydrogen bond
148(3)
2.5.1.2 Water as solvent
151(1)
2.5.1.3 Water properties in relation to the climate system
152(2)
2.5.2 Hydrological cycle and the climate system
154(3)
2.5.3 Atmospheric water
157(10)
2.5.3.1 Water vapor
158(2)
2.5.3.2 Clouds
160(3)
2.5.3.3 Haze, mist and fog
163(1)
2.5.3.4 Precipitation
164(3)
2.5.4 Dew, frost, rime, and interception
167(2)
2.5.5 Soil water and groundwater: Chemical weathering
169(1)
2.5.6 Surface water: Rivers and lakes
170(1)
2.5.7 The oceans
171(2)
2.6 Sources of atmospheric constituents
173(44)
2.6.1 Source characteristics
173(2)
2.6.2 Biogenic sources
175(4)
2.6.2.1 Vegetation and microorganisms (soils and waters)
175(3)
2.6.2.2 Animals
178(1)
2.6.3 The ocean as source
179(3)
2.6.4 Geogenic sources
182(20)
2.6.4.1 Soil dust
183(2)
2.6.4.2 Sea salt
185(1)
2.6.4.3 Volcanism and emanation
186(6)
2.6.4.4 Lightning
192(1)
2.6.4.5 Biomass burning
193(6)
2.6.4.6 Atmospheric chemistry: Secondary sources
199(3)
2.6.5 Anthropogenic sources
202(15)
2.6.5.1 Fossil fuel use: The energy problem
203(7)
2.6.5.2 Agriculture: The food problem
210(3)
2.6.5.3 Land-use change and deforestation: The population problem
213(4)
2.7 Emission of atmospheric substances
217(25)
2.7.1 Nitrogen compounds
221(6)
2.7.1.1 Ammonia (NH3)
221(3)
2.7.1.2 Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O)
224(1)
2.7.1.3 Nitrogen monoxide (NO)
225(2)
2.7.2 Sulfur compounds
227(6)
2.7.2.1 Sulfur dioxide (SO2)
227(3)
2.7.2.2 Reduced sulfur compounds (H2S, DMS, COS)
230(3)
2.7.3 Carbon compounds
233(9)
2.7.3.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
233(2)
2.7.3.2 Carbon monoxide (CO)
235(1)
2.7.3.3 Methane (CH4)
236(2)
2.7.3.4 Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC)
238(4)
2.8 The human problem: A changing earth system
242(105)
2.8.1 Human historic perspective: From the past into the future
244(6)
2.8.2 Changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere: Variations and trends
250(60)
2.8.2.1 Fundamentals: Why concentration fluctuates?
252(3)
2.8.2.2 SO2, NO2 and dust: Classic for local to regional up-scaling
255(4)
2.8.2.3 CO2: The fossil fuel era challenge
259(17)
2.8.2.4 CH4 and N2O: Permanent agricultural associates
276(4)
2.8.2.5 Halogenated organic compounds: Sit out problem
280(3)
2.8.2.6 CO: The biomass burning problem
283(1)
2.8.2.7 O3: Locally believed to be solved but regional unsolved
284(10)
2.8.2.8 H2O2: Mysterious
294(3)
2.8.2.9 OH: The key oxidant
297(2)
2.8.2.10 H2: Light but problematic
299(2)
2.8.2.11 Volatile acid and OH precursor: HNO2
301(7)
2.8.2.12 Sea salt degassing: HC1 and the role of HNO3
308(2)
2.8.3 The carbon problem: Out of balance
310(18)
2.8.3.1 The carbon budget
311(5)
2.8.3.2 The CO2-carbonate system
316(10)
2.8.3.3 Atmospheric CO2 residence time
326(2)
2.8.4 Climate change mitigation: Global sustainable chemistry
328(41)
2.8.4.1 Growth and steady state economy
330(3)
2.8.4.2 Direct air capture
333(2)
2.8.4.3 The carbon economy: CO2 cycling
335(6)
2.8.4.4 Solar fuels: Carbon as a material and energy carrier
341(6)
3 Climate, climate change and the climate system 347(46)
3.1 Climate and climatology: A historical perspective
349(5)
3.2 Climate and the climate system
354(3)
3.3 Climate change and variability
357(12)
3.4 Climate and chemistry
369(24)
3.4.1 Chemical weather and climate
369(3)
3.4.2 Precipitation chemistry climatology
372(8)
3.4.3 Cloud chemistry climatology
380(13)
4 Fundamentals of physico-chemistry in the climate system 393(114)
4.1 Physical basics
394(25)
4.1.1 Properties of gases: The ideal gas
395(10)
4.1.1.1 Fluid characteristics
395(1)
4.1.1.2 The gas laws
396(4)
4.1.1.3 Mean free path and number of collisions between molecules
400(3)
4.1.1.4 Viscosity
403(1)
4.1.1.5 Diffusion
404(1)
4.1.2 Units for chemical abundance: Concentrations and mixing ratios
405(4)
4.1.3 Thermodynamics: The equations of state
409(5)
4.1.4 Equilibrium
414(2)
4.1.5 Steady state
416(3)
4.2 Chemical reactions
419(31)
4.2.1 Kinetics: The reaction rate constant
420(7)
4.2.2 Radicals
427(1)
4.2.3 Photochemistry: The photolysis rate constant
428(5)
4.2.4 Oxidation and reduction (the redox processes)
433(5)
4.2.5 Acid-base reactions: Acidity and alkalinity
438(12)
4.2.5.1 Environmental relevance of acidity
438(1)
4.2.5.2 Acid-base theories
439(4)
4.2.5.3 Atmospheric acidity
443(6)
4.2.5.4 pH averaging
449(1)
4.3 Multiphase processes
450(40)
4.3.1 Aerosols, clouds and precipitation: The climate multiphase system
453(2)
4.3.2 Gas-liquid equilibrium (Henry equilibrium)
455(2)
4.3.3 Properties of droplets
457(7)
4.3.3.1 Vapor pressure change: The Kelvin equation
458(2)
4.3.3.2 Surface tension and surface active substances
460(1)
4.3.3.3 Vapor pressure lowering: Raoult's law
461(2)
4.3.3.4 Freezing point depression
463(1)
4.3.4 Gas-to-particle formation: Homogeneous nucleation
464(5)
4.3.5 Atmospheric aerosols and properties of aerosol particles
469(7)
4.3.6 Formation of cloud droplets: Heterogeneous nucleation
476(1)
4.3.7 Scavenging: Accommodation, adsorption and reaction (mass transfer)
477(13)
4.3.7.1 Mass transfer: General remarks
477(6)
4.3.7.2 Adsorption
483(1)
4.3.7.3 Surface chemistry: Kinetics of heterogeneous chemical reaction
484(2)
4.3.7.4 Mass transfer into the droplet with chemical reaction
486(4)
4.4 Atmospheric removal: Deposition processes
490(9)
4.4.1 Dry deposition
491(6)
4.4.2 Wet deposition
497(2)
4.5 Characteristic times: Residence time, lifetime and turnover time
499(8)
5 Substances and chemical reactions in the climate system 507(130)
5.1 Introduction
507(6)
5.1.1 The principles of chemistry in the climate system
507(3)
5.1.2 Substances in the climate system
510(3)
5.2 Hydrogen
513(1)
5.3 Oxygen
514(50)
5.3.1 Atomic, molecular oxygen and ozone: O, O2 and O3 (Ox)
516(3)
5.3.2 Reactive oxygen species I: OH, HO2 and H2O2 (OxHy species)
519(7)
5.3.2.1 Atmosphere, free of trace species
519(3)
5.3.2.2 Atmosphere with trace species
522(4)
5.3.3 Reactive oxygen species II: RO, RO2 and ROOH
526(3)
5.3.4 Water and the hydrated electron: H2O and H2O (eaq)
529(10)
5.3.5 Aqueous phase oxygen chemistry
539(13)
5.3.5.1 From dioxygen to peroxide (O2 chemistry)
540(7)
5.3.5.2 From ozone to hydroxyl (O3 and O1 chemistry)
547(5)
5.3.6 Multiphase oxygen chemistry
552(8)
5.3.6.1 Historical remarks
553(2)
5.3.6.2 Hydrogen peroxide
555(3)
5.3.6.3 Ozone
558(2)
5.3.7 Stratospheric oxygen chemistry
560(4)
5.4 Nitrogen
564(26)
5.4.1 Thermolysis of nitrogen: Formation of NO
565(1)
5.4.2 Ammonia (NH3)
566(1)
5.4.3 Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O)
567(1)
5.4.4 Nitrogen monoxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and oxo acids
568(17)
5.4.4.1 Gas phase chemistry
568(4)
5.4.4.2 Aqueous phase and interfacial chemistry
572(13)
5.4.5 Organic nitrogen compounds
585(5)
5.4.5.1 Amines and nitriles
586(3)
5.4.5.2 Organic NOx compounds
589(1)
5.5 Sulfur
590(17)
5.5.1 Sulfides (H2S, CS2, COS, RSH): Reduced sulfur
592(5)
5.5.2 Oxides and oxoacids: SO2, H2SO3, SO3, H2SO4
597(8)
5.5.2.1 Gas phase SO2 oxidation
597(1)
5.5.2.2 Aqueous sulfur chemistry
598(7)
5.5.3 Multiphase sulfur chemistry
605(2)
5.6 Phosphorus
607(3)
5.7 Carbon
610(17)
5.7.1 Elemental carbon and soot
611(2)
5.7.2 C1 chemistry: CO, CO2, CH4, CH3OH, HCHO, HCOOH
613(5)
5.7.3 C2 chemistry: C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C2H5OH, CH3CHO, CH3COOH, (COOH)2
618(6)
5.7.4 Alkenes, ketones and aromatic compounds
624(2)
5.7.5 Is the atmospheric fate of complex organic compounds predictable?
626(1)
5.8 Halogens (C1, Br, F and I)
627(8)
5.8.1 Gas phase chemistry
629(2)
5.8.2 Aqueous and interfacial chemistry
631(4)
5.9 Other elements
635(2)
6 Final remark 637(4)
Appendix 641(22)
A.1 List of acronyms and abbreviations found in literature
641(2)
A.2 Quantities, units and some useful numerical values
643(7)
A.3 The geological timescale
650(1)
A.4 Biography
651(12)
References 663(92)
Author index 755(4)
Subject index 759
Detlev M. Möller, Brandenburg Technical University, Cottbus, Germany.
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783110331943_pe.html