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E-raamat: Physics of Comets 3rd Revised edition [World Scientific e-raamat]

(Nat'l Astronomical Observatory, Japan & Tata Inst Of Fundamental Res, India)
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Physics of Comets 3rd Revised editionSuurem pilt
Teised raamatud teemal:
World Scientific e-raamatudRohkem infot World Scientific e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/7537#t=toc
This revised edition places a unique emphasis on all the new results from ground-based, satellites and space missions — detection of molecule H2 and prompt emission lines of OH for the first time; discovery of X-rays in comets; observed diversity in chemical composition among comets; the puzzle of the constancy of spin temperature; the well-established mineralogy of cometary dust; extensive theoretical modeling carried out for understanding the observed effects; the similarity in the mineralogy of dust in circumstellar shell of stars, comets, meteorites, asteroids and IDPs, thus indicating the generic relationship between them.
Foreword v
Preface vii
1 General Introduction
1(32)
1.1 Historical Perspective
1(3)
1.2 Discovery
4(1)
1.3 Appearance
5(1)
1.4 Statistics
6(3)
1.5 Importance
9(1)
1.6 Brightness
10(3)
1.7 Main Characteristics
13(6)
1.8 Spacecraft Encounters with Comets
19(4)
1.9 An Overall View
23(10)
Problems
30(1)
References
30(3)
2 Dynamics
33(14)
2.1 Orbital Elements
33(2)
2.2 Orbit in Space
35(12)
2.2.1 Relevant Equations
35(5)
2.2.2 Orbital elements from position and velocity
40(1)
2.2.3 Orbital elements from observations
41(4)
Problems
45(1)
References
46(1)
3 Physical Aspects
47(28)
3.1 Black Body Radiation
47(2)
3.2 Perfect Gas Law
49(1)
3.3 Dissociative Equilibrium
49(1)
3.4 Doppler Shift
50(1)
3.5 Spectroscopy
51(7)
3.5.1 Atomic spectroscopy
51(3)
3.5.2 Molecular spectroscopy
54(3)
3.5.3 Chemical subgroups
57(1)
3.6 Isotopic Effect
58(1)
3.7 Franck-Condon Factors
59(2)
3.8 Intensity of Emitted Lines
61(3)
3.9 Boltzmann Distribution
64(1)
3.10 A-Doubling
64(1)
3.11 Photochemistry of Water
65(2)
3.12 Silicate
67(1)
3.13 Annealing
68(1)
3.14 Carbon
69(1)
3.15 Solar Radiation
70(2)
3.16 Solar Wind
72(3)
Problems
73(1)
References
74(1)
4 Spectra
75(20)
4.1 Main Characteristics
76(14)
4.2 Forbidden Transitions
90(2)
4.3 Line-to-Continuum Ratio
92(3)
Problems
93(1)
References
93(2)
5 Spectra of Coma
95(46)
5.1 Fluorescence Process
95(30)
5.1.1 Rotational structure
98(3)
5.1.2 Vibrational structure
101(1)
5.1.3 Comparison with observations
102(6)
5.1.4 Case of C2 molecule
108(6)
5.1.5 Prompt emission lines of OH
114(4)
5.1.6 Molecules other than diatomic
118(1)
5.1.7 OH radio lines
118(3)
5.1.8 Oxygen lines
121(1)
5.1.9 Forbidden transitions
121(2)
5.1.10 Molecular band polarization
123(2)
5.2 Excitation Temperature
125(3)
5.2.1 Rotational temperature
125(3)
5.2.2 Vibrational temperature
128(1)
5.3 Abundances of Heavy Elements
128(2)
5.4 Isotopic Abundances
130(7)
5.5 Summary
137(4)
Problems
137(1)
References
138(3)
6 Gas Production Rates in Coma
141(72)
6.1 Theoretical Models
142(10)
6.1.1 From the total luminosity
142(2)
6.1.2 From surface brightness distribution
144(5)
6.1.3 From number densities
149(2)
6.1.4 Semi-empirical photometric theory
151(1)
6.2 Results
152(31)
6.2.1 OH and H
152(6)
6.2.2 H2O, H2
158(4)
6.2.3 CN, C2, C3, NH
162(4)
6.2.4 CH, NH2
166(1)
6.2.5 CO, CO2
167(2)
6.2.6 CS, S2
169(1)
6.2.7 Ions
169(2)
6.2.8 Complex molecules
171(5)
6.2.9 O,C,N,S
176(7)
6.3 Analysis of Hydrogen Observations
183(8)
6.3.1 Analysis of Lyman α measurements
183(6)
6.3.2 Analysis of Hα observations
189(2)
6.4 Related Studies
191(11)
6.4.1 Gas-phase chemistry in the coma
191(3)
6.4.2 In situ mass spectrometer for ions
194(2)
6.4.3 Temperature and velocity of the coma gas
196(6)
6.5 Parent Molecules
202(4)
6.6 Chemical Diversity
206(1)
6.7 Summary
207(6)
Problems
207(1)
References
208(5)
7 Dust Tails
213(14)
7.1 Dynamics
213(7)
7.2 Auti-tail
220(2)
7.3 Dust Trails
222(1)
7.4 Sodium Gas Tails
222(1)
7.5 Dust features
223(4)
Problems
225(1)
References
226(1)
8 Light Scattering Theory
227(22)
8.1 Mie Scattering Theory
228(5)
8.1.1 Efficiency factors
228(2)
8.1.2 Albedo
230(1)
8.1.3 Scattered intensity
231(1)
8.1.4 Polarization
232(1)
8.2 Approximate Expressions
233(1)
8.3 Computation of Cross Sections
233(1)
8.4 Results
234(4)
8.5 Particles of Other Types
238(5)
8.6 Optical Constants
243(6)
Problems
246(1)
References
247(2)
9 The Nature of Dust Particles
249(54)
9.1 Visible Continuum
249(12)
9.1.1 Albedo
255(1)
9.1.2 Phase function
256(1)
9.1.3 Dust production rate from continuum
257(2)
9.1.4 Dust production from A(θ)ƒρ
259(2)
9.2 Polarization
261(7)
9.2.1 Linear polarization
261(5)
9.2.2 Circular polarization
266(2)
9.3 Grain Sizes
268(1)
9.4 Infrared Measurements
269(9)
9.4.1 Dust production from infrared observations
272(4)
9.4.2 Anti-tail
276(2)
9.5 Spectral Feature
278(12)
9.5.1 Silicate signature
279(2)
9.5.2 Mineralogy of dust particles
281(7)
9.5.3 The C-H stretch feature
288(1)
9.5.4 Ice signature
289(1)
9.6 Properties Derived from Direct Measurements
290(4)
9.7 Radiation Pressure Effects
294(2)
9.8 Summary
296(7)
Problems
298(1)
References
299(4)
10 Ion Tails
303(36)
10.1 Evidence for the Solar Wind
303(1)
10.2 Dynamical Aberration
304(4)
10.3 Theoretical Considerations
308(10)
10.3.1 Comparison with observations
314(4)
10.4 Instabilities and Waves
318(3)
10.5 Acceleration of Cometary Ions
321(2)
10.6 Large Scale Structures
323(7)
10.6.1 Tail rays or streamers
324(1)
10.6.2 Knots or condensations
325(1)
10.6.3 Oscillatory structure
325(1)
10.6.4 "Swan-like" feature
326(1)
10.6.5 Bend in the tail
326(2)
10.6.6 Disconnection events
328(2)
10.7 X-rays
330(5)
10.8 Summary
335(4)
Problems
335(1)
References
336(3)
11 Nucleus
339(42)
11.1 Morphology
339(1)
11.2 Theory of Vapourization
340(8)
11.3 Outbursts
348(2)
11.4 Albedo and Radius
350(3)
11.5 Mass, Density and Surface Gravity
353(2)
11.6 Rotation
355(4)
11.7 Nucleus Composition
359(1)
11.8 Mass Loss
360(1)
11.9 Structure
361(4)
11.10 Non-gravitational Forces
365(5)
11.11 Ortho to Para Ratio of Molecules
370(5)
11.12 Binary Systems
375(1)
11.13 Summary
376(5)
Problems
377(1)
References
377(4)
12 Origin
381(20)
12.1 Evidence for the Oort Cloud
381(3)
12.2 Evolution and Properties of Oort Cloud
384(7)
12.2.1 Short period comets
389(2)
12.3 Origin of the Oort Cloud
391(5)
12.4 Taxonomy
396(2)
12.5 Summary
398(3)
Problems
398(1)
References
399(2)
13 Relation to Other Solar System Studies
401(34)
13.1 Asteroids
401(5)
13.2 Meteorites
406(5)
13.3 Meteor Streams
411(5)
13.4 Particles Collected at High Altitudes
416(3)
13.5 Primordial Material
419(1)
13.6 Chemical Evolution
420(3)
13.7 Terrestrial Water
423(1)
13.8 Impact of Outside Bodies
424(2)
13.9 Overview
426(9)
Problems
431(1)
References
432(3)
14 Problems and Prospects
435
14.1 Epilogue
435(2)
14.2 Future Studies
437
Index
441
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