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E-raamat: Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory, Third Edition 3rd edition [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

Chris Mocella, John A. Conkling (Chestertown, Maryland, USA)

Formaat: 316 pages, 98 Tables, black and white; 12 Illustrations, color; 41 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 07-Jan-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9780429262135

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Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Formaat: 316 pages, 98 Tables, black and white; 12 Illustrations, color; 41 Illustrations, black and white
Ilmumisaeg: 07-Jan-2019
Kirjastus: CRC Press
ISBN-13: 9780429262135

Teised raamatud teemal:

Rohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta

This book provides chemists with technical insight on pyrotechnics and explosives. It emphasizes basic chemical principles and practical, hands-on knowledge in the preparation of energetic materials. It examines the interactions between and adaptations of pyrotechnics to changing technology in areas such as obscuration science and low-signature flame emission. The updated third edition discusses chemical and pyrotechnic principles, components of high-energy materials, elements of ignition, propagation, and sensitivity. It offers heat compositions, including ignition mixes, delays, thermites, and propellants and investigates the production of smoke and sound as well as light and color.

Preface to the Third Edition: 2019

Preface to the Second Edition: 2010

xiii

Preface to the First Edition: 1985

Authors

xvii

Chapter 1 Introduction

(8)

A Primer on Energetic Materials

(2)

Black Powder: The Original Pyrotechnic

(2)

A Brief History and Cultural Significance

(4)

Chapter 2 Basic Chemical Principles

(48)

Atoms and Molecules

(8)

The Mole Concept

(2)

Electron Transfer Reactions

(13)

Oxidation-Reduction Theory

(2)

The Pyro Valence Method: A Simple Yet Powerful Technique

(3)

Balancing an Equation

(1)

Is a Chemical Compound Fuel or Oxygen Rich?

(1)

Weight Ratio Calculations

(1)

Analyzing the Pyro Valence of a Mixture

(1)

Three-Component Systems

(1)

Pyro Valence Exercises

(3)

Additional Pyro Valence Problems

(1)

Electrochemistry

(2)

Thermodynamics

(5)

Introduction to Thermodynamics

(2)

Heat of Reaction

(3)

Rates of Chemical Reactions

(3)

Energy-Rich Bonds

(1)

States of Matter

(5)

Gases

(1)

Liquids

(1)

The Solid State

(2)

Other Phases of Matter

(1)

Acids and Bases

(2)

Light Emission

(4)

Molecular Emission

(1)

"Black Body" Radiation/Emission

(1)

"Green" Chemistry and Pyrotechnics: An Introduction

(1)

Chemical Principles: A Final Note

(2)

Chapter 3 Components of Energetic Compositions

(50)

Introduction

(2)

Oxidizing Agents

(19)

Requirements

(4)

Potassium Nitrate (KNO3)

(1)

Potassium Chlorate (KClO3)

(4)

Potassium Perchlorate (KClO4)

(1)

Green Pyrotechnics: The Perchlorate Issue

(2)

Ammonium Perchlorate (NH4ClO4)

(1)

Ammonium Perchlorate in the News

(1)

Din itramides: A "Green" Replacement for Perchlorates?

(1)

Periodates: A "Green" Replacement for Perchlorates?

(1)

5-Aminotetrazole: A "Green" Replacement for Perchlorates?

(1)

Strontium Nitrate [ Sr(NO3)2]

(1)

Barium Nitrate [ Ba(NO3)2]

(1)

Iron Oxide [ Fe2O3 and Fe3O4]

(1)

Other Oxidizers

(1)

Oxidizers without Oxygen

(1)

Summary on Oxidizers and Their Use

(1)

Oxidizer Selection: A Comparison

(1)

Fuels

(18)

Requirements

(2)

Introduction to Metal Fuels

(2)

Aluminum (Al)

(1)

Magnesium (Mg)

(1)

Recovery of Demilitarized Magnesium: "Green" Pyrotechnics Recycling

(1)

"Magnalium" (Magnesium-Aluminum Alloy)

(1)

Iron (Fe)

(1)

Other Metals

(1)

Introduction to Non-Metallic/Elemental Fuels

(1)

Sulfur

(2)

Boron

(1)

Silicon

(1)

Phosphorus

(1)

Sulfide Compounds

(1)

Introduction to Organic Fuels

(2)

Natural Organic Fuels: Shellac and Red Gum

(1)

Charcoal

(1)

Carbohydrates

(1)

Other Organic Fuels

(1)

Binders

(5)

An Overview of Binders

(4)

Most Binders Are Also Fuels

101

(1)

Retardants

102

(2)

Brief Note on Colored Dyes

103

(1)

Catalysts

104

(1)

Gas Volume Considerations: A Review

104

(1)

Examples

105

(1)

Conclusion and Best Practices in Component Selection

105

(2)

Chapter 4 Pyrotechnic Principles

107

(20)

Introduction

107

(1)

Technical Parameters for Pyrotechnic Behavior

108

(5)

Variability of Pyrotechnic Compositions

113

(6)

Requirements for a "Good" High-Energy Mixture

119

(2)

Preparation of High-Energy Mixtures: An Introduction

121

(1)

Variation from Day to Day

122

(2)

Possible Areas Where Variation in the Performance and Sensitivity of Pyrotechnic Mixtures Can Occur During the Manufacturing Process

123

(1)

Aging Effects on Pyrotechnic Compositions

124

(1)

Pyrotechnic Principles: A Final Note

125

(2)

Chapter 5 Pyrotechnic Laboratories and Analysis

127

(20)

Introduction

128

(1)

The Pyrotechnic Laboratory

128

(4)

Storage

129

(2)

Safety: Personal Protective Equipment and Common Practices

131

(1)

Composition Production

132

(5)

Sizing Particles and Powders

133

(2)

Measuring Chemicals

135

(1)

Mixing the Compositions

136

(1)

Using the Laboratory Hood "Firing Range"

137

(2)

Setting Up the Lab Hood/Firing Range

137

(1)

Igniting the Composition

138

(1)

Cleanup and a Final Note on Safety

139

(1)

Analysis and Pyrotechnics

139

(7)

Introduction to Analysis of Pyrotechnic Compositions

139

(1)

Thermal Analysis

140

(4)

Heat Output Measurement

144

(1)

Spectroscopy

144

(1)

Microscopy

145

(1)

Moisture Analyzer

145

(1)

Other Equipment and Techniques

145

(1)

Process Hazard Analysis

146

(1)

Laboratories and Analysis: A Final Note

146

(1)

Chapter 6 Ignition and Propagation

147

(30)

Introduction to Ignition Principles

148

(13)

Ignition Techniques

148

(1)

Ignition: Initial and Continuing Events

149

(1)

Combustion, Deflagration, and Detonation

149

(1)

Ignition Factors: Part 1

150

(2)

Lattice Structure, Motion, Reactivity, and "The Tammann Temperature"

152

(1)

Ignition Factors: Part 2

153

(4)

Ignition Temperatures

157

(1)

Methods for Determining Ignition Temperatures

158

(3)

Summary of Ignition

161

(1)

Propagation of Burning

161

(10)

Introduction and Measuring Propagation

161

(1)

Effects from Component Selection

162

(1)

Effects from Mass Ratio and Stoichiometry

163

(1)

Effect from Other Factors: Heat Transfer, Loading Density, and Moisture

164

(1)

Effect of External Pressure and Confinement

165

(3)

Effect of External Temperature

168

(1)

Burning Surface Area

169

(1)

Deflagration-to-Detonation Transitions (DDT)

170

(1)

Summary of Burn Rate

171

(1)

Combustion Flame Temperature

171

(4)

Propagation Index

175

(1)

Ignition and Propagation: A Final Note

176

(1)

Chapter 7 Sensitivity

177

(20)

Sensitivity Testing: An Introduction

177

(4)

Ignition Sensitivity: A Statistical Event

178

(1)

Sensitivity Testing: Safety Concerns

179

(1)

Variability in Sensitivity Testing Results

180

(1)

Spark Sensitivity

181

(3)

Friction Sensitivity

184

(2)

Impact Sensitivity

186

(3)

Thermal Sensitivity

189

(4)

Thermal Sensitivity Overview

189

(3)

Divergent Sensitivity Changes

192

(1)

Shock Sensitivity: A Brief Note

193

(1)

Redesigning a Composition for Sensitivity Considerations

194

(1)

Pyrotechnic Sensitivity: Summary

195

(2)

Chapter 8 Heat Compositions: Ignition Mixes, Delays, and Thermites

197

(16)

Heat Production

198

(1)

Igniters and Delays: Terminology

198

(3)

Ignition Compositions and First Fires

201

(3)

Delay Compositions

204

(6)

Thermodynamics and Delay Compositions

206

(1)

Stoichiometry and Delay Compositions

207

(2)

"Green Pyrotechnics" for Delay Systems

209

(1)

Thermite and Thermate Mixtures

210

(2)

Heat Compositions: Summary

212

(1)

Chapter 9 Propellants: A Brief Overview

213

(12)

Propellants: An Introduction

214

(1)

The Original Propellant: Black Powder

215

(1)

Smokeless Powders

216

(4)

Propellants for Launch Vehicles

220

(1)

Projectile vs. Rocket Propellants

221

(1)

Modern Approaches in Propellants

222

(3)

Chapter 10 Light and Color Production

225

(32)

Introduction

225

(1)

White-Light Compositions

226

(5)

Overview of White-Light Production

226

(1)

Illuminating Compositions and Flares

227

(3)

"Photoflash" Mixtures

230

(1)

"Green Pyrotechnics" for Photoflash Compositions

231

(1)

Spark Production

231

(2)

Strobes and "Twinklers"

233

(1)

Other Light Effects: Flitter and Glitter

234

(1)

Colored-Light Production

235

(19)

Overview of Colored-Light Production

235

(3)

Oxidizer Selection

238

(1)

Fuels and Burning Rates

239

(1)

The Veline Color Series

240

(1)

Color Intensification with Chlorine

240

(2)

Red Flame Compositions: Classic Strontium-Based Systems

242

(1)

Red Flame Compositions: Lithium-Based Alternatives

243

(2)

Green Flame Compositions: Classic Barium-Based Systems

245

(3)

Green Flame Compositions: "Green Pyrotechnics" with Boron-Based Compositions

248

(1)

Blue Flame Compositions: Classic Copper Chloride-Based Systems

248

(3)

Blue Flame Compositions: "Green Pyrotechnics" with Copper Iodide and Copper Bromide

251

(1)

Purple Flame Compositions

251

(1)

Yellow Flame Compositions: Sodium

252

(1)

Sodium Impurities: A Caution in Color Production

253

(1)

Orange Flame Compositions: Calcium and Sodium/Strontium Combinations

254

(1)

Infrared Emission and Pyrotechnics

254

(2)

Light and Color Production: Summary

256

(1)

Chapter 11 Smoke Production

257

(14)

Introduction

257

(2)

Generation and Dispersion of Solid Particles

258

(1)

Vaporization of Volatiles

259

(1)

Colored-Smoke Mixes

259

(5)

Overview of Colored-Smoke Production

259

(3)

Green Pyrotechnics: An Environmentally Benign Yellow Smoke

262

(2)

White Smoke Production

264

(5)

Overview of White Smoke Production

264

(3)

"Green Pyrotechnics": HC Smoke Replacement Research

267

(2)

Summary: The Challenge and Opportunity of Smokes

269

(2)

Chapter 12 Sound Production

271

(8)

Noise Production: Reports

271

(3)

Whistles

274

(1)

Crackle Effects

275

(2)

A Final Note on Studying the Chemistry of Pyrotechnics

277

(2)

Chapter 13 Acknowledgments and Further Exploration

279

(4)

Acknowledgments and Thanks

279

(1)

Further Resources for Exploring Pyrotechnics

280

(3)

References

283

(8)

Index

291

Dr. John A. Conkling received in bachelors of science degree from Washington College in Chestertown, MD in 1965 and his Ph.D. in chemistry from Johns Hopkins University in 1969. Dr. Conkling returned to Washington College as a chemistry professor and colleague of Dr. Joseph McLain, who at the time was studying energetic materials and pyrotechnics, which Dr. Conkling began to study for his career. As former executive director and technical director of the American Pyrotechnics Association, Dr. Conkling is widely regarded as one of the worlds foremost experts in pyrotechnics. Dr. Conkling conducted The Summer Pyrotechnic Seminar at Washington College for 29 years and is the original author of Chemistry of Pyrotechnics: Basic Principles and Theory in 1985. Dr. Conkling retired from Washington College in 2012 and was awarded the Alumni Service Award in 2013. Dr. Conkling currently splits his time between Chestertown and Texas to be with his family.

Chris Mocella received his bachelors of science degree in chemistry from Washington College in Chestertown, MD in 2001, having studied as a research associate under Dr. John Conkling. Chris continued to work with Dr. Conkling at his Summer Pyrotechnics Seminar series and assisted with the second edition of the Chemistry of Pyrotechnics text. Following graduate studies in chemistry at the University of Virginia, Chris took a position as a chemist with the U.S. federal government where he continues his career today. Chris lives with his wife and son near Annapolis, MD.

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