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E-raamat: Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging [De Gruyter e-raamatud]

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  • Formaat: 702 pages
  • Sari: De Gruyter Textbook
  • Ilmumisaeg: 15-Nov-2013
  • Kirjastus: De Gruyter
  • ISBN-13: 9783110302783
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • De Gruyter e-raamatud
  • Hind: 1 438,80 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Close-Range Photogrammetry and 3D ImagingSuurem pilt
Wiley OnlineRohkem infot De Gruyter e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110302783
This is the second edition of the established guide to close-range photogrammetry which uses accurate imaging techniques to analyse the three-dimensional shape of a wide range of manufactured and natural objects.

After more than 20 years of use, close-range photogrammetry, now for the most part entirely digital, has become an accepted, powerful and readily available technique for engineers, scientists and others who wish to utilise images to make accurate 3D measurements of complex objects. Here they will find the photogrammetric fundamentals, details of system hardware and software, and broad range of real-world applications in order to achieve this.

Following the introduction, the book provides fundamental mathematics covering subjects such as image orientation, digital imaging processing and 3D reconstruction methods, as well as a discussion of imaging technology, including targeting and illumination, and its implementation in hardware and software. It concludes with an overview of photogrammetric solutions for typical applications in engineering, manufacturing, medical science, architecture, archaeology and other fields.
1 Introduction 1(27)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.1.1 Content
1(1)
1.1.2 References
2(1)
1.2 Fundamental methods
2(12)
1.2.1 The photogrammetric process
2(2)
1.2.2 Aspects of photogrammetry
4(3)
1.2.3 Image-forming model
7(2)
1.2.4 Photogrammetric systems and procedures
9(3)
1.2.4.1 Analogue systems
9(1)
1.2.4.2 Digital systems
9(1)
1.2.4.3 Recording and analysis procedures
10(2)
1.2.5 Photogrammetric products
12(2)
1.3 Application areas
14(3)
1.4 Historical development
17(11)
2 Mathematical fundamentals 28(80)
2.1 Coordinate systems
28(3)
2.1.1 Image and camera coordinate systems
28(1)
2.1.2 Pixel and sensor coordinate system
29(1)
2.1.3 Model coordinate system
29(1)
2.1.4 Object coordinate system
30(1)
2.2 Coordinate transformations
31(23)
2.2.1 Plane transformations
31(7)
2.2.1.1 Similarity transformation
31(2)
2.2.1.2 Affine transformation
33(1)
2.2.1.3 Polynomial transformation
34(1)
2.2.1.4 Bilinear transformation
35(1)
2.2.1.5 Projective transformation
35(3)
2.2.2 Spatial transformations
38(16)
2.2.2.1 Spatial rotations
38(7)
2.2.2.2 Spatial similarity transformation
45(5)
2.2.2.3 Homogeneous coordinate transformations
50(4)
2.3 Geometric elements
54(28)
2.3.1 Analytical geometry in the plane
55(12)
2.3.1.1 Straight line
55(4)
2.3.1.2 Circle
59(1)
2.3.1.3 Ellipse
60(3)
2.3.1.4 Curves
63(4)
2.3.2 Analytical geometry in 3D space
67(10)
2.3.2.1 Straight line
67(3)
2.3.2.2 Plane
70(2)
2.3.2.3 Rotationally symmetric shapes
72(5)
2.3.3 Surfaces
77(4)
2.3.3.1 Digital surface model
78(3)
2.3.3.2 B-spline and Bezier surfaces
81(1)
2.3.4 Compliance with design
81(1)
2.4 Adjustment techniques
82(26)
2.4.1 The problem
82(4)
2.4.1.1 Functional model
83(1)
2.4.1.2 Stochastic model
84(2)
2.4.2 Least-squares method (Gauss-Markov linear model)
86(5)
2.4.2.1 Adjustment of direct observations
86(1)
2.4.2.2 General least squares adjustment
87(2)
2.4.2.3 Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm
89(1)
2.4.2.4 Conditional least squares adjustment
90(1)
2.4.3 Quality measures
91(9)
2.4.3.1 Precision and accuracy
92(2)
2.4.3.2 Confidence interval
94(2)
2.4.3.3 Correlations
96(1)
2.4.3.4 Reliability
97(3)
2.4.4 Error detection in practice
100(5)
2.4.4.1 Data snooping
101(1)
2.4.4.2 Variance component estimation
101(1)
2.4.4.3 Robust estimation with weighting functions
102(1)
2.4.4.4 Robust estimation according to L1 norm
103(1)
2.4.4.5 RANSAC
104(1)
2.4.5 Computational aspects
105(3)
2.4.5.1 Linearisation
105(1)
2.4.5.2 Normal systems of equations
105(1)
2.4.5.3 Sparse matrix techniques and optimisation
106(2)
3 Imaging technology 108(147)
3.1 Physics of image formation
108(26)
3.1.1 Wave optics
108(6)
3.1.1.1 Electro-magnetic spectrum
108(1)
3.1.1.2 Radiometry
109(1)
3.1.1.3 Refraction and reflection
110(2)
3.1.1.4 Diffraction
112(2)
3.1.2 Optical imaging
114(6)
3.1.2.1 Geometric optics
114(1)
3.1.2.2 Apertures and stops
115(1)
3.1.2.3 Focussing
116(3)
3.1.2.4 Scheimpflug condition
119(1)
3.1.3 Aberrations
120(6)
3.1.3.1 Distortion
121(1)
3.1.3.2 Chromatic aberration
122(1)
3.1.3.3 Spherical aberration
123(1)
3.1.3.4 Astigmatism and curvature of field
124(1)
3.1.3.5 Coma
125(1)
3.1.3.6 Light fall-off and vignetting
125(1)
3.1.4 Resolution
126(5)
3.1.4.1 Resolving power of a lens
126(1)
3.1.4.2 Geometric resolving power
127(2)
3.1.4.3 Contrast and modulation transfer function
129(2)
3.1.5 Fundamentals of sampling theory
131(3)
3.1.5.1 Sampling theorem
131(2)
3.1.5.2 Detector characteristics
133(1)
3.2 Photogrammetric Imaging Concepts
134(5)
3.2.1 Offline and online systems
134(2)
3.2.1.1 Offline photogrammetry
135(1)
3.2.1.2 Online photogrammetry
136(1)
3.2.2 Imaging configurations
136(3)
3.2.2.1 Single image acquisition
136(1)
3.2.2.2 Stereo image acquisition
137(1)
3.2.2.3 Multi-image acquisition
138(1)
3.3 Geometry of the camera as a measuring device
139(30)
3.3.1 Image scale and accuracy
139(4)
3.3.1.1 Image scale
139(2)
3.3.1.2 Accuracy estimation
141(2)
3.3.2 Interior orientation of a camera
143(9)
3.3.2.1 Physical definition of the image coordinate system
144(1)
3.3.2.2 Perspective centre and distortion
145(3)
3.3.2.3 Parameters of interior orientation
148(1)
3.3.2.4 Metric and semi-metric cameras
149(1)
3.3.2.5 Determination of interior orientation (calibration)
150(2)
3.3.3 Standardised correction functions
152(6)
3.3.3.1 Symmetric radial distortion
152(5)
3.3.3.2 Tangential distortion
157(1)
3.3.3.3 Affinity and shear
157(1)
3.3.3.4 Total correction
158(1)
3.3.4 Alternative correction formulations
158(8)
3.3.4.1 Simplified models
158(1)
3.3.4.2 Additional parameters
159(2)
3.3.4.3 Correction of distortion as a function of object distance
161(1)
3.3.4.4 Image-variant calibration
162(1)
3.3.4.5 Correction of local image deformation
163(3)
3.3.5 Iterative correction of imaging errors
166(2)
3.3.6 Fisheye projections
168(1)
3.4 System components
169(25)
3.4.1 Opto-electronic imaging sensors
171(13)
3.4.1.1 Principle of CCD sensor
171(2)
3.4.1.2 CCD area sensors
173(2)
3.4.1.3 CMOS matrix sensors
175(2)
3.4.1.4 Colour cameras
177(2)
3.4.1.5 Geometric properties
179(3)
3.4.1.6 Radiometric properties
182(2)
3.4.2 Camera technology
184(4)
3.4.2.1 Camera types
184(2)
3.4.2.2 Shutter
186(1)
3.4.2.3 Image stabilisation
187(1)
3.4.3 Lenses
188(5)
3.4.3.1 Relative aperture and f/number
188(1)
3.4.3.2 Field of view
188(1)
3.4.3.3 Super wide-angle and fisheye lenses
189(1)
3.4.3.4 Zoom lenses
190(1)
3.4.3.5 Tilt-shift lenses
190(2)
3.4.3.6 Telecentric lenses
192(1)
3.4.3.7 Stereo image splitting
193(1)
3.4.4 Filters
193(1)
3.5 Imaging systems
194(27)
3.5.1 Analogue cameras
197(6)
3.5.1.1 Analogue video cameras
197(2)
3.5.1.2 Analogue camera technology
199(1)
3.5.1.3 Digitisation of analogue video signals
200(3)
3.5.2 Digital cameras
203(4)
3.5.3 High-speed cameras
207(4)
3.5.4 Stereo and multi-camera systems
211(1)
3.5.5 Micro and macro-scanning cameras
212(3)
3.5.5.1 Micro scanning
213(1)
3.5.5.2 Macro scanning
213(2)
3.5.6 Panoramic cameras
215(5)
3.5.6.1 Line scanners
215(1)
3.5.6.2 Panorama stitching
216(1)
3.5.6.3 Panoramas from fisheye lenses
217(1)
3.5.6.4 Video theodolites and total stations
218(2)
3.5.7 Thermal imaging cameras
220(1)
3.6 Targeting and illumination
221(18)
3.6.1 Object targeting
221(13)
3.6.1.1 Targeting material
221(4)
3.6.1.2 Circular targets
225(3)
3.6.1.3 Spherical targets
228(1)
3.6.1.4 Patterned targets
229(1)
3.6.1.5 Coded targets
230(1)
3.6.1.6 Probes and hidden-point devices
231(3)
3.6.2 Illumination and projection techniques
234(5)
3.6.2.1 Electronic flash
234(1)
3.6.2.2 Pattern projection
235(2)
3.6.2.3 Laser projectors
237(1)
3.6.2.4 Directional lighting
238(1)
3.7 3D cameras and range systems
239(16)
3.7.1 Laser-based systems
239(7)
3.7.1.1 Laser triangulation
239(1)
3.7.1.2 Laser scanners
240(4)
3.7.1.3 Laser trackers
244(2)
3.7.2 Fringe projection systems
246(7)
3.7.2.1 Stationary fringe projection
246(1)
3.7.2.2 Dynamic fringe projection (phase-shift method)
247(2)
3.7.2.3 Coded light (Gray code)
249(1)
3.7.2.4 Single-camera fringe-projection systems
250(1)
3.7.2.5 Multi-camera fringe-projection systems
251(2)
3.7.3 Low-cost consumer grade range 3D cameras
253(2)
4 Analytical methods 255(136)
4.1 Overview
255(2)
4.2 Processing of single images
257(34)
4.2.1 Exterior orientation
257(3)
4.2.1.1 Standard case
257(2)
4.2.1.2 Special case of terrestrial photogrammetry
259(1)
4.2.2 Collinearity equations
260(3)
4.2.3 Space resection
263(8)
4.2.3.1 Space resection with known interior orientation
264(3)
4.2.3.2 Space resection with unknown interior orientation
267(1)
4.2.3.3 Approximate values for resection
267(1)
4.2.3.4 Resection with minimum object information
268(3)
4.2.3.5 Quality measures
271(1)
4.2.4 Linear orientation methods
271(4)
4.2.4.1 Direct linear transformation (DLT)
271(3)
4.2.4.2 Perspective projection matrix
274(1)
4.2.5 Object position and orientation by inverse resection
275(4)
4.2.5.1 Position and orientation of an object with respect to a camera
275(1)
4.2.5.2 Position and orientation of one object relative to another
276(3)
4.2.6 Projective transformation of a plane
279(6)
4.2.6.1 Mathematical model
279(3)
4.2.6.2 Influence of interior orientation
282(1)
4.2.6.3 Influence of non-coplanar object points
282(1)
4.2.6.4 Plane rectification
283(1)
4.2.6.5 Measurement of flat objects
284(1)
4.2.7 Single image evaluation of three-dimensional object models
285(6)
4.2.7.1 Object planes
286(1)
4.2.7.2 Digital surface models
286(2)
4.2.7.3 Differential rectification
288(3)
4.3 Processing of stereo images
291(31)
4.3.1 Stereoscopic principle
291(4)
4.3.1.1 Stereoscopic matching
291(1)
4.3.1.2 Tie points
292(1)
4.3.1.3 Orientation of stereo image pairs
293(1)
4.3.1.4 Normal case of stereo photogrammetry
294(1)
4.3.2 Epipolar geometry
295(2)
4.3.3 Relative orientation
297(12)
4.3.3.1 Coplanarity constraint
299(1)
4.3.3.2 Calculation
300(1)
4.3.3.3 Model coordinates
301(1)
4.3.3.4 Calculation of epipolar lines
302(1)
4.3.3.5 Calculation of normal-case images
303(1)
4.3.3.6 Quality of relative orientation
304(3)
4.3.3.7 Special cases of relative orientation
307(2)
4.3.4 Fundamental matrix and essential matrix
309(1)
4.3.5 Absolute orientation
310(4)
4.3.5.1 Mathematical model
310(2)
4.3.5.2 Definition of the datum
312(1)
4.3.5.3 Calculation of exterior orientations
312(1)
4.3.5.4 Calculation of relative orientation from exterior orientations
313(1)
4.3.6 Stereoscopic processing
314(8)
4.3.6.1 Principle of stereo image processing
314(1)
4.3.6.2 Point determination using image coordinates
315(6)
4.3.6.3 Point determination with floating mark
321(1)
4.4 Multi-image processing and bundle adjustment
322(53)
4.4.1 General remarks
322(5)
4.4.1.1 Objectives
322(4)
4.4.1.2 Data flow
326(1)
4.4.2 Mathematical model
327(12)
4.4.2.1 Adjustment model
327(2)
4.4.2.2 Normal equations
329(4)
4.4.2.3 Combined adjustment of photogrammetric and survey observations
333(4)
4.4.2.4 Adjustment of additional parameters
337(2)
4.4.3 Object coordinate system (definition of datum)
339(8)
4.4.3.1 Rank and datum defect
339(1)
4.4.3.2 Reference points
340(4)
4.4.3.3 Free net adjustment
344(3)
4.4.4 Generation of approximate values
347(9)
4.4.4.1 Strategies for the automatic calculation of approximate values
349(4)
4.4.4.2 Initial value generation by automatic point measurement
353(1)
4.4.4.3 Practical aspects of the generation of approximate values
354(2)
4.4.5 Quality measures and analysis of results
356(5)
4.4.5.1 Output report
356(1)
4.4.5.2 Precision of image coordinates
357(1)
4.4.5.3 Precision of object coordinates
358(1)
4.4.5.4 Quality of self-calibration
359(2)
4.4.6 Strategies for bundle adjustment
361(2)
4.4.6.1 Simulation
361(1)
4.4.6.2 Divergence
362(1)
4.4.6.3 Elimination of gross errors
363(1)
4.4.7 Multi-image processing
363(12)
4.4.7.1 General space intersection
364(2)
4.4.7.2 Direct determination of geometric elements
366(7)
4.4.7.3 Determination of spatial curves (snakes)
373(2)
4.5 Panoramic photogrammetry
375(8)
4.5.1 Cylindrical panoramic imaging model
375(2)
4.5.2 Orientation of panoramic imagery
377(3)
4.5.2.1 Approximate values
377(1)
4.5.2.2 Space resection
378(1)
4.5.2.3 Bundle adjustment
378(2)
4.5.3 Epipolar geometry
380(1)
4.5.4 Spatial intersection
381(1)
4.5.5 Rectification of panoramic images
382(1)
4.5.5.1 Orthogonal rectification
382(1)
4.5.5.2 Tangential images
382(1)
4.6 Multi-media photogrammetry
383(8)
4.6.1 Light refraction at media interfaces
383(5)
4.6.1.1 Media interfaces
383(1)
4.6.1.2 Plane parallel media interfaces
384(3)
4.6.1.3 Ray tracing through refracting interfaces
387(1)
4.6.2 Extended model of bundle triangulation
388(3)
4.6.2.1 Object-invariant interfaces
388(2)
4.6.2.2 Bundle-invariant interfaces
390(1)
5 Digital image processing 391(110)
5.1 Fundamentals
391(8)
5.1.1 Image processing procedure
391(1)
5.1.2 Pixel coordinate system
392(2)
5.1.3 Handling image data
394(5)
5.1.3.1 Image pyramids
394(1)
5.1.3.2 Data formats
394(3)
5.1.3.3 Image compression
397(2)
5.2 Image preprocessing
399(36)
5.2.1 Point operations
399(8)
5.2.1.1 Histogram
399(2)
5.2.1.2 Lookup tables
401(1)
5.2.1.3 Contrast enhancement
402(2)
5.2.1.4 Thresholding
404(2)
5.2.1.5 Image arithmetic
406(1)
5.2.2 Colour operations
407(6)
5.2.2.1 Colour spaces
407(2)
5.2.2.2 Colour transformations
409(2)
5.2.2.3 Colour combinations
411(2)
5.2.3 Filter operations
413(9)
5.2.3.1 Spatial domain and frequency domain
413(4)
5.2.3.2 Smoothing filters
417(1)
5.2.3.3 Morphological operations
418(2)
5.2.3.4 Wallis filter
420(2)
5.2.4 Edge extraction
422(13)
5.2.4.1 First order differential filters
423(2)
5.2.4.2 Second order differential filters
425(1)
5.2.4.3 Laplacian of Gaussian filter
426(1)
5.2.4.4 Image sharpening
427(1)
5.2.4.5 Hough transform
428(1)
5.2.4.6 Enhanced edge operators
429(2)
5.2.4.7 Sub-pixel interpolation
431(4)
5.3 Geometric image transformation
435(12)
5.3.1 Fundamentals of rectification
436(1)
5.3.2 Grey-value interpolation
436(3)
5.3.3 3D visualisation
439(8)
5.3.3.1 Overview
439(2)
5.3.3.2 Reflection and illumination
441(4)
5.3.3.3 Texture mapping
445(2)
5.4 Digital processing of single images
447(19)
5.4.1 Approximate values
447(3)
5.4.1.1 Possibilities
447(1)
5.4.1.2 Segmentation of point features
448(2)
5.4.2 Measurement of single point features
450(13)
5.4.2.1 On-screen measurement
450(1)
5.4.2.2 Centroid methods
450(2)
5.4.2.3 Correlation methods
452(2)
5.4.2.4 Least-squares matching
454(4)
5.4.2.5 Structural measuring methods
458(4)
5.4.2.6 Accuracy issues
462(1)
5.4.3 Contour following
463(3)
5.4.3.1 Profile-driven contour following
464(1)
5.4.3.2 Contour following by gradient analysis
465(1)
5.5 Image matching and 3D object reconstruction
466(28)
5.5.1 Overview
466(2)
5.5.2 Feature-based matching procedures
468(10)
5.5.2.1 Interest operators
468(5)
5.5.2.2 Feature detectors
473(3)
5.5.2.3 Correspondence analysis
476(2)
5.5.3 Correspondence analysis based on epipolar geometry
478(4)
5.5.3.1 Matching in image pairs
478(2)
5.5.3.2 Matching in image triples
480(1)
5.5.3.3 Matching in an unlimited number of images
481(1)
5.5.4 Area-based multi-image matching
482(4)
5.5.4.1 Multi-image matching
482(1)
5.5.4.2 Geometric constraints
482(4)
5.5.5 Semi-global matching
486(2)
5.5.6 Matching methods with object models
488(6)
5.5.6.1 Object-based multi-image matching
488(4)
5.5.6.2 Multi-image matching with surface grids
492(2)
5.6 Range imaging and point clouds
494(7)
5.6.1 Data representations
494(2)
5.6.2 Registration
496(3)
5.6.2.1 3D target recognition
496(1)
5.6.2.2 2D target recognition
497(1)
5.6.2.3 Automated correspondence analysis
497(1)
5.6.2.4 Point cloud registration - iterative closest point algorithm
497(2)
5.6.3 Range-image processing
499(2)
6 Measuring tasks and systems 501(42)
6.1 Overview
501(1)
6.2 Single-camera systems
501(3)
6.2.1 Camera with hand-held probe
501(1)
6.2.2 Probing system with integrated camera
502(1)
6.2.3 Camera system for robot calibration
503(1)
6.2.4 High-speed 6 DOF system
504(1)
6.3 Stereoscopic systems
504(7)
6.3.1 Digital stereo plotters
504(2)
6.3.1.1 Principle of stereoplotting
504(2)
6.3.1.2 Orientation procedures
506(1)
6.3.1.3 Object reconstruction
506(1)
6.3.2 Digital stereo viewing systems
506(3)
6.3.3 Stereo vision systems
509(2)
6.4 Multi-image systems
511(11)
6.4.1 Interactive processing systems
511(3)
6.4.2 Mobile industrial point measuring-systems
514(6)
6.4.2.1 Offline photogrammetric systems
514(2)
6.4.2.2 Online photogrammetric systems
516(4)
6.4.3 Static industrial online measuring systems
520(2)
6.4.3.1 Tube inspection system
520(1)
6.4.3.2 Steel-plate positioning system
521(1)
6.5 Passive surface-measuring systems
522(10)
6.5.1 Point and grid projection
523(2)
6.5.1.1 Multi-camera system with projected point arrays
523(1)
6.5.1.2 Multi-camera systems with target grid projection
524(1)
6.5.1.3 Multi-camera system with grid projection
524(1)
6.5.2 Digital image correlation with random surface-texture patterns
525(4)
6.5.2.1 Techniques for texture generation
525(2)
6.5.2.1 Data processing
527(1)
6.5.2.2 Multi-camera system for dynamic surface changes
528(1)
6.5.3 Measurement of complex surfaces
529(3)
6.5.3.1 Self-locating scanners - orientation with object points
530(1)
6.5.3.2 Scanner location by optical tracking
531(1)
6.5.3.3 Mechanical location of scanners
531(1)
6.6 Dynamic photogrammetry
532(6)
6.6.1 Relative movement between object and imaging system
532(3)
6.6.1.1 Static object
532(1)
6.6.1.2 Moving object
533(2)
6.6.2 Recording dynamic sequences
535(2)
6.6.3 Motion capture (MoCap)
537(1)
6.7 Mobile measurement platforms
538(5)
6.7.1 Mobile mapping systems
538(1)
6.7.2 Close-range aerial imagery
539(4)
7 Measurement design and quality 543(36)
7.1 Project planning
543(9)
7.1.1 Planning criteria
543(1)
7.1.2 Accuracy issues
544(1)
7.1.3 Restrictions on imaging configuration
545(2)
7.1.4 Monte Carlo simulation
547(2)
7.1.5 Computer-aided design of the imaging network
549(3)
7.2 Quality measures and performance testing
552(15)
7.2.1 Quality parameters
552(6)
7.2.1.1 Measurement uncertainty
552(1)
7.2.1.2 Reference value
553(1)
7.2.1.3 Measurement error
553(1)
7.2.1.4 Accuracy
554(1)
7.2.1.5 Precision
555(1)
7.2.1.6 Precision and accuracy parameters from a bundle adjustment
555(1)
7.2.1.7 Relative accuracy
556(1)
7.2.1.8 Tolerance
556(1)
7.2.1.9 Resolution
557(1)
7.2.2 Acceptance and re-verification of measuring systems
558(9)
7.2.2.1 Definition of terms
558(2)
7.2.2.2 Differentiation from coordinate measuring machines (CMMs)
560(1)
7.2.2.3 Reference artefacts
561(2)
7.2.2.4 Testing of point-by-point measuring systems
563(2)
7.2.2.5 Testing of area-scanning systems
565(2)
7.3 Strategies for camera calibration
567(12)
7.3.1 Calibration methods
567(6)
7.3.1.1 Laboratory calibration
569(1)
7.3.1.2 Test-field calibration
569(2)
7.3.1.3 Plumb-line calibration
571(1)
7.3.1.4 On-the-job calibration
572(1)
7.3.1.5 Self-calibration
572(1)
7.3.1.6 System calibration
572(1)
7.3.2 Imaging configurations
573(3)
7.3.2.1 Calibration using a plane point field
574(1)
7.3.2.2 Calibration using a spatial point field
575(1)
7.3.2.3 Calibration with moving scale bar
575(1)
7.3.3 Problems with self-calibration
576(3)
8 Example applications 579(48)
8.1 Architecture, archaeology and cultural heritage
579(15)
8.1.1 Photogrammetric building records
579(4)
8.1.1.1 Siena cathedral
580(2)
8.1.1.2 Gunpowder tower, Oldenburg
582(1)
8.1.1.3 Haderburg castle
582(1)
8.1.2 3D city and landscape models
583(4)
8.1.2.1 Building visualisation
583(1)
8.1.2.2 City models
584(2)
8.1.2.3 3D record of Pompeii
586(1)
8.1.3 Free-form surfaces
587(5)
8.1.3.1 Statues and sculptures
588(1)
8.1.3.2 Large free-form objects
589(1)
8.1.3.3 Survey of the Bremen cog
590(2)
8.1.4 Image mosaics
592(2)
8.1.4.1 Image mosaics for mapping dinosaur tracks
592(1)
8.1.4.2 Central perspective image mosaic
593(1)
8.2 Engineering surveying and civil engineering
594(9)
8.2.1 3D modelling of complex objects
594(2)
8.2.1.1 As-built documentation
594(2)
8.2.1.2 Stairwell measurement
596(1)
8.2.2 Deformation analysis
596(3)
8.2.2.1 Shape measurement of large steel converters
597(1)
8.2.2.2 Deformation of concrete tanks
598(1)
8.2.3 Material testing
599(3)
8.2.3.1 Surface measurement of mortar joints in brickwork
599(1)
8.2.3.2 Structural loading tests
600(2)
8.2.4 Roof and facade measurement
602(1)
8.3 Industrial applications
603(12)
8.3.1 Power stations and production plants
603(3)
8.3.1.1 Wind power stations
603(2)
8.3.1.2 Particle accelerators
605(1)
8.3.2 Aircraft and space industries
606(4)
8.3.2.1 Inspection of tooling jigs
607(1)
8.3.2.2 Process control
607(1)
8.3.2.3 Antenna measurement
608(2)
8.3.3 Car industry
610(4)
8.3.3.1 Rapid prototyping and reverse engineering
610(2)
8.3.3.2 Car safety tests
612(1)
8.3.3.3 Car body deformations
613(1)
8.3.4 Ship building industry
614(1)
8.4 Medicine
615(4)
8.4.1 Surface measurement
616(1)
8.4.2 Online navigation systems
617(2)
8.5 Miscellaneous applications
619(8)
8.5.1 Forensic applications
619(2)
8.5.1.1 Accident recording
619(2)
8.5.1.2 Scene-of-crime recording
621(1)
8.5.2 Scientific applications
621(6)
8.5.2.1 3D reconstruction of a spider's web
622(1)
8.5.2.2 Monitoring glacier movements
623(2)
8.5.2.3 Earth sciences
625(2)
9 Literature 627(36)
9.1 Textbooks
627(2)
9.1.1 Photogrammetry
627(1)
9.1.2 Optic, camera and imaging techniques
627(1)
9.1.3 Digital image processing, computer vision and pattern recognition
628(1)
9.1.4 Mathematics and 3D computer graphics
629(1)
9.1.5 Least-squares adjustment and statistics
629(1)
9.1.6 Industrial and optical 3D metrology
629(1)
9.2 Introduction and history
629(2)
9.3 Mathematical fundamentals
631(2)
9.3.1 Transformations and geometry
631(1)
9.3.2 Adjustment techniques
632(1)
9.4 Imaging technology
633(8)
9.4.1 Optics and sampling theory
633(1)
9.4.2 Camera modelling and calibration
633(3)
9.4.3 Sensors and cameras
636(2)
9.4.4 Targeting and illumination
638(1)
9.4.5 Laser-based systems
638(2)
9.4.6 3D imaging systems
640(1)
9.4.7 Phase-based measurements
640(1)
9.5 Analytical methods
641(6)
9.5.1 Analytical photogrammetry
641(2)
9.5.2 Bundle adjustment
643(1)
9.5.3 Camera calibration
644(2)
9.5.4 Multi-media photogrammetry
646(1)
9.5.5 Panoramic photogrammetry
646(1)
9.6 Digital image processing
647(4)
9.6.1 Fundamentals
647(1)
9.6.2 Pattern recognition and image matching
647(3)
9.6.3 Range image and point cloud processing
650(1)
9.7 Measurement tasks and systems
651(3)
9.7.1 Overviews
651(1)
9.7.2 Measurement of points and contours
651(1)
9.7.3 Measurement of surfaces
652(1)
9.7.4 Dynamic and mobile systems
653(1)
9.8 Quality issues and optimization
654(2)
9.8.1 Project planning and simulation
654(1)
9.8.2 Quality
655(1)
9.9 Applications
656(5)
9.9.1 Architecture, archaeology, city models
656(1)
9.9.2 Engineering and industrial applications
657(3)
9.9.3 Medicine, forensics, earth sciences
660(1)
9.10 Other sources of information
661(2)
9.10.1 Standards and guidelines
661(1)
9.10.2 Working groups and conferences
661(2)
Abbreviations 663(4)
Image sources 667(4)
Index 671
Thomas Luhmann, Jade University of Applied Sciences, Germany; Stuart Robson, Stephen Kyle, andJan Böhm, University College London, UK.
Püsilink: https://www.kriso.ee/db/9783110302783_pe.html
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