Unlike Europe, where most public sector workers have long been included in collective bargaining agreements, the United States excluded public employees from such legislation until the 1960s and 70s. Since then, union membership in the U. S. has grown more rapidly among public workers than among workers in the private sector. This book provides up-to-date information on public sector collective bargaining in the United States today. The editors' seek to understand the real nature of PSB by examining eight states where the action is taking place -- California, Hawaii, Illinois, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. The chapters offer unique case studies of legal origins, developments, and challenges to collective bargaining; negotiations experience and outcomes; discussion of legislation; and emphasis of histoical development as well as current practice.
List of Tables and Figures xi Acknowledgments xiii Introduction and Overview 3(18) Joyce M. Najita James L. Stern Introduction 3(1) Extent of Organization and Representation 4(1) The Law of Public Sector Bargaining 5(5) Scope of Bargaining 10(3) Right to Strike 13(2) Impasse Resolution and Interest Arbitration 15(3) Grievance Arbitration 18(1) Concluding Thoughts 18(3) Judicial Review and Legislative Response: The New Jersey Public Sector Collective Bargaining Experience 21(25) Joan Parker Jurisdiction 21(1) Representation 22(2) Unfair Practices 24(2) Scope of Negotiations 26(6) Mediation and Factfinding 32(1) Interest Arbitration 33(4) Grievance Arbitration 37(4) Conclusion 41(5) Grievance and Interest Arbitration in Pennsylvanias Public Sector 46(23) Joan Parker Act 195 46(13) Jurisdiction 46(1) Representation Issues 47(1) Scope of Bargaining 47(2) Dispute Resolution 49(2) Dispute Resolution---Act 88 51(5) Grievance Arbitration 56(3) Act 111 59(6) Jurisdiction 59(1) Representation Questions 59(1) Dispute Resolution 59(4) Grievance Arbitration 63(2) Conclusion 65(4) Interest Arbitration and Municipal Employee Bargaining: The Wisconsin Experience 69(37) William C. Houlihan Introduction 69(1) Legislative Background 70(5) Bargaining Units and Representation 75(2) The Impact of Interest Arbitration 77(5) Organizing 79(1) The Changed Nature of Bargaining 79(3) Municipal Employment Relations Act 82(11) Impasse Procedure Under MIA (Police and Firefighters Except Milwaukee Police) 82(1) Impasse Procedure Under MERA (MED/ARB and INT/ARB) 83(1) Impasse Procedure Covering Milwaukee Police 84(1) Law Enforcement Employees of the Milwaukee Police Department 85(2) Police and Fire Arbitration Experience Under MIA 87(1) Municipal Employees Arbitration Experience Under MERA 88(1) Teachers and the QEO 89(4) The Narcotic Effect, Issues, and Comparables 93(5) Conclusion 98(8) Appendix A: Number of Arbitration Awards and Number of Consent Awards in Favor of Employer or Union Involving Teachers, Police, Fire, and Municipal Employees Under the MERA, 1972-1997 101(5) Public Sector Collective Bargaining in Michigan: Law and Recent Developments 106(31) Gregory M. Saltzman Shlomo Sperka Evolution of Michigans Public Sector Bargaining Policy 106(3) Extent of Unionism 109(4) Strike Experience 113(1) Scope of Bargaining Under PERA 113(2) Mediation and Factfinding 115(1) Act 312: Compulsory Interest Arbitration for Police and Firefighter Units 116(2) Act 112: Legislative and Judicial History 118(3) Act 112 and Strikes 121(3) Act 112 and the Scope of Bargaining 124(2) Act 112: Other Provisions and Effects 126(2) Proposal A: A Major Change in School Financing 128(1) State Civil Service Employees 129(3) Conclusions 132(5) Collective Bargaining in Californias Public Sector 137(24) Carol A. Vendrillo Early Legislation 137(3) George Brown Act 140(1) Winton Act 140(1) Meyers-Milias-Brown Act 141(1) Right to Strike 142(1) Binding Interest Arbitration 143(1) Past Efforts to Get Comprehensive Labor Law 144(1) Aaron Commission 145(1) Educational Employment Relations Act 145(2) Dills Act 147(2) Higher Education Employer-Employee Relations Act 149(1) Agency Fees 150(1) Excluded Employees Act 151(1) Extent of Organization 151(7) Public Schools 151(1) State Employees 152(1) Higher Education 152(2) Local Government 154(4) Future Trends 158(3) Public Sector Labor Law and Experience in New York State 161(34) Janet McEneaney Robert P. Hebdon A Brief Look Back 161(1) Regulatory Agencies 162(4) Public Employment Relations Board 162(2) New York City Office of Collective Bargaining 164(2) The Duty to Bargain and the Scope of Bargaining 166(5) The Duty to Bargain 166(2) Maintaining the Status Quo After a Contract Expires 168(1) The Scope of Bargaining 169(2) The Management Rights Clause of the NYCCBL 171(1) Impasse Resolution Under the Taylor Law 171(8) Procedure 171(2) Evidence on Mediation and Factifinding 173(6) Impasse Resolution Under the NYCCBL 179(1) Arbitration and Contract Enforcement 179(2) Strikes 181(5) The Privatization of New Yorks Public Services 186(2) Summary and Conclusion 188(7) Illinois Public Sector Collective Bargaining Legislation: The First Fifteen Years 195(27) R. Theodore Clark, Jr. F. Donal OBrien Senate Bill 536 and House Bill 1530 196(3) Extent of Unionization in the Illinois Public Sector 199(1) Subsequent Amendments to the IPLRA and the IELRA 200(3) Administration of the Acts 203(1) Representation Cases 203(2) Duty to Bargain Cases 205(3) Treatment of Alleged Unilateral Action Cases 208(1) Statutory Impasse Procedures 209(3) Contract Administration and Grievance Arbitration 212(2) Questions Yet to Be Answered Under IPLRA and/or IELRA 214(1) Concluding Observations 214(8) Essential Employee Strikes and Compulsory Arbitration Procedures: The Hawaii Public Sector Collective Bargaining Experience 222(35) Joyce M. Najita William J. Anzenberger Helene S. Tanimoto Introduction 222(1) The Legal Framework for Collective Bargaining in Hawaiis Public Sector 223(14) Administering Agency: HPERB/HLRB 223(3) Statutory Bargaining Units 226(2) Scope of Bargaining 228(4) The Public Employer 232(1) Grievance Arbitration 233(2) Limited Right to Strike 235(1) Negotiation Impasse Resolution 236(1) Impact of Strikes and Adoption of Statutory Arbitration Procedures 237(5) Statewide Teachers Strike, 1973 238(1) Firefighter Sickout and Strike Threats, 1974-1979 238(1) ``Essential Blue-Collar Workers Strike, 1979 239(2) HGEA Strike, 1994 241(1) Protecting the Public Health and Safety: Who Are Essential Employees? 242(5) Firefighters (Decision No. 80) 243(1) Blue-Collar Workers (Decision No. 119) 244(1) Teachers (Decision No. 181, No. 186, and No. 383) 244(2) HGEA Workers (Decision No. 212 and Order No. 1033) 246(1) Statutory Arbitration as Strike Alternative 247(1) Summary and Conclusions 248(9) Appendix A: Interruption of Services Constituting Imminent or Present Danger to Public Health or Safety 250(7) About the Editors and Contributors 257(2) Index 259
Joyce M. Najita, James L. Stern
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