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E-raamat: Colloids in Paints Colloids and Interface Science Vol.6: Paints [Wiley Online]

Edited by (Consultant, formerly Zeneca Agrochemicals (ICI Group), Bracknell, Great Britain)
  • Formaat: 270 pages
  • Sari: Colloids and Interface Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2010
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527631178
  • ISBN-13: 9783527631179
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 216,75 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Colloids in Paints Colloids and Interface Science Vol.6: PaintsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 270 pages
  • Sari: Colloids and Interface Science
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Jun-2010
  • Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
  • ISBN-10: 3527631178
  • ISBN-13: 9783527631179
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527631179
This first modern approach to relate fundamental research to the applied science of colloids bridges academic research and industrial applications, thus providing the information vital to both.

Written by the very top scientists in their respective disciplines, the volumes in this series are edited by an internationally recognized expert on this topic.

This final volume describes the role of colloids and interface science in paints, making it indispensable reading for those working in the dyes and pigments and paints and coatings industries, pigment, surface and physical chemists, as well as materials scientists and chemical engineers.

The first modern approach to relate fundamental research to the applied science of colloids, this series bridges academic research and practical applications, thus providing the information vital to both. Written by the very best scientists in their respective disciplines, this volume describes the role of colloids in paints, highlighting the importance of fundamental research in industrial applications.
For surface, polymer and physicochemists, materials scientists, and chemical engineers.




Preface xv
1 Colloids in Paints
1(10)
1.1 The Disperse Particles
2(3)
1.2 The Dispersion Medium and Film Formers
5(3)
1.3 Deposition of Particles and Their Adhesion to the Substrate
8(1)
1.4 Flow Characteristics (Rheology) of Paints
8(3)
References
9(2)
2 Emulsion, Dispersion and Suspension Polymerization: Preparation of Polymer Colloids and Their Stabilization
11(22)
2.1 Emulsion Polymerization
11(12)
2.1.1 Mechanism of Emulsion Polymerization
14(1)
2.1.2 Block Copolymers as Stabilizers in Emulsion Polymerization
15(3)
2.1.3 Graft Copolymers as Stabilizers in Emulsion Polymerization
18(5)
2.2 Polymeric Surfactants for Stabilization of Preformed Latex Dispersions
23(4)
2.3 Dispersion Polymerization
27(6)
2.3.1 Mechanism of Dispersion Polymerization
29(1)
2.3.2 Influence of Polymeric Surfactant Concentration and Molecular Weight on Particle Formation
30(1)
2.3.3 Effect of Monomer Solubility and Concentration in the Continuous Phase
30(1)
2.3.4 Stability/Instability of the Resulting Latex
31(1)
2.3.5 Particle Formation in Polar Media
31(1)
References
32(1)
3 Pigment Dispersion
33(38)
3.1 Powder Wetting
33(23)
3.1.1 Wetting of Substrates
33(3)
3.1.2 Adhesion Tension
36(1)
3.1.3 Work of Adhesion, Wa
36(1)
3.1.4 The Work of Cohesion
37(1)
3.1.5 Spreading Coefficient, S
37(1)
3.1.6 Contact Angle Hysteresis
38(1)
3.1.7 Reasons for Hysteresis
38(1)
3.1.8 Wenzel's Equation
39(1)
3.1.9 Surface Heterogeneity
39(1)
3.1.10 Critical Surface Tension of Wetting
40(1)
3.1.11 Effect of Surfactant Adsorption
41(1)
3.1.12 Wetting of Powders by Liquids
42(2)
3.1.13 Rate of Penetration of Liquids. The Rideal-Washburn Equation
44(1)
3.1.14 Measurement of Wettability of Powders
44(1)
3.1.14.1 Submersion Test - Sinking Time or Immersion Time
44(1)
3.1.14.2 Measurement of Contact Angles of Liquids and Surfactant Solutions on Powders
45(1)
3.1.15 Wetting Agents for Hydrophobic Pigments
46(2)
3.1.16 Adsorption and Wetting Dynamics
48(1)
3.1.17 General Theory of Adsorption Kinetics
48(3)
3.1.17.1 Adsorption Kinetics from Micellar Solutions
51(1)
3.1.17.2 Experimental Techniques for Studying Adsorption Kinetics
52(4)
3.2 Breaking of Aggregates and Agglomerates (Deagglomeration)
56(11)
3.2.1 Classification of Dispersants
57(3)
3.2.2 Assessment and Selection of Dispersants
60(1)
3.2.2.1 Adsorption Isotherms
60(2)
3.2.3 Measurement of Dispersion and Particle Size Distribution
62(1)
3.2.3.1 Optical Microscopy
62(1)
3.2.3.2 Electron Microscopy
63(1)
3.2.3.3 Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy (CLSM)
64(1)
3.2.3.4 Scattering Techniques
64(3)
3.3 Wet Milling (Comminution)
67(4)
3.3.1 Bead Mills
69(1)
3.3.2 Principle of Operation of Bead Mills
69(1)
References
70(1)
4 Colloid Stabilization of Paint Dispersions
71(38)
4.1 Electrostatic Double Layer Repulsion
71(7)
4.1.1 Structure of the Solid/Liquid Interface - Origin of Charges on Surfaces
71(2)
4.1.2 Structure of the Electrical Double Layer
73(1)
4.1.2.1 Diffuse Double layer (Gouy and Chapman)
73(1)
4.1.2.2 Stern-Grahame Model of the Double Layer
74(1)
4.1.3 Electrical Double Layer Repulsion
75(1)
4.1.4 Van der Waals Attraction
76(2)
4.2 Total Energy of Interaction
78(9)
4.2.1 Deryaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) Theory
78(2)
4.2.2 Flocculation of Electrostatically Stabilized Suspensions
80(2)
4.2.3 Criteria for Stabilization of Dispersions with Double Layer Interaction
82(1)
4.2.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena and Zeta Potential
82(2)
4.2.5 Calculation of Zeta Potential
84(1)
4.2.5.1 Von Smoluchowski (Classical) Treatment
84(1)
4.2.5.2 The Huckel Equation
85(1)
4.2.5.3 Henry's Treatment
85(1)
4.2.6 Measurement of Electrophoretic Mobility
86(1)
4.2.6.1 Ultramicroscopic Technique (Microelectrophoresis)
86(1)
4.2.6.2 Laser Velocimetry Technique
86(1)
4.3 Adsorption and Conformation of Polymeric Surfactants at Interfaces
87(14)
4.3.1 Theories of Polymer Adsorption
90(3)
4.3.2 Experimental Techniques for Studying Polymeric Surfactant Adsorption
93(1)
4.3.2.1 Measurement of the Adsorption Isotherm
93(1)
4.3.2.2 Measurement of the Fraction of Segments p
94(1)
4.3.2.3 Determination of the Segment Density Distribution p(z) and Adsorbed Layer Thickness γh
94(2)
4.3.3 Examples of the Adsorption Isotherms of Nonionic Polymeric Surfactants
96(5)
4.4 Interaction Between Particles Containing Adsorbed Polymeric Surfactant Layers
101(8)
4.4.1 Steric Stabilization
101(1)
4.4.2 Mixing Interaction Gmix
102(1)
4.4.3 Elastic Interaction Ge
103(2)
4.4.4 Criteria for Effective Steric Stabilization
105(1)
4.4.5 Flocculation of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions
105(2)
References
107(2)
5 Particle Deposition and Adhesion
109(14)
5.1 Deposition of Particles on Surfaces
109(8)
5.1.1 Van der Waals Attraction
109(1)
5.1.2 Electrostatic Repulsion
110(4)
5.1.3 Effect of Polymers and Polyelectrolytes on Particle Deposition
114(1)
5.1.4 Effect of Nonionic Polymers on Particle Deposition
115(1)
5.1.5 Effect of Anionic Polymers on Particle Deposition
116(1)
5.1.6 Effect of Cationic Polymers on Particle Deposition
117(1)
5.2 Particle-Surface Adhesion
117(6)
5.2.1 Surface Energy Approach to Adhesion
118(1)
5.2.1.1 Fox and Zisman Critical Surface Tension Approach
119(1)
5.2.1.2 Neuman's Equation of State Approach
119(1)
5.2.2 Experimental Methods for Measurement of Particle-Surface Adhesion
120(1)
5.2.2.1 Centrifugal Method (Krupp, 1967)
120(1)
5.2.2.2 Hydrodynamic Method (Visser, 1970)
120(1)
References
121(2)
6 Basic Principles of Rheology
123(42)
6.1 Principles of Steady-state Measurements
123(20)
6.1.1 Strain Rate or Shear Rate
124(1)
6.1.2 Types of Rheological Behavior in Simple Shear
125(1)
6.1.3 Models for Flow Behavior
125(1)
6.1.3.1 Law of Elasticity (Hooke's Model)
125(1)
6.1.3.2 Newton's Law of Viscosity
125(1)
6.1.3.3 Non-Newtonian Flow
126(1)
6.1.4 Rheological Models for Analysis of Flow Curves
127(1)
6.1.4.1 Newtonian Systems
127(1)
6.1.4.2 Bingham Plastic Systems
128(1)
6.1.4.3 Pseudoplastic (Shear Thinning) System
128(1)
6.1.4.4 Dilatant (Shear Thickening) System
128(1)
6.1.4.5 Herschel-Bulkley General Model
128(1)
6.1.4.6 The Casson Equation
129(1)
6.1.4.7 The Cross Equation
129(1)
6.1.5 Time Effects During Flow - Thixotropy and Negative (or Anti-) Thixotropy
130(2)
6.1.6 Rheopexy
132(1)
6.1.7 Measurement of Viscosity as a Function of Shear Rate - Steady-state Regime
132(1)
6.1.8 Capillary Viscometers
133(1)
6.1.9 Measurement of Intrinsic Viscosity of Polymers
134(1)
6.1.10 Capillary Rheometry for Non-Newtonians
135(1)
6.1.11 Rotational Viscometers
136(1)
6.1.12 Concentric Cylinder Viscometer
136(1)
6.1.13 Non-Newtonians
137(1)
6.1.13.1 Shear Thinning or Pseudoplastic
137(1)
6.1.13.2 Bingham Plastic
138(1)
6.1.14 Major Precautions with Concentric Cylinder Viscometers
138(1)
6.1.14.1 Shear Rate Calculations
138(1)
6.1.14.2 Wall Slip and Sample Evaporation During Measurement
139(1)
6.1.14.3 The Vane Rheometer
139(1)
6.1.14.4 Cone and Plate Rheometer
140(1)
6.1.14.5 Parallel Plates (Disks)
141(1)
6.1.14.6 The Brookfield Viscometer
141(2)
6.2 Principles of Viscoelastic Behavior
143(22)
6.2.1 Introduction
143(1)
6.2.1.1 The Deborah Number
144(1)
6.2.2 Strain Relaxation After Sudden Application of Stress (Creep)
144(1)
6.2.3 Analysis of Creep Curves
145(1)
6.2.3.1 Viscous Fluid
145(1)
6.2.3.2 Elastic Solid
146(1)
6.2.4 Viscoelastic Response
146(1)
6.2.4.1 Viscoelastic Liquid
146(1)
6.2.4.2 Viscoelastic Solid
147(1)
6.2.5 The Berger Model (Maxwell + Kelvin)
148(1)
6.2.6 Creep Procedure
149(1)
6.2.7 Stress Relaxation After Sudden Application of Strain
150(3)
6.2.8 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Techniques
153(1)
6.2.8.1 Analysis of Oscillatory Response for a Viscoelastic System
154(1)
6.2.8.2 Vector Analysis of the Complex Modulus
155(1)
6.2.9 Strain Sweep
156(1)
6.2.10 Oscillatory Sweep
156(2)
6.2.11 The Cohesive Energy Density, Ec
158(1)
6.2.12 Viscoelastic Measurements
158(1)
6.2.12.1 Constant Stress (Creep) Measurements
158(2)
6.2.12.2 Stress Relaxation (After Application of Constant Strain)
160(1)
6.2.12.3 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements
161(1)
6.2.12.4 Shear Modulus (Rigidity) Measurement
162(1)
References
163(2)
7 Rheology of Suspensions, Emulsions and Their Mixtures (Suspoemulsions)
165(28)
7.1 Rheology of Suspensions
165(11)
7.1.1 Introduction
165(1)
7.1.2 The Einstein Equation
165(1)
7.1.3 The Batchelor Equation
166(1)
7.1.4 Rheology of Concentrated Suspensions
166(1)
7.1.5 Rheology of Hard-Sphere Suspensions
167(2)
7.1.6 Analysis of the Viscosity-Volume Fraction Curve
169(1)
7.1.7 Rheology of Systems with `Soft' or Electrostatic Interaction
169(1)
7.1.8 Viscoelastic Behavior of Electrostatically Stabilized Suspensions
170(1)
7.1.9 Rheology of Sterically Stabilized Dispersions
171(1)
7.1.10 Rheology of Flocculated Suspensions
171(1)
7.1.10.1 Weakly Flocculated Suspensions
172(1)
7.1.10.2 Strongly Flocculated (Coagulated) Suspensions
173(1)
7.1.11 Analysis of the Flow Curve
174(1)
7.1.11.1 Impulse Theory: Goodeve and Gillespie
174(1)
7.1.11.2 Elastic Floc Model: Hunter and Co-workers
174(1)
7.1.12 Fractal Concept of Flocculation
175(1)
7.2 Rheology of Emulsions
176(10)
7.2.1 Introduction
176(1)
7.2.2 Interfacial Rheology
176(1)
7.2.2.1 Interfacial Tension and Surface Pressure
176(1)
7.2.2.2 Interfacial Shear Viscosity
177(1)
7.2.2.3 Measurement of Interfacial Viscosity
177(1)
7.2.3 Interfacial Dilational Elasticity
178(1)
7.2.4 Interfacial Dilational Viscosity
179(1)
7.2.5 Non-Newtonian Effects
179(1)
7.2.6 Correlation of Emulsion Stability with Interfacial Rheology
179(1)
7.2.6.1 Mixed Surfactant Films
179(1)
7.2.6.2 Protein Films
180(1)
7.2.7 Bulk Rheology of Emulsions
181(2)
7.2.8 Experimental ni-ø Curves
183(1)
7.2.8.1 Influence of Droplet Deformability
184(1)
7.2.9 Viscoelastic Properties of Concentrated Emulsions
184(2)
7.3 Rheology of Suspoemulsions of Polystyrene Latex and Isoparaffinic Oil Stabilized with Synperonic PE (PEO-PPO-PEO A-B-A Block Copolymer)
186(7)
7.3.1 Model Systems of Polystyrene Latex with Grafted PEO Chains and Hexadecane Emulsions
188(2)
References
190(3)
8 Rheology Modifiers, Thickeners and Gels
193(18)
8.1 Introduction
193(1)
8.2 Classification of Thickeners and Gels
193(1)
8.3 Definition of a `Gel'
193(1)
8.4 Rheological Behavior of a `Gel'
194(3)
8.4.1 Stress Relaxation (After Sudden Application of Strain)
194(2)
8.4.2 Constant Stress (Creep) Measurements
196(1)
8.4.3 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Measurements
196(1)
8.5 Classification of Gels
197(1)
8.6 Polymer Gels
198(7)
8.6.1 Physical Gels Obtained by Chain Overlap
198(1)
8.6.2 Gels Produced by Associative Thickeners
199(5)
8.6.3 Cross-linked Gels (Chemical Gels)
204(1)
8.7 Particulate Gels
205(6)
8.7.1 Aqueous Clay Gels
205(2)
8.7.2 Organo-clays (Bentones)
207(1)
8.7.3 Oxide Gels
207(1)
8.7.4 Gels Produced Using Particulate Solids and High Molecular Weight Polymers
208(1)
References
209(2)
9 Rheology of Paints
211(32)
9.1 Introduction
211(3)
9.2 Experimental Techniques for Studying Paint Rheology
214(14)
9.2.1 Experimental Methods for Quality Control
214(1)
9.2.2 Measurement of Film Flow-out (Leveling and Sagging)
215(1)
9.2.2.1 Impact Method (Bouncing Ball)
215(1)
9.2.2.2 Impedance Method at High Frequency
216(1)
9.2.3 Rheological Techniques for Research and Development of a Paint System
217(1)
9.2.4 Steady-state Shear Stress-Shear Rate Measurements
217(1)
9.2.4.1 Power Law Fluid Model
218(1)
9.2.4.2 Herschel-Bulkley General Model
218(1)
9.2.4.3 Casson Model
219(1)
9.2.4.4 Cross Equation
219(1)
9.2.5 Thixotropy
220(2)
9.2.5.1 Transient Methods for Studying Paint Rheology
222(1)
9.2.6 Analysis of Creep Curves
223(1)
9.2.6.1 Viscoelastic Liquid
223(1)
9.2.6.2 Viscoelastic Solid
223(1)
9.2.6.3 Berger Model (Maxwell + Kelvin)
223(1)
9.2.6.4 Creep Procedure
223(2)
9.2.7 Dynamic (Oscillatory) Techniques
225(1)
9.2.7.1 Analysis of Oscillatory Response for a Viscoelastic System
225(1)
9.2.7.2 Strain Sweep
226(1)
9.2.7.3 Oscillatory Sweep
227(1)
9.2.7.4 Cohesive Energy Density, Ec
227(1)
9.2.8 Normal Force
227(1)
9.2.9 Extensional (Elongational) Viscosity
228(1)
9.3 Application of Rheological Techniques to Paint Formulations
228(6)
9.3.1 Aging
229(1)
9.3.2 Temperature
230(1)
9.3.3 Dispersion and Ingredients
230(2)
9.3.4 Effect of Surface-active Agents and Dispersants
232(1)
9.3.5 Grinding and Mixing
233(1)
9.4 Application of Rheology for Paint Evaluation
234(4)
9.4.1 Flow in Pipes
236(2)
9.5 Examples of the Flow Properties of Some Commercial Paints
238(5)
References
241(2)
Index 243
Tharwat F. Tadros was appointed lecturer in Physical Chemistry (1962-1966) at Alexandria University. Between 1966 and 1969, he spent a sabbatical at the Agricultural University of Wageningen and T.N.O. in Delft, The Netherlands. Thereafter he joined I.C.I. and ZENECA until 1994, where he researched various fields of surfactants, emulsions, suspensions, microemulsions, wetting spreading & adhesion and rheology. During that period he was also appointed visiting professor at Imperial College London, Bristol University and Reading University. In 1992, he was elected President of the International Association of Colloid and Interface Science. Since leaving ZENECA, Tharwat F. Tadros has worked as a consultant for various industries and also given several courses in his specialized field. He is the recipient of two medals from the Royal Society of Chemistry in the UK, and has more than 250 scientific papers to his name.
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