Preface |
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xi | |
About the Author |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgment |
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xv | |
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Chapter 1 Signal Representation |
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1 | (46) |
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1.1 Examples of Continuous Signals |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 The Continuous Signal |
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1 | (1) |
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1.3 Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals |
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2 | (2) |
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1.4 General Form of Sinusoidal Signals |
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4 | (1) |
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1.5 Energy and Power Signals |
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5 | (2) |
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1.6 The Shifting Operation |
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7 | (1) |
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1.7 The Reflection Operation |
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8 | (2) |
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1.8 Even and Odd Functions |
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10 | (2) |
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12 | (2) |
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1.10 The Unit Step Signal |
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14 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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1.15 Some Insights: Signals in the Real World |
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20 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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1.15.2 The Impulse Signal |
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20 | (1) |
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1.15.3 The Sinusoidal Signal |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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22 | (1) |
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1.16 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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22 | (16) |
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1.17 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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38 | (9) |
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Chapter 2 Continuous Systems |
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47 | (72) |
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2.1 Definition of a System |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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2.3 Linear Continuous System |
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47 | (3) |
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2.4 Time-Invariant System |
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50 | (2) |
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2.5 Systems Without Memory |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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2.7 The Inverse of a System |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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2.10 Simple Block Diagrams |
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58 | (3) |
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2.11 Graphical Convolution |
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61 | (5) |
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2.12 Differential Equations and Physical Systems |
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66 | (1) |
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2.13 Homogeneous Differential Equations and Their Solutions |
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66 | (2) |
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2.13.1 Case When the Roots Are All Distinct |
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67 | (1) |
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2.13.2 Case When Two Roots Are Real and Equal |
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67 | (1) |
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2.13.3 Case When Two Roots Are Complex |
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67 | (1) |
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2.14 Nonhomogeneous Differential Equations and Their Solutions |
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68 | (5) |
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2.14.1 How Do We Find the Particular Solution? |
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69 | (4) |
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2.15 The Stability of Linear Continuous Systems: The Characteristic Equation |
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73 | (3) |
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2.16 Block Diagram Representation of Linear Systems |
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76 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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2.17 From Block Diagrams to Differential Equations |
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78 | (1) |
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2.18 From Differential Equations to Block Diagrams |
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79 | (2) |
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2.19 The Impulse Response |
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81 | (2) |
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2.20 Some Insights: Calculating y(t) |
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83 | (2) |
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2.20.1 How Can We Find These Eigenvalues? |
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84 | (1) |
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2.20.2 Stability and Eigenvalues |
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84 | (1) |
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2.21 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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85 | (24) |
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2.22 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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109 | (10) |
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119 | (34) |
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3.1 Review of Complex Numbers |
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119 | (3) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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3.1.6 From Rectangular to Polar |
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121 | (1) |
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3.1.7 From Polar to Rectangular |
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121 | (1) |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (1) |
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3.4 Conditions for Writing a Signal as a Fourier Series Sum |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (2) |
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3.6 The Magnitude and the Phase Spectra |
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126 | (1) |
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3.7 Fourier Series and the Sin-Cos Notation |
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126 | (4) |
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3.8 Fourier Series Approximation and the Resulting Error |
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130 | (1) |
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3.9 The Theorem of Parseval |
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131 | (1) |
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3.10 Systems with Periodic Inputs |
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132 | (2) |
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3.11 A Formula for Finding y(t) When x(t) Is Periodic: The Steady-State Response |
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134 | (2) |
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3.12 Some Insight: Why the Fourier Series |
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136 | (1) |
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3.12.1 No Exact Sinusoidal Representation for x(t) |
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136 | (1) |
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3.12.2 The Frequency Components |
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136 | (1) |
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3.13 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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137 | (11) |
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3.14 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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148 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 The Fourier Transform and Linear Systems |
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153 | (38) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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4.3 The Fourier Transform Pairs |
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154 | (13) |
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4.4 Energy of Nonperiodic Signals |
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167 | (1) |
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4.5 The Energy Spectral Density of a Linear System |
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168 | (1) |
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4.6 Some Insights: Notes and a Useful Formula |
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168 | (2) |
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4.7 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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170 | (13) |
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4.8 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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183 | (8) |
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Chapter 5 The Laplace Transform and Linear Systems |
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191 | (54) |
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191 | (1) |
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5.2 The Bilateral Laplace Transform |
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191 | (1) |
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5.3 The Unilateral Laplace Transform |
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191 | (2) |
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5.4 The Inverse Laplace Transform |
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193 | (5) |
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5.5 Block Diagrams Using the Laplace Transform |
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198 | (2) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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5.6 Representation of Transfer Functions as Block Diagrams |
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200 | (1) |
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5.7 Procedure for Drawing the Block Diagram from the Transfer Function |
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201 | (2) |
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5.8 Solving LTI Systems Using the Laplace Transform |
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203 | (2) |
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5.9 Solving Differential Equations Using the Laplace Transform |
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205 | (3) |
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5.10 The Final Value Theorem |
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208 | (1) |
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5.11 The Initial Value Theorem |
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208 | (1) |
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5.12 Some Insights: Poles and Zeros |
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208 | (1) |
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5.12.1 The Poles of the System |
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209 | (1) |
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5.12.2 The Zeros of the System |
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209 | (1) |
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5.12.3 The Stability of the System |
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209 | (1) |
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5.13 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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209 | (24) |
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5.14 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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233 | (12) |
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Chapter 6 State-Space and Linear Systems |
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245 | (92) |
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245 | (1) |
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6.2 A Review of Matrix Algebra |
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246 | (25) |
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6.2.1 Definition, General Terms, and Notations |
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246 | (1) |
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6.2.2 The Identity Matrix |
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246 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Adding Two Matrices |
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246 | (1) |
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6.2.4 Subtracting Two Matrices |
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247 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Multiplying a Matrix by a Constant |
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247 | (1) |
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6.2.6 Determinant of a 2 × 2 Matrix |
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247 | (1) |
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6.2.7 Transpose of a Matrix |
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248 | (1) |
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6.2.8 Inverse of a Matrix |
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248 | (1) |
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6.2.9 Matrix Multiplication |
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248 | (1) |
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6.2.10 Diagonal Form of a Matrix |
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249 | (1) |
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6.2.11 Exponent of a Matrix |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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6.2.14 Eigenvalues of a Matrix |
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251 | (1) |
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6.2.15 Eigenvectors of a Matrix |
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252 | (19) |
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6.3 General Representation of Systems in State Space |
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271 | (1) |
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6.4 General Solution of State-Space Equations Using the Laplace Transform |
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272 | (1) |
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6.5 General Solution of the State-Space Equations in Real Time |
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272 | (1) |
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6.6 Ways of Evaluating eAt |
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273 | (9) |
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6.6.1 First Method: A Is a Diagonal Matrix |
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273 | (1) |
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6.6.2 Second Method: A Is of the Form [ a0 ba] |
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273 | (1) |
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6.6.3 Third Method: Numerical Evaluation, A of Any Form |
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273 | (1) |
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6.6.4 Fourth Method: The Cayley--Hamilton Approach |
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274 | (2) |
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6.6.5 Fifth Method: The Inverse Laplace Method |
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276 | (1) |
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6.6.6 Sixth Method: Using the General Form of Φ(t) = eAt and Its Properties |
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277 | (5) |
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6.7 Some Insights: Poles and Stability |
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282 | (1) |
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6.8 End-of-Chapter Examples |
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283 | (43) |
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6.9 End-of-Chapter Problems |
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326 | (11) |
Index |
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337 | |