| Preface and acknowledgements |
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ix | |
| Abbreviations |
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xi | |
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List of figures and tables |
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xiii | |
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xiv | |
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1 | (14) |
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1.1 Main terms and definitions |
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5 | (4) |
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9 | (6) |
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Chapter 2 Singapore English |
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15 | (26) |
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2.1 Introduction: Historical background |
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15 | (5) |
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2.2 The sociolinguistics of Singapore English |
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20 | (8) |
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20 | (4) |
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2.2.2 The situation today |
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24 | (4) |
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2.3 Grammatical morphology and discourse features |
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28 | (11) |
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2.3.1 Tense, aspect and modality |
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28 | (6) |
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2.3.2 Other grammatical features |
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34 | (5) |
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39 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Construction grammars and the paradox of `mixed' construction types |
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41 | (36) |
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3.1 Introduction: constructions in variational contexts |
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41 | (2) |
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3.2 Questions of construction descriptions |
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43 | (16) |
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3.2.1 Identification and terminology |
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43 | (5) |
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48 | (5) |
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53 | (2) |
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3.2.4 Form-meaning alignment in other accounts |
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55 | (4) |
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3.3 Construction(al)isation |
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59 | (8) |
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3.4 Construction development and coercion |
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67 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Cyclical interaction |
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70 | (2) |
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3.5 Summarising the current position |
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72 | (5) |
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Chapter 4 Transitivity and causativity |
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77 | (40) |
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77 | (3) |
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4.2 What is a conventionalised scenario? |
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80 | (13) |
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4.2.1 Earlier reference to the conventionalised scenario |
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80 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Adversative conventionalized scenarios |
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82 | (3) |
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4.2.3 Constraints on the use of CSs |
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85 | (3) |
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4.2.4 The causative-resultative alternate |
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88 | (2) |
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4.2.5 Adversative resultatives |
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90 | (3) |
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4.3 Conventionalised scenario constructions in Singaporean English |
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93 | (14) |
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4.3.1 Substrate influence |
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94 | (5) |
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4.3.2 The quantitative survey |
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99 | (2) |
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101 | (4) |
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4.3.4 Comparative overview |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (7) |
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4.4.1 Pragmatic mechanisms of causativity reduction |
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108 | (3) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Experiential aspect |
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117 | (26) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2 The ever construction |
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118 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Negative polarity ever |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (4) |
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5.3 Contact and substrate languages |
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123 | (4) |
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5.4 Contact grammaticalisation as a possible explanation |
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127 | (5) |
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5.5 Historical functions of English ever |
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132 | (4) |
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5.5.1 Universal quantifier uses of ever in SCE |
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135 | (1) |
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5.6 Logical explanations of meaning changes |
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136 | (4) |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (1) |
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Chapter 6 The past tense construction |
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143 | (38) |
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143 | (2) |
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6.2 Tense marking in habitual aspect in SCE |
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145 | (4) |
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6.3 Tense marking in habituals in other languages |
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149 | (5) |
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150 | (2) |
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152 | (2) |
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6.4 Preliminary survey data |
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154 | (16) |
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155 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Examples of the use of pasts-for-presents (PFP constructions) |
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156 | (12) |
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6.4.3 Distributional frequency |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (8) |
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6.5.1 Present-perfectives and the realis-irrealis interface in English |
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173 | (5) |
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178 | (3) |
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Chapter 7 Bare noun constructions |
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181 | (34) |
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181 | (1) |
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7.2 Number marking in Singapore Colloquial English count nouns |
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182 | (2) |
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7.3 Specific and non-specific nouns |
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184 | (3) |
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7.4 Bare Noun Constructions in Creole systems |
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187 | (4) |
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7.5 Further examples of the Bare Noun Construction in SCE |
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191 | (9) |
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191 | (3) |
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194 | (3) |
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7.5.3 Specific markers in SCE |
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197 | (3) |
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7.6 Number marking and the Chinese substrate |
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200 | (4) |
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7.7 The Bare Noun Construction and construction coercion |
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204 | (3) |
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7.8 Applying the coercion hypothesis to the contact data |
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207 | (6) |
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7.8.1 A grammatical metaphor |
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211 | (2) |
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213 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 The Merger Construction: a model of construction convergence |
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215 | (46) |
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215 | (1) |
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8.2 Mechanisms of contact construction development |
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216 | (16) |
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216 | (3) |
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8.2.2 Material and pattern copying |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (3) |
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8.2.4 Equivalence, and other constraints |
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225 | (3) |
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8.2.5 Relexification and systemic transfer |
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228 | (4) |
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8.3 The case studies in the present volume |
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232 | (10) |
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8.3.1 Transitivity and the conventionalised scenario construction |
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234 | (2) |
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8.3.2 The experiential aspect construction |
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236 | (2) |
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8.3.3 The past tense construction |
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238 | (2) |
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8.3.4 The bare noun construction |
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240 | (2) |
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8.4 Previous studies of contact constructions |
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242 | (5) |
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8.5 The Merger Construction Model |
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247 | (11) |
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8.5.1 The Transitive Merger-Construction |
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248 | (3) |
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8.5.2 The Experiential ever Merger-Construction |
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251 | (2) |
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8.5.3 The Past Tense Merger-Construction |
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253 | (2) |
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8.5.4 The Bare Noun Merger-Construction |
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255 | (3) |
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258 | (3) |
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Chapter 9 Concluding remarks |
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261 | (10) |
| References |
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271 | (18) |
| Index |
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289 | |