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E-raamat: Distributed Situation Awareness in Road Transport: Theory, Measurement, and Application to Intersection Design [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(Monash University, Victoria, Australia), (University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia), , ,
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Distributed Situation Awareness in Road Transport: Theory, Measurement, and Application to Intersection DesignSuurem pilt
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Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781315609256
How can we design transport environments that cater to the situation awareness needs of different end-users? This book answers this question by showcasing how state-of-the-art human factors theory and methods can be used to understand how situation awareness differs across drivers, cyclists, motorcyclists, and pedestrians and creates new designs that cater to these diverse situation awareness needs.

Written by experts in the field and based on a major program of work funded by the Australian Research Council, this book outlines the distributed situation awareness model and provides practical guidance on how to study situation awareness naturalistically and how to create designs that support, rather than hinder, situation awareness. The book closes by outlining outline a generic framework to support similar applications in other areas, and discusses future applications in areas such as vehicle automation, artificial intelligence, and cybersecurity.

Features











Challenges traditional road safety analysis, design processes and conventions

Outlines a novel on-road study methodology for analyzing naturalistic interactions among drivers, cyclists, motorcyclists and pedestrians Presents a review of state-of-the-art situation awareness theory and methods

Provides practical guidance on a series of human factors methods Describes a framework to support the design of transport environments Evaluates new intersection concepts that encompass features designed to prevent collisions at intersections
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xix
Authors xxi
Section I Situation Awareness Models and Measures
1 Situation Awareness in Individuals, Teams and Systems: An Overview of Situation Awareness Models and Their Utility for Road Safety Research and Practice
3(18)
Introduction
3(1)
Uses of SA
4(1)
Definitions and Models of SA
4(9)
Individual SA
5(2)
Team Models
7(1)
Systems Models
8(5)
Summary of SA Perspectives
13(2)
Application of SA Models to Intersections
15(2)
Which Approach Is the Most Useful to Support Intersection Analysis and Design?
17(1)
Summary
18(3)
2 What Is Going on? Situation Awareness on the Road
21(16)
Introduction
21(1)
SA as a Contributory Factor in Road Crashes?
21(1)
Driving SA Definitions and Models
22(5)
Road Transport Research Applications
27(1)
In-Vehicle Technologies and SA
27(3)
Driver Training and SA
30(1)
Levels of Driving Experience and Ability
30(1)
Impact of the Road Environment on Road User SA
31(1)
SA in Different Types of Road User
32(1)
SA in Automated Vehicles
33(1)
Summary of Key Findings from Road Transport--Related SA Research
34(3)
3 It's Good to Talk: Assessing Distributed Situation Awareness on the Road
37(32)
Introduction
37(1)
SA Measures
37(7)
Freezes and Networks: An Overview of the SA Measures Used in Road Transport Research
44(5)
A Systems-Based Network Analysis Approach to SA Assessment in Road Transport
49(1)
Methodology
49(7)
Design
49(1)
Participants
50(1)
Materials
50(1)
Procedure
51(1)
Network Analysis
52(3)
Network Content: Common and Unique Concepts
55(1)
Results
56(10)
SA Networks
56(1)
Network Structure
56(1)
Unique and Common Concepts
56(7)
Key SA Concepts---Sociometric Status
63(3)
Summary
66(3)
Section II Distributed Situation Awareness at Intersections
4 Is Three a Crowd? How Compatible Is the Situation Awareness of Drivers, Motorcyclists and Cyclists?
69(20)
Introduction
69(1)
On-Road Study
70(1)
Methodology
70(5)
Design
70(1)
Participants
71(1)
Materials
71(1)
Procedure
72(1)
Analysis of Networks
72(3)
Results
75(8)
Network Structure
75(1)
Network Content
76(1)
Intersection Schemata
77(3)
Arterial Road Schemata
80(1)
Roundabout Schemata
80(1)
Shopping Strip Schemata
80(1)
Key SA Concepts
81(1)
Key SA Concepts at Intersections
81(1)
Key SA Concepts along Arterial Roads
81(2)
Key SA Concepts at Roundabouts
83(1)
Key Concepts along the Shopping Strip
83(1)
Discussion
83(6)
Differences in SA across Drivers, Motorcyclists and Cyclists
83(1)
Incompatibilities in SA
84(2)
Supporting Safe Interactions between Road Users
86(3)
5 Digging Deeper into Incompatibilities between Road User Situation Awareness: Using the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork to Analyse Distributed Situation Awareness at Intersections
89(20)
Introduction
89(1)
The Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork
90(1)
EAST Analysis of Intersections
91(1)
Methodology
91(3)
Data Analysis
93(1)
Results
94(12)
Task Networks
94(3)
Social Networks
97(5)
SA Networks
102(4)
Discussion
106(3)
Incompatibilities between Road Users at Intersections
106(1)
Design-Induced Incompatibility?
107(1)
Making Intersections Safer for All Road Users
108(1)
6 The Flood Study: Examining Naturalistic Interactions between Road Users at Intersections
109(22)
Introduction
109(1)
Studying SA Naturalistically on Road
110(1)
Flood Study Paradigm
111(1)
Method
111(4)
Design
111(1)
Participants
111(2)
Materials
113(1)
Procedure
114(1)
Results
115(11)
Interactions
115(2)
SA Networks
117(5)
Key Concepts
122(4)
Discussion
126(5)
Section III Designing for Distributed Situation Awareness: A Sociotechnical Systems Approach
7 Designer Road Environments: A Sociotechnical Systems Approach to Designing for DSA
131(12)
Introduction
131(1)
Sociotechnical Systems Theory
131(2)
Sociotechnical System Design Values
133(2)
The Principles of Sociotechnical System Design
135(4)
Process Principles
136(2)
Content Principles
138(1)
A Sociotechnical Systems Approach to Intersection Design
139(1)
A Toolkit for Designing Sociotechnical Intersections
139(2)
Conclusions
141(2)
8 Designing for DSA: Using Cognitive Work Analysis to Identify Intersection Design Requirements
143(22)
Introduction
143(1)
Cognitive Work Analysis
143(5)
Work Domain Analysis
146(1)
Control Task Analysis
146(1)
Strategies Analysis
147(1)
Social Organisation and Co-Operation Analysis
147(1)
Worker Competencies Analysis
147(1)
CWA of Intersections
148(1)
Methodology
148(1)
On-Road Studies of Driver Behaviour
148(1)
Cognitive Task Analysis Interviews with Drivers
149(1)
Documentation Review
149(1)
Results
149(13)
Work Domain Analysis
149(4)
Control Task Analysis
153(7)
Social Organisation and Co-Operation Analysis
160(2)
Summary
162(3)
Section IV Designer Intersections: The Design and Evaluation of New Intersections
9 Designing New Intersections Using the Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit
165(20)
Introduction
165(1)
The Cognitive Work Analysis Design Toolkit
165(1)
Applying the CWA-DT to Intersection Design
166(3)
Pre-Workshop Design Planning
166(3)
The Design Workshop
169(3)
Participants
169(1)
Materials
169(3)
Procedure
172(1)
Results
172(1)
The Intersection Design Concepts
172(10)
Self-Regulating Intersection
172(3)
Turning Teams
175(1)
Circular Concept
175(3)
Evaluation of the Design Process
178(4)
Conclusions
182(3)
10 Multi-Road User Evaluation of Intersection Design Concepts
185(16)
Introduction
185(1)
Evaluation Process
185(6)
Participants
186(1)
Materials
186(1)
Procedure
187(3)
Round 1
190(1)
Round 2
190(1)
Evaluation Results
191(8)
Participant Perceptions Regarding Current Intersection Design
191(1)
Participant Perceptions of the New Intersection Design Concepts
192(1)
Self-Regulating Intersection
192(1)
Turning Teams
192(1)
Circular Concept
193(1)
Alignment with Sociotechnical Systems Theory
193(2)
Alignment with Design Goals
195(1)
Usability of the Novel Designs by Different Road User Groups
195(1)
Preference
195(2)
Summary of Evaluation Findings for Each Intersection Design Concept
197(1)
Self-Regulating Intersection
197(2)
Turning Teams
199(1)
Circular Concept
199(1)
Conclusions
199(2)
11 Designing for DSA in Future Road Transport Systems and Beyond
201(28)
Introduction
201(1)
Summary of Research Contributions
201(3)
A Framework for the Design of Safer Road Environments
204(2)
Example Future Applications
206(9)
Designing for DSA in Future Road Transport Systems
206(2)
Taking DSA Further---The Entire Road Transport System and Beyond
208(2)
DSA Beyond Transportation
210(2)
Artificial Intelligence
212(1)
Counterterrorism
212(1)
Cybercrime
213(1)
Summary
213(2)
References
215(14)
Appendices Practical Guidance on Conducting On-Road Studies and Applying EAST and CWA
Appendix 1 Practical Guidance for Conducting On-Road Studies of Road User SA
229(10)
Appendix 2 Practical Guidance for the Event Analysis of Systemic Teamwork
239(8)
Appendix 3 Practical Guidance for Cognitive Work Analysis
247(12)
Index 259
Paul M. Salmon, Michael G. Lenné
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