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E-raamat: Drilling and Completion in Petroleum Engineering: Theory and Numerical Applications [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

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  • Formaat: 254 pages
  • Sari: Multiphysics Modeling
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429108228
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Drilling and Completion in Petroleum Engineering: Theory and Numerical ApplicationsSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 254 pages
  • Sari: Multiphysics Modeling
  • Ilmumisaeg: 19-Oct-2011
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9780429108228
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9780429108228
Modern petroleum and petrotechnical engineering is increasingly challenging due to the inherently scarce and decreasing number of global petroleum resources. Exploiting these resources efficiently will require researchers, scientists, engineers and other practitioners to develop innovative mathematical solutions to serve as basis for new asset development designs. Deploying these systems in numerical models is essential to the future success and efficiency of the petroleum industry.

Multiphysics modeling has been widely applied in the petroleum industry since the 1960s. The rapid development of computer technology has enabled the numerical applications of multiphysics modeling in the petroleum industry: its applications are particularly popular for the numerical simulation of drilling and completion processes. This book covers theory and numerical applications of multiphysical modeling presenting various author-developed subroutines, used to address complex pore pressure input, complex initial geo-stress field input, etc. Some innovative methods in drilling and completion developed by the authors, such as trajectory optimization and a 3-dimensional workflow for calculation of mud weight window etc, are also presented. Detailed explanations are provided for the modeling process of each application example included in the book. In addition, details of the completed numerical models data are presented as supporting material which can be downloaded from the website of the publisher. Readers can easily understand key modeling techniques with the theory of multiphysics embedded in examples of applications,and can use the data to reproduce the results presented.

While this book would be of interest to any student, academic or professional practitioner of engineering, mathematics and natural science, we believe those professionals and academics working in civil engineering, petroleum engineering and petroleum geomechanics would find the work especially relevant to their endeavors.
About the book series vii
Editorial board of the book series ix
Foreword xvii
About the editors xix
Acknowledgements xxi
1 Mathematical modeling of thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior for reservoir formation under elevated temperature 1(18)
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 General conservation equations of heat and mass transfer within a deformable porous medium
2(3)
1.2.1 Macroscopic mass conservation equations
2(1)
1.2.2 Linear momentum conservation equations
3(1)
1.2.3 Energy (enthalpy) conservation equations
4(1)
1.3 Constitutive laws
5(2)
1.3.1 Constitutive equations for mass transfer
5(1)
1.3.1.1 Advective flow of gas
5(1)
1.3.1.2 Advective mass flow of liquid
5(1)
1.3.2 Constitutive equations for heat transfer
6(1)
1.3.2.1 Conductive heat transfer within the domain Ω
6(1)
1.3.2.2 Heat transferred in radiation at boundary partialdifferenceΩ
6(1)
1.3.3 Constitutive equations for the mechanical response of the solid phase
6(1)
1.4 Some empirical expressions
7(1)
1.4.1 The expression of total porosity n
7(1)
1.4.2 The expression of mdesorp
7(1)
1.4.3 Effective thermal conductivity of the three-phase medium
8(1)
1.5 Resultant governing equations
8(1)
1.6 Equivalent integral of the governing differential equation and its weak form
9(4)
1.7 Approximate solution and spatial discretization
13(3)
1.8 Ending remarks
16(3)
2 Damage model for rock-like materials and its application 19(22)
2.1 Introduction
19(1)
2.2 The Barcelona model: Scalar damage with different behaviors for tension and compression
20(3)
2.2.1 Uniaxial behavior of the Barcelona model
20(1)
2.2.2 Unloading behavior
21(1)
2.2.3 Plastic flow
22(1)
2.2.4 Yielding criterion
22(1)
2.3 Calibration for the size of damage process zone
23(18)
2.3.1 Experiments performed with the white-light speckle method and four-point shear beam
24(1)
2.3.1.1 Testing device
24(1)
2.3.1.2 Experimental results
24(1)
2.3.2 Numerical results obtained with finite-element analysis
25(9)
2.3.2.1 Discretization of the double-notched, four-point shear beam
27(1)
2.3.2.2 Numerical results obtained with double notched beam
28(6)
2.3.3 Numerical results obtained with single-notched beam
34(4)
2.3.4 Comparisons of the experimental results with the numerical results
38(1)
2.3.5 Remarks
38(3)
3 Trajectory optimization for offshore wells and numerical prediction of casing failure due to production-induced compaction 41(16)
3.1 Introduction
41(1)
3.2 Geotechnical casing design and optimal trajectories
41(2)
3.3 The work procedure
43(1)
3.4 The model
44(4)
3.4.1 Model geometry
44(1)
3.4.2 Material models
45(2)
3.4.3 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model
47(1)
3.5 Numerical results of the global model
48(2)
3.6 General principle of submodeling techniques
50(1)
3.7 First submodel
51(2)
3.7.1 Local model results
53(1)
3.8 Secondary submodel and casing integrity estimate
53(1)
3.9 Conclusions
54(3)
4 Numerical scheme for calculation of shear failure gradient of wellbore and its applications 57(24)
4.1 Introduction
57(1)
4.2 Scheme for calculation of SFG with 3D FEM
58(1)
4.3 Numerical solution of SFG and its comparison with results obtained by Drillworks
59(8)
4.3.1 The model geometry of the benchmark and its FEM mesh
59(3)
4.3.2 Loads and parameters of material properties
62(1)
4.3.3 Abaqus submodel calculation and results with Mohr-Coulomb model
62(3)
4.3.4 Results comparison with Drucker-Prager criterion between Abaqus and Drillworks
65(2)
4.3.5 Remarks
67(1)
4.4 Comparison of accuracy of stress solution of a cylinder obtained by Abaqus and its analytical solution
67(1)
4.5 Application
68(10)
4.5.1 Pore pressure analysis with Drillworks
69(1)
4.5.2 The 3D computational model
70(13)
4.5.2.1 Global model: Geometry, boundary condition, and loads
70(3)
4.5.2.2 Numerical results of the global model
73(1)
4.5.2.3 Vector-distribution of principal stresses
74(1)
4.5.2.4 Submodel: Geometry, boundary condition, and loads
74(1)
4.5.2.5 Numerical results of the submodel
75(3)
4.6 Remarks
78(3)
5 Mud weight design for horizontal wells in shallow loose sand reservoir with the finite element method 81(14)
5.1 Introduction
81(1)
5.2 Geological setting and geological factors affecting geomechanics
82(1)
5.3 Pore pressure and initial geostress field: Prediction made with logging data and one-dimensional software
83(1)
5.3.1 Pore pressure
83(1)
5.3.2 Stress field orientation
83(1)
5.3.3 Overburden gradient (vertical in-situ stress)
84(1)
5.3.4 Minimum in-situ stress
84(1)
5.3.5 Maximum in-situ horizontal stress
84(1)
5.4 Formation strength and geomechanical properties
84(3)
5.5 Finite element model
87(1)
5.6 Numerical results with finite elemenfmodeling
88(4)
5.7 Conclusions
92(3)
6 A case study of mud weight design with finite element method for subsalt wells 95(24)
6.1 Introduction
95(2)
6.2 Brief review of concepts of MWW and numerical procedure for its 3D solution
97(2)
6.2.1 Brief review of mud weight window concepts
97(2)
6.2.2 Numerical procedure for calculating MWW with 3D FEM
99(1)
6.3 Global model description and numerical results
99(8)
6.3.1 Model description
99(7)
6.3.2 Numerical results of the global model
106(1)
6.4 Submodel description and numerical results
107(2)
6.4.1 Model description
107(2)
6.4.2 Numerical results of SFG and FG obtained with the secondary submodel
109(1)
6.5 Stress pattern analysis for saltbase formation
109(6)
6.6 Alternative validation on stress pattern within saltbase formation
115(1)
6.7 A solution with 1D tool Drillworks and its comparison with 3D solution
115(2)
6.8 Conclusions
117(2)
7 Numerical calculation of stress rotation caused by salt creep and pore pressure depletion 119(20)
7.1 Introduction
119(2)
7.2 Stress analysis for a subsalt well
121(4)
7.2.1 Computational model
121(1)
7.2.2 Numerical results
122(3)
7.3 Variation of stress orientation caused by injection and production
125(5)
7.3.1 The model used in the computation
125(1)
7.3.2 Numerical results
125(5)
7.3.2.1 Numerical results of stress rotation with isotropic permeability and injection
125(1)
7.3.2.2 Numerical results on stress rotation with isotropic permeability and production
125(2)
7.3.2.3 Numerical results on stress rotation with orthotropic permeability and injection
127(2)
7.3.2.4 Numerical results on stress rotation with orthotropic permeability and production
129(1)
7.3.3 Remarks
130(1)
7.4 Variation of stress orientation caused by pore pressure depletion: Case study in Ekofisk field
130(6)
7.4.1 The numerical model
130(2)
7.4.2 Numerical results
132(4)
7.5 Conclusions
136(3)
8 Numerical analysis of casing failure under non-uniform loading in subsalt wells 139(16)
8.1 Introduction
139(2)
8.2 Finite element model and analysis of casing integrity
141(8)
8.2.1 Numerical analysis of global model at field scale
142(2)
8.2.1.1 Model geometry
142(1)
8.2.1.2 Material models
142(2)
8.2.1.3 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model
144(1)
8.2.1.4 Numerical results of global model
144(1)
8.2.2 Submodel and casing integrity estimate
144(12)
8.2.2.1 Model geometry
144(1)
8.2.2.2 Material models
145(1)
8.2.2.3 Loads specific to the submodel
146(1)
8.2.2.4 Numerical results of the submodel: Stress distribution around the borehole before cementing
146(1)
8.2.2.5 Numerical results of submodel: Stress distribution within the concrete ring and casing
147(2)
8.3 Numerical results of enhancement measure
149(2)
8.4 Conclusions
151(4)
9 Numerical predictions on critical pressure drawdown and sand production for wells in weak formations 155(20)
9.1 Introduction
155(1)
9.2 Model description and numerical calculation
156(3)
9.2.1 Numerical calculation with global model
156(3)
9.2.1.1 Values of material parameters
157(1)
9.2.1.2 Loads and boundary conditions of the global model
157(1)
9.2.1.3 Stress pattern
158(1)
9.2.1.4 Numerical results of global model
159(1)
9.3 Case 1: Prediction of CVPDD for a well with openhole completion
159(4)
9.3.1 Submodel 1: Geometry of the submodel
159(1)
9.3.2 Submodel 1: Boundary condition and loads
159(1)
9.3.3 Numerical scheme of the calculation
159(1)
9.3.4 Numerical results
160(3)
9.4 Case 2: Numerical prediction of CVPDD for well with casing completion
163(5)
9.4.1 Modeling casing
164(1)
9.4.2 Case 2A: Casing with perforation of 8 shots per 0.3048 m
165(1)
9.4.2.1 Description of the model: Case 2A
165(1)
9.4.2.2 Numerical results of Case 2A
166(1)
9.4.3 Case 2B: Casing with perforation of 4 shots per 0.348 m (per ft)
166(2)
9.4.3.1 Geometry of the model: Case 2B
166(1)
9.4.3.2 Numerical results of Case 2B
167(1)
9.4.4 Remarks
168(1)
9.5 Numerical prediction of sanding production
168(4)
9.5.1 Model description and simplifications
168(1)
9.5.2 Numerical procedure for prediction of sand production
169(1)
9.5.3 An example of prediction of sand production
170(2)
9.6 Conclusions
172(3)
10 Cohesive crack for quasi-brittle fracture and numerical simulation of hydraulic fracture 175(18)
10.1 Introduction
175(1)
10.2 Cohesive crack for quasi-brittle materials
175(6)
10.2.1 Concepts of cohesive crack
175(1)
10.2.2 Influence of hydraulic pressure on yielding conditions
176(1)
10.2.3 Cohesive models for mixed-mode fracture
177(1)
10.2.4 Cohesive model of effective opening for mixed-mode crack
177(2)
10.2.5 Cohesive law formulated in standard dissipative system
179(2)
10.2.5.1 Elastoplastic damage interface model
180(1)
10.2.5.2 Viscoplastic interface crack model
181(1)
10.3 Cohesive element coupled with pore pressure for simulation of hydraulic fracture of rock
181(3)
10.3.1 Nodal sequence and stress components of cohesive element
181(1)
10.3.2 Fluid flow model of the cohesive element
182(2)
10.3.2.1 Defining pore fluid flow properties
182(1)
10.3.2.2 Tangential flow
182(1)
10.3.2.3 Newtonian fluid
183(1)
10.3.2.4 Power law fluid
183(1)
10.3.2.5 Normal flow across gap surfaces
183(1)
10.4 Numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing with 3-dimensional finite element method
184(5)
10.4.1 Numerical procedure for the numerical simulation of hydraulic fracturing
184(1)
10.4.2 Finite element model
184(3)
10.4.2.1 Geometry and mesh
184(1)
10.4.2.2 Initial conditions
184(1)
10.4.2.3 Boundary condition
185(1)
10.4.2.4 Loads
185(1)
10.4.2.5 Values of material parameter
185(2)
10.4.3 Numerical results
187(2)
10.5 Conclusions
189(4)
11 Special applications in formation stimulation and injection modeling 193(28)
11.1 Introduction
193(1)
11.2 Normal applications
194(2)
11.3 Special applications
196(1)
11.4 Unconventional shale gas reservoirs
196(4)
11.4.1 Theoretical basis in simulation
196(1)
11.4.2 An equivalent shale gas hydraulic fracturing model
197(2)
11.4.3 Leakoff effect for a contained fracture
199(1)
11.4.4 Concluding remarks
199(1)
11.5 Cuttings re-injection
200(6)
11.5.1 Theoretical basis in simulation
200(1)
11.5.2 An equivalent cuttings re-injection model
200(1)
11.5.3 Key input parameters for cuttings re-injection modeling
201(1)
11.5.4 Multiple fracture modeling
202(2)
11.5.5 Net pressure responses in cyclic injection
204(2)
11.5.6 Concluding remarks
206(1)
11.6 Fracture packing in unconsolidated formation
206(6)
11.6.1 Theoretical basis in simulation
206(1)
11.6.2 An equivalent frac-pack model
206(2)
11.6.3 Key input parameters for frac-pack modeling
208(1)
11.6.4 Fracture re-growth during the frac-pack process
208(3)
11.6.5 Concluding remarks
211(1)
11.7 Produced water re-injection
212(9)
11.7.1 Theoretical basis in simulation
212(1)
11.7.2 An equivalent produced water re-injection model
212(1)
11.7.3 Numerical modeling of cross flow in produced water transport
213(5)
11.7.4 Analytical modeling of cross flow and its effect on produced water transport
218(1)
11.7.5 Concluding remarks
219(2)
Subject index 221(12)
Book series page 233
Xinpu Shen is a Principal Consultant at Halliburton Consulting, department of Petroleum Engineering, group of Geomechanics Practice. He received his PhD degree in Engineering Mechanics in 1994. He was an associate professor in Tsinghua University, Beijing, China, from 1994 to 1999. From 1997 to 2004, he worked as post-doctoral research associate in several European institutions, including Politecnico di Milano, Italy and the University of Sheffield, UK. Since May 2001, he is a professor in Engineering Mechanics in Shenyang University of Technology, China. He worked as consultant of geomechanics for Knowledge Systems Inc Houston since 2005 and until it was acquired by Halliburton in 2008. He has been coordinator to 3 projects supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China since 2005.

Mao Bai is the Principal Consultant in Geomechanics and Geomechanics Solutions Team Leader at Halliburton Consulting and Project Management. Dr. Bai received the Msc degree in Mining Engineering from the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK in 1986, and Ph.D. from the Pennsylvania State University in Mineral Engineering in 1991. Before joining Halliburton in 2008, Dr. Bai worked as a Senior Research Associate at the Rock Mechanics Institute in the University of Oklahoma between 1991 and 2000, as a Senior Engineer at TerraTek / Schlumberger between 2000 and 2007, as a Senior Geomechanics Specialist at Geomechanics International / Baker Hughes between 2007 and 2008. Dr. Bai is specializing in technical advising in petroleum engineering related geomechanics. He is the author of the book "Coupled Processes in Subsurface Deformation, Flow and Transport" published by ASCE Press in 2000, and author / co-author of over 130 technical papers in geomechanics related subjects.

William Standifird currently serves as a Solutions Director for Halliburton. In this role he is charged with the invention, development and deployment of innovative technologies that support safe and efficient well construction for petroleum assets. William began his career with Schlumberger as a Drilling Services Engineer where he specialized in the application of petroleum geomechanics to deepwater drilling operations. He subsequently joined Knowledge Systems Inc. and rapidly built a global petroleum geomechanics practice which was acquired by Halliburton in 2008. William has over 20 peer reviewed publications, a Performed by Schlumberger Silver Medal and a Harts Meritorious Engineering Award. He holds undergraduate degrees in electronics engineering, management science and earned a Master of Business Administration from the University of Houston System.
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