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E-raamat: Earthquake Science and Engineering [Taylor & Francis e-raamat]

(University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Japan)
  • Formaat: 500 pages, 45 Tables, black and white; 292 Line drawings, black and white; 223 Halftones, black and white; 515 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: ISRM Book Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jul-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003164371
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  • Taylor & Francis e-raamat
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Earthquake Science and EngineeringSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 500 pages, 45 Tables, black and white; 292 Line drawings, black and white; 223 Halftones, black and white; 515 Illustrations, black and white
  • Sari: ISRM Book Series
  • Ilmumisaeg: 18-Jul-2022
  • Kirjastus: CRC Press
  • ISBN-13: 9781003164371
Teised raamatud teemal:
Taylor & Francis e-raamatudRohkem infot Taylor & Francis e-raamatute kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781003164371
"Earthquakes form one of the categories of natural disasters that sometimes result in large loss of human life as well as destruction of (infra)structures, as experienced during recent great earthquakes. This book addresses scientific and engineering aspects of earthquakes, which are generally taught and published on separately. This book intends to fill the gap between these two fields associated with earthquakes and help seismologists and earthquake engineers better communicate with and understand eachother. This will foster the development of new techniques for dealing with various aspects of earthquakes and earthquake-associated issues, to safeguard the security and welfare of societies worldwide. Because this work covers both scientific and engineering aspects in a unified way, it offers a complete overview of earthquakes, their mechanics, effects on (infra)structures and secondary associated events. As such, this book is aimed at engineering professionals with an earth sciences background (geology, seismology, geophysics) or those with an engineering background (civil, architecture, mining, geological engineering) or with both, and it can also serve as a reference work for academics and (under)graduate students"--

This book addresses scientific and engineering aspects of earthquakes, which are generally taught and published on separately. This book intends to fill the gap between these two fields associated with earthquakes and help seismologists and earthquake engineers better communicate with and understand each other.
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
About the author xvii
1 Introduction
1(4)
2 Physics of earthquakes
5(28)
2.1 Causes of earthquakes
5(3)
2.2 The stress state of the Earth and the Earth's crust
8(2)
2.3 The stress state of a fault and its changes during earthquakes
10(7)
2.4 Laboratory experiments
17(8)
2.4.1 Uniaxial compression experiments in relation to earthquakes
17(2)
2.4.2 Stick-slip phenomenon for simple mechanical explanation of earthquakes, and some experiments
19(1)
2.4.2.1 A simple theory of the stick-slip phenomenon
19(3)
2.4.2.2 Device of stick-slip tests
22(1)
2.4.2.3 Stick-slip experiment
23(2)
2.5 Relations between earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
25(8)
2.5.1 Observations
25(1)
2.5.2 Mechanical background of heat emission during crustal deformation
26(1)
2.5.2.1 Fundamental governing equation for energy conservation law
26(1)
2.5.2.2 Temperature distribution in the vicinity of geological active faults
26(4)
2.5.3 Strength reduction due to temperature increase
30(3)
3 Waves and theory of wave propagation
33(22)
3.1 Momentum conservation law
33(1)
3.2 Earthquake-induced waves
34(5)
3.3 Wave propagation in a pond
39(1)
3.4 Wave refraction
39(4)
3.5 Wave propagation through the Earth and inference of the Earth's interior
43(2)
3.6 Determination of occurrence time
45(3)
3.7 Determination of hypocentre and epicentre
48(3)
3.7.1 Two-dimensional determination of hypocentre and epicentre
48(1)
3.7.2 Three-dimensional determination of hypocentre and epicentre
49(1)
3.7.3 Specific application: the 1998 Adana-Ceyhan earthquake
50(1)
3.8 Determination of magnitude
51(4)
4 Faults and faulting mechanism of earthquakes
55(28)
4.1 Characteristics of earthquake faults
55(1)
4.2 Physical models on faulting
56(15)
4.2.1 Photo-elasticity tests
56(1)
4.2.1.1 Material properties
56(1)
4.2.1.2 Photo-elasticity tests on the stress state of faults
57(3)
4.2.1.3 Faults with regular asperities
60(1)
4.2.1.4 Faults with irregular rough asperities
61(1)
4.2.1.5 Finite element analyses of fault models
62(1)
4.2.2 Physical model tests
62(1)
4.2.2.1 Experimental device, materials and procedure
62(3)
4.2.2.2 Experiments on granular ground
65(6)
4.3 Characterization of earthquakes from fault ruptures
71(3)
4.3.1 Relation between surface wave magnitude and moment magnitude
71(2)
4.3.2 Relation between MMI and moment magnitude
73(1)
4.3.3 Relation between moment magnitude and rupture length, area and net slip of fault
73(1)
4.4 Inference of faulting mechanism and earthquakes
74(9)
4.4.1 Inference from striations of earthquake faults
74(1)
4.4.2 Inference from wave propagation characteristics
75(8)
5 Strong ground motions and permanent ground deformations
83(32)
5.1 Observations on strong motions and permanent deformations
83(3)
5.1.1 Observations on maximum ground accelerations
83(1)
5.1.2 Permanent ground deformation
83(3)
5.2 Strong motion estimations
86(20)
5.2.1 Empirical approach
86(5)
5.2.2 Green-function-based empirical waveform estimation
91(2)
5.2.3 Numerical approaches
93(1)
5.2.3.1 Finite difference method
94(1)
5.2.3.2 Finite element method
95(3)
5.2.3.3 GPS method
98(1)
5.2.3.4 InSAR method
98(1)
5.2.3.5 EPS method
99(3)
5.2.3.6 Okada's method
102(1)
5.2.3.7 Numerical methods
103(3)
5.3 Estimations of strong motion parameters from the collapse, failure and slippage of simple structures and simplified reinforced concrete structures
106(9)
5.3.1 Inference of strong motions from masonry walls
106(2)
5.3.2 Inference of strong motions from reinforced concrete structures
108(4)
5.3.3 Inference of strong motions from Mercalli Seismic Intensity
112(3)
6 Vibration analyses of structures
115(64)
6.1 Numerical methods
115(2)
6.2 Simplified analyses of structures for their vibration characteristics
117(11)
6.2.1 Free vibration
118(1)
6.2.2 Damped free vibration
119(3)
6.2.3 Forced vibration subjected to sinusoidal vibration
122(4)
6.2.4 Forced vibration subjected to arbitrary vibration
126(2)
6.3 Measurement techniques for vibration characteristics
128(1)
6.3.1 Free vibration
128(1)
6.3.2 Forced vibration
128(1)
6.3.3 Micro-tremor measurement technique
128(1)
6.4 Fourier spectra analysis
128(1)
6.5 Response spectral analyses
129(1)
6.6 Applications
130(13)
6.6.1 Tower models
130(3)
6.6.2 Building models
133(2)
6.6.3 Photo-elastic frame models and Eigen value analyses by FEM
135(1)
6.6.3.1 Frame only
135(1)
6.6.3.2 Four-story frame models
136(3)
6.6.4 Beam models
139(3)
6.6.5 Tanks
142(1)
6.7 Actual structures
143(5)
6.7.1 Bridge of the University of the Ryukyus
143(1)
6.7.2 Vibration of Yofuke Bridge due to passing trucks
143(1)
6.7.3 Pole for hybrid wind and solar energy
144(3)
6.7.4 Wooden houses
147(1)
6.7.5 Reinforced concrete building
148(1)
6.8 Past studies on the natural frequency of buildings
148(2)
6.9 Dams
150(1)
6.10 Wind turbines
151(1)
6.11 Abandoned mines
152(1)
6.12 Response of Horonobe underground research laboratory during the 2018 June 20 Soya region earthquake and 2018 September 6 Iburi earthquake
153(8)
6.12.1 Characteristics of the Soya region earthquake
153(2)
6.12.2 Characteristics of Iburi earthquake
155(1)
6.12.3 Acceleration records at Horonobe URL
156(3)
6.12.4 Fourier and acceleration response spectra analyses
159(1)
6.12.4.1 Fourier spectra analyses
159(1)
6.12.4.2 Acceleration response spectra analyses
160(1)
6.13 Slopes
161(8)
6.13.1 Characteristics of shaking table
161(3)
6.13.2 Applications to slopes and cliffs
164(1)
6.13.2.1 Model materials
164(2)
6.13.2.2 Testing procedure
166(1)
6.13.3 Model experiments
166(1)
6.13.3.1 Natural frequency of model slopes
166(3)
6.14 Retaining walls
169(10)
6.14.1 Model setup
169(1)
6.14.2 Backfill materials and their properties
170(2)
6.14.3 Shaking table tests on retaining walls with glass beads backfill
172(1)
6.14.4 Shaking table tests on retaining walls with river gravel backfill
172(3)
6.14.5 Shaking table tests on retaining walls with Motobu limestone gravel backfill
175(4)
7 Effects of earthquakes associated surface ruptures on engineering structures
179(1)
7 / Effects of ground shaking on engineering structures
179(50)
7.1.1 Buildings
179(1)
7.1.1.1 Reinforced concrete buildings
180(1)
7.1.1.2 Masonry buildings
181(1)
7.1.1.3 Timber buildings
181(2)
7.1.1.4 Secondary-type damage in buildings
183(1)
7.1.2 Dams
183(2)
7.1.3 Bridge and viaduct damage
185(2)
7.1.4 Overturning or derailment of vehicles due to ground shaking
187(2)
7.1.5 Tanks
189(1)
7.1.5.1 Classifications of damage to oil tanks
190(1)
7.1.5.2 Damage by the 1995 Kobe earthquake
191(1)
7.1.5.3 Damage by the 1999 Kocaeli earthquake
192(3)
7.1.5.4 The 2001 Kutch earthquake (India)
195(3)
7.1.5.5 The 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake
198(1)
7.1.6 Sinkholes due to abandoned mines and natural caves
199(2)
7.1.7 Damage to tunnels and underground shelter
201(1)
7.1.7.1 Damage to tunnels
201(1)
7.1.7.2 Damage to the Bukittingi underground shelter
202(2)
7.1.8 Slope failure
204(1)
7.1.8.1 The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake
204(2)
7.1.8.2 The 2004 Chuetsu earthquake
206(1)
7.1.8.3 The 2005 Kashmir earthquake
206(1)
7.1.8.4 The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake
207(3)
7.1.8.5 The 2008 Iwate-Miyagi intraplate earthquake
210(1)
7.1.9 Embankment failure
211(1)
7.1.10 Retaining-wall failure
212(1)
7.2 Effects of surface ruptures induced by earthquakes on engineering structures
213(10)
7.2.1 Bridges and viaducts
214(1)
7.2.2 Dams
214(1)
7.2.3 Tunnels and subways
215(3)
7.2.4 Slope failures and rockfalls
218(2)
7.2.5 Pylons
220(1)
7.2.6 Linear and tubular structures
220(2)
7.2.7 Buildings
222(1)
7.3 Damage by ground liquefaction and lateral spreading
223(4)
7.4 Effect of rockfalls on built environment
227(2)
8 Seismic design of structures
229(126)
8.1 Fundamental approaches
229(8)
8.2 Seismic design of buildings
237(19)
8.2.1 Framed structures (timber, steel and reinforced concrete structures)
237(3)
8.2.2 Masonry buildings
240(1)
8.2.2.1 Masonry tower or wall (out-of-plane)
240(2)
8.2.2.2 Wall (in-plane)
242(1)
8.2.3 Seismic design of bridges and viaducts
242(5)
8.2.4 Pylons and truss structures
247(6)
8.2.5 Liquid tanks on ground and elevated tanks
253(1)
8.2.5.1 Liquid tanks on ground
253(1)
8.2.5.2 Elevated tanks
254(2)
8.3 Geotechnical structures
256(31)
8.3.1 Seismic design of embankments
256(1)
8.3.1.1 Pseudo-dynamic method
256(3)
8.3.1.2 Dynamic limiting equilibrium method
259(7)
8.3.2 Retaining walls
266(1)
8.3.2.1 Pseudo-dynamic method
266(1)
8.3.2.2 Dynamic limiting equilibrium method
267(3)
8.3.3 Seismic design of slopes
270(1)
8.3.3.1 Cliffs with toe erosion (bending failure)
270(3)
8.3.3.2 Shear and planar failure
273(1)
8.3.3.3 Wedge failure
274(7)
8.3.3.4 Combined shearing and sliding failure
281(1)
8.3.3.5 Flexural toppling failure
282(2)
8.3.3.6 Blocky columnar toppling failure
284(1)
8.3.3.7 Empirical relations between earthquake magnitude and limiting distance for slope failures
285(1)
8.3.3.8 Relation between thoroughgoing discontinuity inclination and slope angle
286(1)
8.4 Seismic design of underground structures
287(14)
8.4.1 Tunnels
288(1)
8.4.1.1 Shallow soil tunnels and conduits
288(2)
8.4.1.2 Shallow underground openings in discontinuous rock mass
290(1)
8.4.1.3 Tunnels in rock mass
291(1)
8.4.2 Rock caverns
292(1)
8.4.3 Underground shelters
292(2)
8.4.4 Tunnels below abandoned mines
294(2)
8.4.5 Seismic design of shafts in rock mass
296(2)
8.4.6 Empirical approaches
298(3)
8.5 Seismic design of concrete dams
301(2)
8.6 Nuclear power plants
303(3)
8.7 Assessment of ground liquefaction and countermeasures
306(49)
8.7.1 Definition of ground liquefaction
306(1)
8.7.2 Governing equations of ground liquefaction
307(2)
8.7.3 Solution of governing equations
309(1)
8.7.4 Empirical liquefaction susceptibility methods
310(1)
8.7.4.1 Geologic criterion
310(1)
8.7.4.2 Empirical liquefaction distance-magnitude method
311(1)
8.7.4.3 Grain size-based method
311(1)
8.7.4.4 Standard penetration test value-based method: the Seed method
312(4)
8.7.4.5 Permeability and shear strength based method: method of Aydan-Kumsar
316(6)
8.7.5 Lateral spreading: deformation estimation
322(1)
8.7.5.1 Empirical methods
323(1)
8.7.5.2 Sliding body analysis
324(3)
8.7.5.3 Analytical model for an infinitely long visco-elastic layer
327(3)
8.7.5.4 Numerical methods and simplified methods
330(9)
8.7.5.5 Experiments on lateral spreading of dry ground
339(1)
8.7.6 Settlement of structures in liquefiable ground
339(4)
8.7.7 Uplift of structures in liquefiable ground
343(1)
8.7.7.1 Dynamic limiting equilibrium method for uplift of structures
343(4)
8.7.7.2 Pseudo-dynamic design of tunnels, conduits and culverts against uplift
347(1)
8.7.7.3 Numerical analysis of a tunnel in liquefiable ground
348(2)
8.7.8 Shaking table tests on the settlement of wave breaks
350(1)
8.7.9 Important observations and countermeasures against ground liquefaction
350(5)
9 Tsunami: Its effects on structures, and the fundamentals of tsunami-proof design
355(66)
9.1 Mechanism of tsunamis
355(3)
9.1.1 Earthquake faulting
355(2)
9.1.2 Land or submarine slides
357(1)
9.1.3 Submarine volcanic eruption
358(1)
9.1.4 Meteorite falls
358(1)
9.2 Governing equations of tsunamis
358(13)
9.2.1 Fundamental equations in fluid mechanics
358(1)
9.2.2 Fundamental equations for tsunamis
359(2)
9.2.3 Applications of fundamental equations for tsunamis
361(1)
9.2.3.1 Faulting-induced tsunamis
361(4)
9.2.3.2 Volcanism-induced tsunami
365(1)
9.2.3.3 Slope-failure-induced tsunami
366(4)
9.2.3.4 Tsunami occurrence by meteorite impacts
370(1)
9.2.4 Estimation of tsunami arrival time
370(1)
9.3 Model tsunami tests
371(18)
9.3.1 Faulting-induced tsunami (normal and thrust)
373(1)
9.3.1.1 Experimental facility and experiments at Tokai University
373(5)
9.3.1.2 Experimental facility and experiments at the University of Ryukyus
378(5)
9.3.2 Water surface changes due to impactors
383(1)
9.3.2.1 Experiments on water level variations due to impactor in closed water bodies
383(3)
9.3.2.2 Theoretical modelling on water level variations due to impactor in closed water bodies and its applications
386(1)
9.3.2.3 Experiments on water level variations due to sliding or toppling bodies into closed water bodies
387(2)
9.4 Effects of tsunamis on structures and the environment
389(21)
9.4.1 Tsunami damage to industrial facilities
389(3)
9.4.2 Tsunami damage to ports and coastal facilities
392(1)
9.4.3 Tsunami damage to transportation facilities
392(3)
9.4.4 Responses of airports
395(2)
9.4.5 Tsunami damage to buildings
397(8)
9.4.6 Effect of tsunami on slopes
405(1)
9.4.7 Damage to embankments
406(3)
9.4.8 Responses of gigantic breakwaters and causes of their damage
409(1)
9.5 Inference of tsunamis heights
410(4)
9.6 Tsunami boulders and their utilization for inference of magnitude of paleo mega earthquakes
414(3)
9.7 Tsunami-proof structural design principles
417(4)
9.7.1 Tsunami-induced forces on structures
417(2)
9.7.2 Recommendations for measures against tsunami
419(2)
10 Earthquake prediction
421(54)
10.1 Physical background on anomalous phenomena observed in earthquakes
422(1)
10.2 Implications of responses of rocks and discontinuities during fracturing and slippage
423(3)
10.3 Available methods for earthquake prediction
426(13)
10.3.1 Tilting or ground deformation anomaly method
428(2)
10.3.2 Creep method
430(1)
10.3.3 Groundwater level anomaly method
430(1)
10.3.4 Elastic wave velocity anomaly method
431(3)
10.3.5 Electrical resistivity anomaly method
434(1)
10.3.6 Electric field anomaly method
434(1)
10.3.7 Magnetic field anomaly method
435(1)
10.3.8 Seismic gap method
435(2)
10.3.9 Gas emission anomaly method
437(1)
10.3.10 Gravity anomaly method
438(1)
10.3.11 Anomalous animal behaviour method
438(1)
10.4 Global positioning method for earthquake prediction
439(19)
10.4.1 Theoretical background
439(2)
10.4.2 Applications
441(2)
10.4.2.1 Prediction of earthquake epicentres
443(8)
10.4.3 Prediction of time of occurrence and recurrence
451(6)
10.4.4 Prediction of magnitude
457(1)
10.4.5 Effect of the 2011 Great East Japan earthquake on the epicentral area of the anticipated Tokai earthquake
457(1)
10.5 Anomalous phenomena observed in the 1999 Duzce earthquake and other earthquakes in Turkey
458(11)
10.5.1 Gas emissions
459(2)
10.5.2 Groundwater level observations
461(1)
10.5.3 Earthquake lights
461(2)
10.5.4 Geomagnetic and gravity anomalies
463(2)
10.5.4.1 Ground tilting and deformation
465(2)
10.5.5 Anomalous animal behaviour
467(1)
10.5.6 Effects of the Sun and and the moon on earthquakes
467(2)
10.6 Application of the multi-parameter monitoring system to earthquakes in Denizli Basin and Sumatra Island of Indonesia
469(6)
References 475(22)
Index 497
Ömer Aydan was born in 1955 and studied Mining Engineering at the Technical University of Istanbul, Turkey (B.Sc., 1979), Rock Mechanics and Excavation Engineering at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK (M.Sc., 1982), and received his Ph.D. in Geotechnical Engineering from Nagoya University, Japan in 1989. Prof. Aydan worked at Nagoya University as a research associate (19871991), and then in the Department of Marine Civil Engineering at Tokai University, first as Assistant Professor (19911993), then as Associate Professor (19932001), and finally as Professor (20012010). He then became Professor of the Institute of Oceanic Research and Development at Tokai University, and is currently Professor at the University of the Ryukyus, Department of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan. He is also the director of the Disaster Prevention Research Center for Island Region of the University of the Ryukyus. Prof. Aydan has played an active role in numerous organizations such as ISRM, JSCE, JGS, SRI and Rock Mechanics and other National Group of Japan committees, and has organized several national and international symposia and conferences.
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