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Distribution System Planning and Automation |
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1 | (35) |
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1 | (1) |
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Distribution System Planning |
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2 | (2) |
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Factors Affecting System Planning |
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4 | (4) |
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4 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Substation Site Selection |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (2) |
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Present Distribution System Planning Techniques |
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8 | (2) |
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Distribution System Planning Models |
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10 | (3) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Augmentation and Upgrades |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Benefits of Optimization Applications |
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13 | (1) |
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Distribution System Planning in the Future |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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Future Nature of Distribution Planning |
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14 | (1) |
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Increasing Importance of Good Planning |
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14 | (1) |
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Impacts of Load Management |
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14 | (1) |
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Cost/Benefit Ratio for Innovation |
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15 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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The Central Role of the Computer in Distribution Planning |
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15 | (2) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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Impact of Dispersed Storage and Generation |
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17 | (4) |
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Distribution System Automation |
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21 | (9) |
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Distribution Automation and Control Functions |
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22 | (2) |
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The Level of Penetration of Distribution Automation |
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24 | (4) |
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Alternatives of Communication Systems |
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28 | (2) |
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30 | (5) |
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31 | (4) |
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35 | (58) |
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35 | (13) |
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The Relationship Between the Load and Loss Factors |
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48 | (9) |
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Maximum Diversified Demand |
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57 | (5) |
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62 | (8) |
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65 | (1) |
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Small-Area Load Forecasting |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (4) |
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70 | (2) |
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72 | (7) |
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73 | (2) |
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75 | (4) |
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79 | (14) |
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80 | (2) |
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82 | (1) |
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Instantaneous Load Measurements Using Watt-Hour Meters |
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83 | (4) |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (2) |
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Application of Distribution Transformers |
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93 | (76) |
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93 | (2) |
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Types of Distribution Transformers |
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95 | (3) |
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98 | (5) |
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103 | (4) |
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Terminal or Lead Markings |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Distribution Transformer Loading Guides |
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108 | (1) |
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Equivalent Circuits of a Transformer |
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108 | (3) |
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Single-Phase Transformer Connections |
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111 | (10) |
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111 | (2) |
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Single-Phase Transformer Paralleling |
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113 | (8) |
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121 | (21) |
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The Δ-Δ Transformer Connection |
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121 | (9) |
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The Open-Δ Open-Δ Transformer Connection |
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130 | (4) |
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The Y-Y Transformer Connection |
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134 | (1) |
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The Y-Δ Transformer Connection |
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135 | (2) |
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The Open-V Open-Δ Transformer Connection |
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137 | (4) |
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The Δ-Y Transformer Connection |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (2) |
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The T or Scott Connection |
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144 | (15) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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Amorphous Metal Distribution Transformers |
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162 | (7) |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (1) |
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Design of Subtransmission Lines and Distribution Substations |
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169 | (66) |
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169 | (1) |
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169 | (4) |
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Subtransmission Line Costs |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (3) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (2) |
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178 | (3) |
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The Rating of a Distribution Substation |
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181 | (3) |
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General Case: Substation Service Area with n Primary Feeders |
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184 | (2) |
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Comparison of the Four- and Six-Feeder Patterns |
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186 | (3) |
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Derivation of the K Constant |
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189 | (9) |
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Substation Application Curves |
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198 | (5) |
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Interpretation of the Percent Voltage Drop Formula |
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203 | (13) |
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Supervisory Data and Data Acquisition |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (2) |
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218 | (2) |
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Advanced Developments for Integrated Substation Automation |
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220 | (3) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (6) |
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Electric Shock and Its Effects on Humans |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (2) |
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Transformer Classification |
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230 | (5) |
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232 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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Design Considerations of Primary Systems |
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235 | (48) |
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235 | (2) |
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Radial-Type Primary Feeder |
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237 | (2) |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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Primary-Feeder Voltage Levels |
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240 | (4) |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (2) |
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Distribution Feeder Exit: Rectangular-Type Development |
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247 | (4) |
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Method of Development for High-Load Density Areas |
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249 | (1) |
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Method of Development for Low-Load Density Areas |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Radial Feeders with Uniformly Distributed Load |
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252 | (4) |
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Radial Feeders with Nonuniformly Distributed Load |
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256 | (2) |
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Application of the A, B, C, D General Circuit Constants to Radial Feeders |
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258 | (6) |
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The Design of Radial Primary Distribution Systems |
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264 | (16) |
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265 | (1) |
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Underground Residential Distribution |
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265 | (15) |
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280 | (3) |
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280 | (2) |
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282 | (1) |
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Design Considerations of Secondary Systems |
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283 | (40) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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The Present Design Practice |
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285 | (1) |
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285 | (3) |
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288 | (7) |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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290 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (1) |
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Transformer Application Factor |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Economic Design of Secondaries |
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295 | (14) |
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The Patterns and Some of the Variables |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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Illustrating the Assembly of Cost Data |
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298 | (1) |
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Illustrating the Estimation of Circuit Loading |
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299 | (1) |
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The Developed TAC Equation |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (1) |
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301 | (8) |
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Unbalanced Load and Voltages |
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309 | (9) |
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318 | (5) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (2) |
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Voltage Drop and Power Loss Calculations |
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323 | (48) |
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Three-Phase Balanced Primary Lines |
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323 | (1) |
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Nonthree-Phase Primary Lines |
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323 | (10) |
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Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Ungrounded Neutral |
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323 | (2) |
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Single-Phase Two-Wire Unigrounded Laterals |
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325 | (2) |
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Single-Phase Two-Wire Laterals with Multigrounded Common Neutrals |
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327 | (1) |
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Two-Phase Plus Neutral (Open-Wye) Laterals |
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328 | (5) |
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Four-Wire Multigrounded Common Neutral Distribution System |
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333 | (24) |
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Percent Power (or Copper) Loss |
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357 | (1) |
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A Method to Analyze Distribution Costs |
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357 | (9) |
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Annual Equivalent of Investment Cost |
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360 | (1) |
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Annual Equivalent of Energy Cost |
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360 | (1) |
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Annual Equivalent of Demand Cost |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (5) |
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Economic Analysis of Equipment Losses |
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366 | (5) |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (2) |
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Application of Capacitors to Distribution Systems |
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371 | (70) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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Effects of Series and Shunt Capacitors |
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373 | (3) |
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373 | (2) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (6) |
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376 | (6) |
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A Computerized Method to Determine the Economic Power Factor |
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382 | (1) |
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Application of Capacitors |
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382 | (15) |
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Capacitor Installation Types |
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392 | (3) |
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Types of Controls for Switched Shunt Capacitors |
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395 | (1) |
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Types of Three-Phase Capacitor Bank Connections |
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395 | (2) |
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Economic Justification for Capacitors |
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397 | (7) |
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Benefits Due to Released Generation Capacity |
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397 | (1) |
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Benefits Due to Released Transmission Capacity |
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398 | (1) |
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Benefits Due to Released Distribution Substation Capacity |
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398 | (1) |
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Benefits Due to Reduced Energy Losses |
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399 | (1) |
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Benefits Due to Reduced Voltage Drops |
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399 | (1) |
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Benefits Due to Released Feeder Capacity |
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400 | (1) |
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Financial Benefits Due to Voltage Improvement |
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400 | (1) |
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Total Financial Benefits Due to Capacitor Installations |
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401 | (3) |
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A Practical Procedure to Determine the Best Capacitor Location |
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404 | (1) |
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A Mathematical Procedure to Determine the Optimum Capacitor Allocation |
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405 | (22) |
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Loss Reduction Due to Capacitor Allocation |
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406 | (9) |
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Optimum Location of a Capacitor Bank |
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415 | (3) |
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Energy Loss Reduction Due to Capacitors |
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418 | (7) |
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Relative Ratings of Multiple Fixed Capacitors |
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425 | (1) |
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General Savings Equation for Any Number of Fixed Capacitors |
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426 | (1) |
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Capacitor Tank Rupture Considerations |
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427 | (2) |
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Dynamic Behavior of Distribution Systems |
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429 | (12) |
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429 | (2) |
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Harmonics on Distribution Systems |
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431 | (6) |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (2) |
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Distribution System Voltage Regulation |
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441 | (44) |
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441 | (1) |
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Quality of Service and Voltage Standards |
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441 | (1) |
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442 | (2) |
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Feeder Voltage Regulators |
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444 | (1) |
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445 | (29) |
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Distribution Capacitor Automation |
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474 | (1) |
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475 | (10) |
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A Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips Due to a Single-Phase Motor Start |
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478 | (1) |
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A Shortcut Method to Calculate the Voltage Dips Due to a Three-Phase Motor Start |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (4) |
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484 | (1) |
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Distribution System Protection |
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485 | (74) |
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485 | (1) |
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Overcurrent Protection Devices |
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485 | (14) |
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485 | (4) |
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Automatic Circuit Reclosers |
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489 | (4) |
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Automatic Line Sectionalizers |
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493 | (5) |
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Automatic Circuit Breakers |
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498 | (1) |
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Objective of Distribution System Protection |
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499 | (3) |
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Coordination of Protective Devices |
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502 | (2) |
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Fuse-to-Fuse Coordination |
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504 | (2) |
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Recloser-to-Recloser Coordination |
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506 | (1) |
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Recloser-to-Fuse Coordination |
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506 | (6) |
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Recloser-to-Substation Transformer High-Side Fuse Coordination |
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512 | (1) |
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Fuse-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination |
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512 | (1) |
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Recloser-to-Circuit-Breaker Coordination |
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512 | (3) |
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Fault Current Calculations |
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515 | (14) |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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518 | (2) |
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Components of the Associated Impedance to the Fault |
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520 | (3) |
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Sequence Impedance Tables for the Application of Symmetrical Components |
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523 | (6) |
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Fault Current Calculations in Per Units |
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529 | (6) |
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Secondary System Fault Current Calculations |
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535 | (8) |
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Single-Phase 120/240-V Three-Wire Secondary Service |
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535 | (1) |
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Three-Phase 240/120- or 480/240-V Wye-Delta or Delta-Delta Four-Wire Secondary Service |
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536 | (2) |
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Three-Phase 240/120- or 480/240-V Open-Wye Primary and Four-Wire Open-Delta Secondary Service |
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538 | (1) |
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Three-Phase 208Y/120-V, 480Y/277-V, or 832Y/480-V Four-Wire Wye-Wye Secondary Service |
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539 | (4) |
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543 | (1) |
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544 | (11) |
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A Brief Review of Lightning Phenomenon |
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544 | (2) |
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546 | (1) |
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547 | (1) |
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Basic Lightning Impulse Level |
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548 | (2) |
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Determining the Expected Number of Strikes on a Line |
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550 | (5) |
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555 | (4) |
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556 | (1) |
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557 | (2) |
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Distribution System Reliability |
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559 | (70) |
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559 | (2) |
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National Electric Reliability Council |
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561 | (2) |
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Appropriate Levels of Distribution Reliability |
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563 | (4) |
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Basic Reliability Concepts and Mathematics |
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567 | (9) |
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The General Reliability Function |
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567 | (5) |
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Basic Single-Component Concepts |
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572 | (4) |
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576 | (5) |
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Unrepairable Components in Series |
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576 | (3) |
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Repairable Components in Series |
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579 | (2) |
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581 | (10) |
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Unrepairable Components in Parallel |
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581 | (3) |
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Repairable Components in Parallel |
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584 | (7) |
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Series and Parallel Combinations |
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591 | (5) |
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596 | (10) |
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Chapman-Kolmogorov Equations |
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602 | (4) |
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Classification of States in Markov Chains |
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606 | (1) |
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Development of the State Transition Model to Determine the Steady-State Probabilities |
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606 | (4) |
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Distribution Reliability Indices |
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610 | (1) |
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Sustained Interruption Indices |
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610 | (3) |
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System Average Interruption Frequency Index (Sustained Interruptions) (SAIFI) |
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610 | (1) |
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System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) |
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611 | (1) |
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Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) |
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611 | (1) |
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Customer Total Average Interruption Duration Index (CTAIDI) |
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611 | (1) |
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Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI) |
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612 | (1) |
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Average Service Availability Index (ASAI) |
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612 | (1) |
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Average System Interruption Frequency Index (ASIFI) |
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612 | (1) |
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Average System Interruption Duration Index (ASIDI) |
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613 | (1) |
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Customers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (CEMIn) |
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613 | (1) |
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Other Indices (Momentary) |
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613 | (1) |
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Momentary Average Interruption Frequency Index (MAIFI) |
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613 | (1) |
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Momentary Average Interruption Event Frequency Index (MAIFIE) |
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|
614 | (1) |
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Customers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruptions and Momentary Interruption Events (CEMSMIn) |
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|
614 | (1) |
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Load- and Energy-Based Indices |
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|
614 | (3) |
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Energy Not Supplied Index (ENS) |
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615 | (1) |
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Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS) |
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615 | (1) |
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Average Customer Curtailment Index (ACCI) |
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|
615 | (2) |
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Usage of Reliability Indices |
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|
617 | (1) |
|
Benefits of Reliability Modeling in System Performance |
|
|
618 | (1) |
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Economics of Reliability Assessment |
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|
619 | (10) |
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|
621 | (5) |
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626 | (3) |
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|
629 | (78) |
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|
629 | (1) |
|
Definition of Electric Power Quality |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
Classification of Power Quality |
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|
631 | (1) |
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|
631 | (6) |
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632 | (3) |
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|
635 | (2) |
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Measurements of Electric Power Quality |
|
|
637 | (10) |
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|
637 | (1) |
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|
638 | (1) |
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Active (Real) and Reactive Power |
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|
639 | (1) |
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|
640 | (1) |
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|
641 | (2) |
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Current and Voltage Crest Factors |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
Telephone Interference and the I · T Product |
|
|
645 | (2) |
|
Power in Passive Elements |
|
|
647 | (3) |
|
Power in a Pure Resistance |
|
|
647 | (1) |
|
Power in a Pure Inductance |
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|
648 | (1) |
|
Power in a Pure Capacitance |
|
|
649 | (1) |
|
Harmonic Distortion Limits |
|
|
650 | (3) |
|
Voltage Distortion Limits |
|
|
650 | (1) |
|
Current Distortion Limits |
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|
650 | (3) |
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|
653 | (1) |
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|
654 | (1) |
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|
655 | (2) |
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|
655 | (1) |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Neutral Conductor Overloading |
|
|
657 | (3) |
|
Capacitor Banks and PF Correction |
|
|
660 | (1) |
|
Short-Circuit Capacity or MVA |
|
|
661 | (1) |
|
System Response Characteristics |
|
|
662 | (1) |
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|
662 | (1) |
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|
663 | (1) |
|
Bus Voltage Rise and Resonance |
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|
663 | (4) |
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|
667 | (4) |
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|
671 | (12) |
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|
671 | (2) |
|
|
673 | (2) |
|
Effects of Harmonics on the Resonance |
|
|
675 | (3) |
|
Practical Examples of Resonance Circuits |
|
|
678 | (5) |
|
Harmonic Control Solutions |
|
|
683 | (7) |
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|
684 | (6) |
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|
690 | (1) |
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|
690 | (7) |
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|
691 | (3) |
|
Second-Order Damped Filters |
|
|
694 | (3) |
|
Load Modeling in the Presence of Harmonics |
|
|
697 | (10) |
|
Impedance in the Presence of Harmonics |
|
|
697 | (1) |
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|
698 | (1) |
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|
698 | (2) |
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|
700 | (4) |
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|
704 | (3) |
|
Appendix A Impedance Tables for Lines, Transformers, and Underground Cables |
|
|
707 | (60) |
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|
766 | (1) |
|
Appendix B Graphic Symbols Used in Distribution System Design |
|
|
767 | (10) |
|
Appendix C Glossary for Distribution System Terminology |
|
|
777 | (16) |
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|
791 | (2) |
|
Appendix D The Per-Unit System |
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|
793 | (6) |
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|
793 | (1) |
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|
793 | (2) |
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|
795 | (4) |
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|
798 | (1) |
Notation |
|
799 | (10) |
Answers to Selected Problems |
|
809 | (4) |
Index |
|
813 | |