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E-raamat: Electric Power Principles - Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2nd Edition: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2nd Edition [Wiley Online]

(Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
  • Formaat: 432 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Feb-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119585309
  • ISBN-13: 9781119585305
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 109,91 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Electric Power Principles - Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2nd Edition: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use 2nd EditionSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 432 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 09-Feb-2020
  • Kirjastus: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • ISBN-10: 1119585309
  • ISBN-13: 9781119585305
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119585305

A revised and updated text that explores the fundamentals of the physics of electric power handling systems

The revised and updated second edition of Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use offers an innovative and comprehensive approach to the fundamentals of electric power. The author – a noted expert on the topic – provides a thorough grounding in electric power systems, with an informative discussion on per-unit normalisations, symmetrical components and iterative load flow calculations. The text covers the most important topics within the power system, such as protection and DC transmission, and examines both traditional power plants and those used for extracting sustainable energy from wind and sunlight.

The text explores the principles of electromechanical energy conversion and magnetic circuits and synchronous machines – the most important generators of electric power. The book also contains information on power electronics, induction and direct current motors. This new second edition includes:

  • A new chapter on energy storage, including battery modeling and how energy storage and associated power electronics can be used to modify system dynamics
  • Information on voltage stability and bifurcation
  • The addition of Newton’s Method for load flow calculations
  • Material on the grounding transformer connections added to the section on three phase transformer
  • An example of the unified power flow controller for voltage support

Written for students studying electric power systems and electrical engineering, the updated second edition of Electric Power Principles: Sources, Conversion, Distribution and Use is the classroom-tested text that offers an understanding of the basics of the physics of electric power handling systems.

Preface xv
About the Companion Website xvii
1 Electric Power Systems
1(16)
1.1 Electric Utility Systems
2(1)
1.2 Energy and Power
3(2)
1.2.1 Basics and Units
3(2)
1.3 Sources of Electric Power
5(9)
1.3.1 Heat Engines
5(1)
1.3.2 Power Plants
6(1)
1.3.2.1 Environmental Impact of Burning Fossil Fuels
7(1)
1.3.3 Nuclear Power Plants
8(1)
1.3.4 Hydroelectric Power
9(1)
1.3.5 Wind Turbines
10(2)
1.3.6 Solar Power Generation
12(2)
1.4 Electric Power Plants and Generation
14(1)
1.5 Problems
15(2)
2 AC Voltage, Current, and Power
17(16)
2.1 Sources and Power
17(3)
2.1.1 Voltage and Current Sources
17(1)
2.1.2 Power
18(1)
2.1.3 Sinusoidal Steady State
18(1)
2.1.4 Phasor Notation
19(1)
2.1.5 Real and Reactive Power
19(1)
2.1.5.1 Root Mean Square (RMS) Amplitude
20(1)
2.2 Resistors, Inductors, and Capacitors
20(3)
2.2.1 Reactive Power and Voltage
22(1)
2.2.1.1 Example
22(1)
2.2.2 Reactive Power Voltage Support
22(1)
2.3 Voltage Stability and Bifurcation
23(3)
2.3.1 Voltage Calculation
24(1)
2.3.2 Voltage Solution and Effect of Reactive Power
25(1)
2.4 Problems
26(7)
3 Transmission Lines
33(14)
3.1 Modeling: Telegrapher's Equations
33(11)
3.1.1 Traveling Waves
35(1)
3.1.2 Characteristic Impedance
35(1)
3.1.3 Power
36(1)
3.1.4 Line Terminations and Reflections
36(1)
3.1.4.1 Examples
37(1)
3.1.4.2 Lightning
38(1)
3.1.4.3 Inductive Termination
39(2)
3.1.5 Sinusoidal Steady State
41(3)
3.2 Problems
44(3)
4 Polyphase Systems
47(12)
4.1 Two-phase Systems
47(1)
4.2 Three-phase Systems
48(3)
4.3 Line-Line Voltages
51(4)
4.3.1 Example: Wye- and Delta-connected Loads
52(1)
4.3.2 Example: Use of Wye-Delta for Unbalanced Loads
53(2)
4.4 Problems
55(4)
5 Electrical and Magnetic Circuits
59(12)
5.1 Electric Circuits
59(3)
5.1.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law
59(1)
5.1.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
60(1)
5.1.3 Constitutive Relationship: Ohm's Law
60(2)
5.2 Magnetic Circuit Analogies
62(4)
5.2.1 Analogy to KCL
62(1)
5.2.2 Analogy to KVL: Magnetomotive Force
62(1)
5.2.3 Analogy to Ohm's Law: Reluctance
63(1)
5.2.4 Simple Case
64(1)
5.2.5 Flux Confinement
64(1)
5.2.6 Example: C-Core
65(1)
5.2.7 Example: Core with Different Gaps
66(1)
5.3 Problems
66(5)
6 Transformers
71(16)
6.1 Single-phase Transformers
71(5)
6.1.1 Ideal Transformers
72(1)
6.1.2 Deviations from an Ideal Transformer
73(2)
6.1.3 Autotransformers
75(1)
6.2 Three-phase Transformers
76(5)
6.2.1 Example
78(2)
6.2.2 Example: Grounding or Zigzag Transformer
80(1)
6.3 Problems
81(6)
7 Polyphase Lines and Single-phase Equivalents
87(16)
7.1 Polyphase Transmission and Distribution Lines
87(3)
7.1.1 Example
89(1)
7.2 Introduction to Per-unit Systems
90(5)
7.2.1 Normalization of Voltage and Current
90(1)
7.2.2 Three-phase Systems
91(1)
7.2.3 Networks with Transformers
92(1)
7.2.4 Transforming from One Base to Another
92(1)
7.2.5 Example: Fault Study
93(1)
7.2.5.1 One-line Diagram of the Situation
93(2)
7.3 Appendix: Inductances of Transmission Lines
95(3)
7.3.1 Single Wire
95(1)
7.3.2 Mutual Inductance
96(1)
7.3.3 Bundles of Conductors
97(1)
7.3.4 Transposed Lines
98(1)
7.4 Problems
98(5)
8 Electromagnetic Forces and Loss Mechanisms
103(40)
8.1 Energy Conversion Process
103(6)
8.1.1 Principle of Virtual Work
104(2)
8.1.1.1 Example: Lifting Magnet
106(1)
8.1.2 Co-energy
107(1)
8.1.2.1 Example: Co-energy Force Problem
107(1)
8.1.2.2 Electric Machine Model
108(1)
8.2 Continuum Energy Flow
109(13)
8.2.1 Material Motion
110(1)
8.2.2 Additional Issues in Energy Methods
111(1)
8.2.2.1 Co-energy in Continuous Media
111(1)
8.2.2.2 Permanent Magnets
112(1)
8.2.2.3 Energy in the Flux-Current Plane
113(2)
8.2.3 Electric Machine Description
115(2)
8.2.4 Field Description of Electromagnetic Force: The Maxwell Stress Tensor
117(2)
8.2.5 Tying the Maxwell Stress Tensor and Poynting Approaches Together
119(1)
8.2.5.1 Simple Description of a Linear Induction Motor
120(2)
8.3 Surface Impedance of Uniform Conductors
122(11)
8.3.1 Linear Case
123(2)
8.3.2 Iron
125(1)
8.3.3 Magnetization
126(1)
8.3.4 Saturation and Hysteresis
126(3)
8.3.5 Conduction, Eddy Currents, and Laminations
129(1)
8.3.5.1 Complete Penetration Case
129(2)
8.3.6 Eddy Currents in Saturating Iron
131(2)
8.4 Semi-empirical Method of Handling Iron Loss
133(3)
8.5 Problems
136(7)
References
141(2)
9 Synchronous Machines
143(38)
9.1 Round Rotor Machines: Basics
144(3)
9.1.1 Operation with a Balanced Current Source
145(1)
9.1.2 Operation with a Voltage Source
145(2)
9.2 Reconciliation of Models
147(1)
9.2.1 Torque Angles
148(1)
9.3 Per-unit Systems
148(1)
9.4 Normal Operation
149(2)
9.4.1 Capability Diagram
150(1)
9.4.2 Vee Curve
150(1)
9.5 Salient Pole Machines: Two-reaction Theory
151(4)
9.6 Synchronous Machine Dynamics
155(1)
9.7 Synchronous Machine Dynamic Model
155(10)
9.7.1 Electromagnetic Model
156(1)
9.7.2 Park's Equations
157(3)
9.7.3 Power and Torque
160(1)
9.7.4 Per-unit Normalization
160(3)
9.7.5 Equivalent Circuits
163(1)
9.7.6 Transient Reactances and Time Constants
164(1)
9.8 Statement of Simulation Model
165(4)
9.8.1 Example: Transient Stability
166(1)
9.8.2 Equal Area Transient Stability Criterion
166(3)
9.9 Appendix 1: Transient Stability Code
169(3)
9.10 Appendix 2: Winding Inductance Calculation
172(5)
9.10.1 Pitch Factor
175(1)
9.10.2 Breadth Factor
175(2)
9.11 Problems
177(4)
10 System Analysis and Protection
181(30)
10.1 The Symmetrical Component Transformation
181(3)
10.2 Sequence Impedances
184(8)
10.2.1 Balanced Transmission Lines
184(1)
10.2.2 Balanced Load
185(1)
10.2.3 Possibly Unbalanced Loads
186(1)
10.2.4 Unbalanced Sources
187(2)
10.2.5 Rotating Machines
189(1)
10.2.6 Transformers
189(1)
10.2.6.1 Example: Rotation of Symmetrical Component Currents
190(1)
10.2.6.2 Example: Reconstruction of Currents
191(1)
10.3 Fault Analysis
192(6)
10.3.1 Single Line-Neutral Fault
192(1)
10.3.2 Double Line-Neutral Fault
193(1)
10.3.3 Line-Line Fault
193(1)
10.3.4 Example of Fault Calculations
194(1)
10.3.4.1 Symmetrical Fault
195(1)
10.3.4.2 Single Line-Neutral Fault
195(1)
10.3.4.3 Double Line-Neutral Fault
196(1)
10.3.4.4 Line-Line Fault
197(1)
10.3.4.5 Conversion to Amperes
198(1)
10.4 System Protection
198(1)
10.4.1 Fuses
199(1)
10.5 Switches
199(1)
10.6 Coordination
200(1)
10.6.1 Ground Overcurrent
200(1)
10.7 Impedance Relays
201(1)
10.7.1 Directional Elements
202(1)
10.8 Differential Relays
202(1)
10.8.1 Ground Fault Protection for Personnel
203(1)
10.9 Zones of System Protection
203(1)
10.10 Problems
204(7)
11 Load Flow
211(22)
11.1 Two Ports and Lines
211(3)
11.1.1 Power Circles
212(2)
11.2 Load Flow in a Network
214(2)
11.3 Gauss-Seidel Iterative Technique
216(1)
11.4 Bus Types
217(1)
11.5 Bus Admittance
217(3)
11.5.1 Bus Incidence
217(1)
11.5.2 Example Network
218(1)
11.5.3 Alternative Assembly of Bus Admittance
219(1)
11.6 Newton-Raphson Method for Load Flow
220(3)
11.6.1 Generator Buses
222(1)
11.6.2 Decoupling
222(1)
11.6.3 Example Calculations
223(1)
11.7 Problems
223(3)
11.8 Appendix: Matlab Scripts to Implement Load Flow Techniques
226(7)
11.8.1 Gauss-Seidel Routine
226(2)
11.8.2 Newton-Raphson Routine
228(2)
11.8.3 Decoupled Newton-Raphson Routine
230(3)
12 Power Electronics and Converters in Power Systems
233(44)
12.1 Switching Devices
233(3)
12.1.1 Diodes
234(1)
12.1.2 Thyristors
234(1)
12.1.3 Bipolar Transistors
235(1)
12.2 Rectifier Circuits
236(7)
12.2.1 Full-wave Rectifier
237(1)
12.2.1.1 Full-wave Bridge with Resistive Load
237(1)
12.2.1.2 Phase-control Rectifier
238(2)
12.2.1.3 Phase Control into an Inductive Load
240(2)
12.2.1.4 AC Phase Control
242(1)
12.2.1.5 Rectifiers for DC Power Supplies
242(1)
12.3 DC-DC Converters
243(8)
12.3.1 Pulse Width Modulation
246(1)
12.3.2 Boost Converter
247(1)
12.3.2.1 Continuous Conduction
247(2)
12.3.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction
249(1)
12.3.2.3 Unity Power Factor Supplies
250(1)
12.4 Canonical Cell
251(3)
12.4.1 Bidirectional Converter
251(1)
12.4.2 H-Bridge
252(2)
12.5 Three-phase Bridge Circuits
254(10)
12.5.1 Rectifier Operation
254(3)
12.5.2 Phase Control
257(1)
12.5.3 Commutation Overlap
257(2)
12.5.4 AC Side Current Harmonics
259(2)
12.5.4.1 Power Supply Rectifiers
261(1)
12.5.4.2 PWM Capable Switch Bridge
262(2)
12.6 Unified Power Flow Controller
264(3)
12.7 High-voltage DC Transmission
267(1)
12.8 Basic Operation of a Converter Bridge
268(2)
12.8.1 Turn-on Switch
268(1)
12.8.2 Inverter Terminal
269(1)
12.9 Achieving High Voltage
270(1)
12.10 Problems
271(6)
13 System Dynamics and Energy Storage
277(22)
13.1 Load-Frequency Relationship
277(1)
13.2 Energy Balance
277(5)
13.2.1 Natural Response
278(1)
13.2.2 Feedback Control
279(1)
13.2.3 Droop Control
280(1)
13.2.4 Isochronous Control
281(1)
13.3 Synchronized Areas
282(3)
13.3.1 Area Control Error
282(1)
13.3.2 Synchronizing Dynamics
283(1)
13.3.3 Feedback Control to Drive ACE to Zero
284(1)
13.4 Inverter Connection
285(7)
13.4.1 Overview of Connection
286(1)
13.4.2 Filters
287(1)
13.4.3 Measurement
288(1)
13.4.4 Phase Locked Loop
289(1)
13.4.5 Control Loops
290(1)
13.4.6 Grid-following (Slave) Inverter
291(1)
13.4.7 Grid-forming (Master) Inverter
291(1)
13.4.8 Droop-controlled Inverter
292(1)
13.5 Energy Storage
292(4)
13.5.1 Time Scales
293(1)
13.5.2 Batteries
293(1)
13.5.2.1 Simplest Battery Model
294(1)
13.5.2.2 Diffusion Model
294(1)
13.5.2.3 Model Including State of Charge
295(1)
13.6 Problems
296(3)
14 Induction Machines
299(52)
14.1 Introduction
299(2)
14.2 Induction Machine Transformer Model
301(12)
14.2.1 Operation: Energy Balance
307(2)
14.2.1.1 Simplified Torque Estimation
309(1)
14.2.1.2 Torque Summary
310(1)
14.2.2 Example of Operation
310(2)
14.2.3 Motor Performance Requirements
312(1)
14.2.3.1 Effect of Rotor Resistance
312(1)
14.3 Squirrel-cage Machines
313(1)
14.4 Single-phase Induction Motors
314(7)
14.4.1 Rotating Fields
314(1)
14.4.2 Power Conversion in the Single-phase Induction Machine
315(1)
14.4.3 Starting of Single-phase Induction Motors
316(1)
14.4.3.1 Shaded Pole Motors
317(1)
14.4.3.2 Split-phase Motors
317(1)
14.4.4 Split-phase Operation
318(1)
14.4.4.1 Example Motor
319(2)
14.5 Induction Generators
321(1)
14.6 Induction Motor Control
322(7)
14.6.1 Volts/Hz Control
323(1)
14.6.2 Field-oriented Control
323(1)
14.6.3 Elementary Model
324(1)
14.6.4 Simulation Model
325(1)
14.6.5 Control Model
326(1)
14.6.6 Field-oriented Strategy
327(2)
14.7 Doubly-fed Induction Machines
329(5)
14.7.1 Steady-state Operation
331(3)
14.8 Appendix 1: Squirrel-cage Machine Model
334(5)
14.8.1 Rotor Currents and Induced Flux
334(1)
14.8.2 Squirrel-cage Currents
335(4)
14.9 Appendix 2: Single-phase Squirrel-cage Model
339(2)
14.10 Appendix 3: Induction Machine Winding Schemes
341(4)
14.10.1 Winding Factor for Concentric Windings
344(1)
14.11 Problems
345(6)
References
350(1)
15 DC (Commutator) Machines
351(20)
15.1 Geometry
351(1)
15.2 Torque Production
352(1)
15.3 Back Voltage
353(1)
15.4 Operation
354(5)
15.4.1 Shunt Operation
355(1)
15.4.2 Separately Excited
356(1)
15.4.2.1 Armature Voltage Control
357(1)
15.4.2.2 Field Weakening Control
357(1)
15.4.2.3 Dynamic Braking
358(1)
15.4.3 Machine Capability
358(1)
15.5 Series Connection
359(2)
15.6 Universal Motors
361(1)
15.7 Commutator
362(3)
15.7.1 Commutation Interpoles
362(2)
15.7.2 Compensation
364(1)
15.8 Compound-wound DC Machines
365(2)
15.9 Problems
367(4)
16 Permanent Magnets in Electric Machines
371(26)
16.1 Permanent Magnets
371(5)
16.1.1 Permanent Magnets in Magnetic Circuits
373(1)
16.1.2 Load Line Analysis
373(1)
16.1.2.1 Very Hard Magnets
374(1)
16.1.2.2 Surface Magnet Analysis
375(1)
16.1.2.3 Amperian Currents
376(1)
16.2 Commutator Machines
376(4)
16.2.1 Voltage
378(1)
16.2.2 Armature Resistance
379(1)
16.3 Brushless PM Machines
380(1)
16.4 Motor Morphologies
380(13)
16.4.1 Surface Magnet Machines
380(1)
16.4.2 Interior Magnet, Flux-concentrating Machines
381(1)
16.4.3 Operation
382(1)
16.4.3.1 Voltage and Current: Round Rotor
382(2)
16.4.4 A Little Two-reaction Theory
384(3)
16.4.5 Finding Torque Capability
387(1)
16.4.5.1 Optimal Currents
388(1)
16.4.5.2 Rating
389(4)
16.5 Problems
393(4)
Reference
396(1)
Index 397
JAMES L. KIRTLEY is Professor of Electrical Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USA. He has also worked for General Electric, Large Steam Turbine Generator Department, as an Electrical Engineer, for Satcon Technology Corporation as Vice President, Chief Scientist and General Manager of the Tech Center, USA, and was Gastdozent at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Switzerland.
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