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E-raamat: Electrical Railway Transportation Systems [Wiley Online]

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Electrical Railway Transportation SystemsSuurem pilt
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Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781119386827

Allows the reader to deepen their understanding of various technologies for both fixed power supply installations of railway systems and for railway rolling stock

This book explores the electric railway systems that play a crucial role in the mitigation of congestion and pollution caused by road traffic. It is divided into two parts: the first covering fixed power supply systems, and the second concerning the systems for railway rolling stock. In particular, after a historical introduction to the framework of technological solutions in current use, the authors investigate electrification systems for the power supply of rail vehicles, trams, and subways.

Electrical Railway Transportation Systems explores the direct current systems used throughout the world for urban and suburban transport, which are also used in various countries for regional transport. It provides a study of alternating current systems, whether for power supply frequency or for special railway frequency, that are used around the world for the electrification of railway lines, long-distance lines, and high-speed lines. In addition, this resource:

  • Analyzes multiple railway systems from a theoretical and realizable vantage point, with particular regard to functionality, electromagnetic compatibility, and interferences with other electrical systems
  • Studies electric traction railway vehicles, presenting various types of drives and auxiliary devices currently in circulation
  • Discusses solutions employed to ensure interoperability of vehicles that run along lines powered by different systems (e.g., DC and AC, at different frequencies)
Electrical Railway Transportation Systems is an ideal text for graduate students studying the subject as well as for industry professionals working in the field.
Foreword xiii
Acknowledgments xv
1 Introduction to Railway Systems 1(16)
1.1 Traction Electrification Systems
1(11)
1.1.1 DC Electrification
5(2)
1.1.2 Single-Phase Electrification at Railway Frequency
7(1)
1.1.3 Single-Phase Electrification at Mains Frequency
8(1)
1.1.4 Three-Phase Electrification at Railway Frequency
9(3)
1.2 Types of Electric Power Supply in Railway Lines
12(1)
1.3 Track and Train Wheel
13(4)
2 Basic Notions for the Study of Electric Traction Systems 17(82)
2.1 The Park Transform
17(25)
2.1.1 The Stationary Reference Frame Park Transform
18(1)
2.1.2 Representation of Space Vectors
19(9)
2.1.3 The Park Transform and Symmetrical Components
28(3)
2.1.4 Powers in the Park Variables
31(2)
2.1.5 Stationary Reference Frame Three-Phase Components
33(1)
2.1.6 Rotary Reference Frame Rotating Park Transform
33(6)
2.1.7 Final Considerations Regarding the Park Transform
39(3)
2.2 Graetz Diode Bridge Rectifiers
42(8)
2.2.1 Six-Pulse Rectifier
42(5)
2.2.2 Twelve-Pulse Rectifiers
47(3)
2.3 Thyristor Rectifiers
50(7)
2.3.1 Phase Control
51(2)
2.3.2 Noninstantaneous Switching
53(4)
2.4 Forced Switching Converters
57(42)
2.4.1 Sinusoidal PWM Modulation
57(3)
2.4.2 Complete Single-Phase Full-Bridge Inverter
60(3)
2.4.3 The Three-Phase Inverter
63(5)
2.4.4 Converters Operating as Rectifiers
68(2)
2.4.5 PWM Rectifier with Unitary Power Factor
70(4)
2.4.6 Control Techniques for PWM Rectifiers
74(8)
2.4.7 Multilevel Converters
82(17)
3 DC Railway Electrification Systems 99(78)
3.1 Connection of Electrical Substations
100(3)
3.2 Structure of Traction Power Substation
103(30)
3.2.1 Diagram of a Conversion Substation
104(29)
3.3 Braking Energy Recovery Systems for DC Railway Applications
133(6)
3.3.1 Braking Energy Recovery Systems in Subway Lines
134(5)
3.4 Contact Lines
139(27)
3.4.1 Constructive Aspects of the Line
142(1)
3.4.2 Catenary Suspension
142(2)
3.4.3 Counterweight and Automatic Regulation
144(2)
3.4.4 Electrical Calculations of the Traction Lines
146(2)
3.4.5 Voltage Drops
148(14)
3.4.6 Short Circuit and Contact Line Protection
162(4)
3.5 Probabilistic Methods for Rating the TPSS
166(11)
3.5.1 The Probabilistic Method: General Information and Conditions
167(1)
3.5.2 Representation of Absorption in a Train
167(2)
3.5.3 Supply of a Substation
169(4)
3.5.4 Power Supply by a Single Substation
173(1)
3.5.5 Form Factor for Substation
174(1)
3.5.6 Power Supply with Several Substations
174(3)
4 AC Systems at Mains Frequency 177(78)
4.1 Configuration of the Power Supply System
178(7)
4.1.1 Substations with Transformers in Parallel
180(1)
4.1.2 The Scott Diagram
180(2)
4.1.3 The V Diagram
182(1)
4.1.4 Order Sequence 6
183(1)
4.1.5 Evolution of Solutions
183(2)
4.2 Substation Diagram
185(1)
4.3 25 kV Contact Line Power Supply
186(2)
4.3.1 Line Circuit
186(2)
4.4 2 X 2 kV-50 Hz Systems
188(21)
4.4.1 Transformer
188(8)
4.4.2 Autotransformer
196(2)
4.4.3 Overhead Power Lines
198(6)
4.4.4 Feeder
204(1)
4.4.5 Track
205(3)
4.4.6 The Ideal Functioning of the Autotransformer System
208(1)
4.5 Mathematical-Physical Study of the Functioning
209(15)
4.5.1 Circuit Equations of the 2 x 25 kV-50 Hz System
209(7)
4.5.2 Calculation of the Line Inductance
216(8)
4.6 Creating Autotransformer Systems
224(31)
4.6.1 Primary Power Supply
224(4)
4.6.2 Traction Power Substations (TPSS)
228(3)
4.6.3 Auxiliary Points
231(11)
4.6.4 Service Point
242(1)
4.6.5 Overhead Lines and Grounding Circuits
243(3)
4.6.6 Auxiliary Services' Power Supply and Line Users
246(1)
4.6.7 UPS
247(5)
4.6.8 Pole Transformation Points
252(1)
4.6.9 LV Section
253(2)
5 Single-Phase Networks at Railway Frequency 255(8)
5.1 Centralized Distribution
255(3)
5.1.1 Contact Line Power Supply
258(1)
5.2 The Distributed Conversion System
258(5)
5.2.1 Electronic Converters
260(3)
6 Electromagnetic Compatibility 263(34)
6.1 Interference Phenomena
265(22)
6.1.1 Conducted Interference Phenomena
265(9)
6.1.2 Induced Type Interference Phenomena
274(10)
6.1.3 Capacitive Interference Phenomena
284(1)
6.1.4 Radiated Interference Phenomena
285(1)
6.1.5 Electromagnetic Fields Inside the Train
286(1)
6.2 Stray Currents
287(10)
6.2.1 Origin of Stray Currents
288(2)
6.2.2 Implications for the Transport System Infrastructure
290(4)
6.2.3 Implications on Underground Structures Located Near the Transport System
294(3)
7 Elements of Transport Technology 297(62)
7.1 Introduction
297(1)
7.2 The Mechanical Aspects of Electric Traction Vehicles
297(2)
7.3 Rail Vehicles with Bogie Structures
299(2)
7.4 Rolling Stock Wheel Arrangements
301(1)
7.5 Classification of Rolling Stock
302(4)
7.6 The Wheel-Ground Kinematic Pair
306(1)
7.7 Vehicular Motion
307(1)
7.8 The Adhesion Factor
308(2)
7.9 The Adhesion Conditions of Individual Railcars and Trains
310(2)
7.10 The Adhesion Coefficient
312(1)
7.11 Practical Values for the Adhesion Coefficient
313(1)
7.12 Resistance to Motion
314(3)
7.13 Air Resistance
317(1)
7.14 Resistance to Forward Motion
318(3)
7.15 Incidental Resistances
321(3)
7.16 Overall Resistances
324(1)
7.17 Tractive Effort Diagram of Traction Vehicles
324(3)
7.18 Determining the Mechanical Characteristic
327(3)
7.19 Variations in Wheelset Load
330(3)
7.20 The Traction Diagram
333(2)
7.21 Start-up
335(3)
7.22 The Deceleration and Braking Phase
338(1)
7.23 Average and Commercial Speeds
339(2)
7.24 Braking Systems
341(2)
7.25 Operational Speed Limits
343(5)
7.26 Motion Transmission
348(2)
7.27 Performance Required from a Traction Drive
350(4)
7.28 Introduction to Traction Drives
354(5)
8 DC Motor Drives 359(64)
8.1 Construction Features
359(1)
8.2 Nominal Data
360(1)
8.3 Motor Schematics
361(1)
8.4 Magnetic Circuit
362(2)
8.5 No-Load Operation
364(1)
8.6 No-Load Losses
365(3)
8.6.1 Mechanical Losses
365(1)
8.6.2 Rotor Core Losses
366(1)
8.6.3 No-Load Test
367(1)
8.7 Load Operation
368(4)
8.7.1 Armature Core or Stack Reaction
368(2)
8.7.2 Load Magnetization Characteristic
370(1)
8.7.3 Interpoles
370(1)
8.7.4 Compensator Winding Effect
371(1)
8.8 Voltage Drops and Starting Conditions
372(1)
8.8.1 Voltage Drops
372(1)
8.8.2 Starting Conditions
372(1)
8.9 Speed Characteristic
373(1)
8.9.1 Air Gap Torque
374(1)
8.10 Power Losses and Efficiency
374(2)
8.11 Tractive Effort Diagram
376(2)
8.12 Speed Regulation
378(1)
8.12.1 Traditional Drives
379(1)
8.12.2 Electronic Drives
379(1)
8.13 Voltage Regulation
379(2)
8.14 Field Regulation
381(6)
8.14.1 Dynamic Behavior of Inductive Shunt Field Regulation
382(4)
8.14.2 Power Losses and Efficiency
386(1)
8.14.3 Torque and Tractive Effort Diagram
386(1)
8.14.4 Coefficient of Elasticity
386(1)
8.15 Forward/Reverse Drive
387(3)
8.15.1 Direct Command Forward/Reverse Drives
388(1)
8.15.2 Indirect Command Forward/Reverse Drives
389(1)
8.15.3 Separate Field Motors
389(1)
8.16 Speed Control
390(1)
8.17 Rheostatic Regulation
391(5)
8.17.1 Rheostat Sections
393(2)
8.17.2 Approaching Positions
395(1)
8.18 Automatic Starting Conditions
396(1)
8.19 Series-Parallel Connection of the Motors
396(2)
8.20 Series-Parallel Transition
398(4)
8.20.1 Short Circuit Transition
398(3)
8.20.2 Bridge Transition
401(1)
8.20.3 Comparison of the Two Systems
402(1)
8.21 Energy Loss in the Starting Rheostat
402(3)
8.21.1 Parallel Motors
404(1)
8.21.2 Series-Parallel Starting Conditions
404(1)
8.21.3 Comparison
405(1)
8.22 Electronic DC Motor Drives
405(18)
8.22.1 Chopper Description
406(3)
8.22.2 Operating Principle of an Ideal Chopper
409(4)
8.22.3 Real Chopper Operation
413(3)
8.22.4 Chopper Regulation During Vehicle Operation Phases
416(3)
8.22.5 Harmonic Currents Generated by the Chopper
419(4)
9 AC Motor Drives 423(82)
9.1 Drives with Induction Motors
423(30)
9.1.1 The Advantages of Induction Machines
424(1)
9.1.2 Operating Principle of an Induction Motor
425(2)
9.1.3 Tractive Effort Diagram of the Motor
427(2)
9.1.4 Operation of the Induction Motor at Variable Speeds
429(2)
9.1.5 Generation of the Ideal Tractive Effort Diagram
431(3)
9.1.6 Torque and Speed Control in an Induction Machine
434(18)
9.1.7 Speed Reverse
452(1)
9.2 Drives with Permanent Magnet Motors
453(52)
9.2.1 Use of Permanent Magnets
453(1)
9.2.2 Main Properties of a Magnet
454(3)
9.2.3 Magnet Stability
457(2)
9.2.4 Reluctance Variations and Demagnetizing Fields
459(1)
9.2.5 Use of Permanent Magnets in Electrical Machines
459(7)
9.2.6 Model of a Synchronous Machine with Permanent Magnets
466(13)
9.2.7 Control Techniques for PM Synchronous Machines
479(12)
9.2.8 Use of PMSMS in Electric Traction
491(4)
9.2.9 Design Criteria for Limiting Fault Conditions
495(10)
10 Current Collecting Systems, Protection Systems, and Auxiliary Services onboard Vehicles 505(34)
10.1 Current Collecting System
505(9)
10.1.1 Pantograph
506(1)
10.1.2 Current Collecting Quality
507(5)
10.1.3 Third Rail
512(2)
10.2 Onboard Protection Systems
514(1)
10.3 Electrical Power Systems Auxiliary Services
515(2)
10.4 Batteries
517(9)
10.4.1 Electrochemical Batteries
518(3)
10.4.2 Batteries for Railway Applications
521(2)
10.4.3 Battery Variables and Parameters
523(3)
10.4.4 Battery Sizing
526(1)
10.5 Compressed Air Production
526(1)
10.6 The Braking System
527(12)
10.6.1 Westinghouse System (Compressed Air Brake)
528(1)
10.6.2 Electropneumatic System (EP Brake)
528(1)
10.6.3 Electrodynamic Brake (ED Brake)
529(1)
10.6.4 The Electrohydraulic Brake
529(1)
10.6.5 Eddy Current Brake
530(2)
10.6.6 Electromagnetic Runner Brakes
532(1)
10.6.7 Brake Control Unit (BCU)
532(2)
10.6.8 Vehicle Air Conditioning: the HVAC System
534(3)
10.6.9 Passengers Information System (PIS)
537(2)
11 Multisystem Rolling Stocks 539(32)
11.1 Transformer
540(4)
11.1.1 Multivoltage and Multifrequency Transformer Operation
540(1)
11.1.2 Power Electronic Traction Transformer (PETT)
541(2)
11.1.3 Operation as an Inductor
543(1)
11.2 Four-Quadrant Converter
544(20)
11.2.1 Stability Analysis of the 4Q Converter
549(10)
11.2.2 Interleaving of Multiple 4Q Converters
559(5)
11.3 Reconfiguration of the Traction Circuit During the Power Supply Systems Changeover
564(7)
11.3.1 Example of Transition between 25 kV AC and 3 kV DC
564(3)
11.3.2 Example of a Transformer in Multisystem Vehicles
567(4)
12 Self-Propelled Vehicles 571(20)
12.1 Diesel-Electric Traction
571(14)
12.1.1 Characteristics of the Diesel Engine
573(3)
12.1.2 Diesel Engine and Transmission Regulation
576(1)
12.1.3 Electric Transmission
576(7)
12.1.4 Multiengine Systems
583(1)
12.1.5 Dual-Power Vehicles
584(1)
12.2 Fuel Cell Trains
585(6)
12.2.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle
588(3)
Index 591
MORRIS BRENNA, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Electric Power System sector at the Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. He has made special studies on power quality, converter controls and power supply of electric systems for transportation.

FEDERICA FOIADELLI, PhD, is an Associate Professor in the Electric Power System sector at the Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. She has made special studies on electric safety, renewable energy applications and automation in electric systems for transportation.

DARIO ZANINELLI, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Electric Power Systems sector at Department of Energy of Politecnico di Milano. He has authored or coauthored more than 250 journal and conference papers on power systems and electric systems for transportation. Since 2011, he has served as Vice Rector for Politecnico di Milano.
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