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E-raamat: Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquids 2e 2nd Edition [Wiley Online]

Edited by Douglas R. MacFarlane, Edited by Frank Endres, Edited by Andrew Abbott

Formaat: 486 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 12-Apr-2017
Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527682708
ISBN-13: 9783527682706

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electrochemistry & magnetochemistry

Wiley Online
Hind: 206,17 €*
* hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks

Formaat: 486 pages
Ilmumisaeg: 12-Apr-2017
Kirjastus: Blackwell Verlag GmbH
ISBN-10: 3527682708
ISBN-13: 9783527682706

Teised raamatud teemal:

Electrochemistry & magnetochemistry

Rohkem infot Wiley Online kohta

Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9783527682706

Edited by distinguished experts in this expanding field and with specialist contributions, this overview is the first of its kind to focus on electrodeposition from ionic liquids.
This second edition has been completely revised and updated with approximately 35% new content and has been expanded by five chapters to cover the following topics:
-Bulk and Interface Theory
-Nanoscale Imaging including AFM, In situ STM and UHV-STM
-Impedance Spectroscopy
-Process Scale-up including Brighteners
-Speciation and Redox Properties.
The result is essential reading for electrochemists, materials scientists, chemists in industry, physical chemists, chemical engineers, inorganic and organic chemists.

List of Contributors

xvii

Abbreviations

xxi

1 Why Use Ionic Liquids for Electrodeposition?

(16)

Andrew P. Abbott

Frank Endres

Douglas R. Macfarlane

1.1 Nonaqueous Solutions

(1)

1.2 Ionic Fluids

(1)

1.3 What Is an Ionic Liquid?

(2)

1.4 Technological Potential of Ionic Liquids

(5)

1.4.1 Removal of Toxic Reagents

(1)

1.4.2 Water-Sensitive Metals

(1)

1.4.3 Deposition on Water-Sensitive Substrates

(1)

1.4.4 Semiconductor Electrodeposition

(1)

1.4.5 Deposition of Nanoarchitectures

(1)

1.4.6 Health and Safety

(2)

1.4.7 Temperature

(1)

1.4.8 Diluents

(1)

1.4.9 Cation and Added Electrolytes

(1)

1.4.10 Anode Material

(1)

1.4.11 Brighteners

(1)

1.5 Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

2 Synthesis of Ionic Liquids

(38)

Tom Beyersdorff

Thomas J.S. Schubert

Urs Welz-Biermann

Will Pitner

Andrew P. Abbott

Katy J. McKenzie

Karl S. Ryder

2.1 Nanostructured Metals and Alloys Deposited from Ionic Liquids

(9)

Thomas J.S. Schubert

2.1.1 Introduction

(1)

2.1.2 Synthesis of Room-Temperature Chloroaluminate-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

2.1.2.1 Introduction

(1)

2.1.2.2 The Quaternization Reaction

(1)

2.1.2.3 Chloroaluminate Synthesis

(3)

2.1.3 Physical Data of Haloaluminate-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

References

(2)

2.2 Air- and Water-Stable Ionic Liquids

(12)

Thomas J.S. Schubert

2.2.1 Introduction

(2)

2.2.2 Tetrafluoroborate and Hexafluorophosphate-Based Ionic Liquids

(2)

2.2.3 Triflate- and Trifluoroacetate-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

2.2.4 Bistriflamide-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

2.2.5 Trispentafluoroethyltrifluorophosphate-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

2.2.6 Cyano-Based Ionic Liquids

(1)

2.2.7 Effect of Anion on Ionic Liquid Physicochemical Properties

(1)

2.2.8 Purity

(1)

References

(3)

2.3 Eutectic-Based Ionic Liquids

(17)

Andrew P. Abbott

2.3.1 Type 1 Eutectics

(4)

2.3.2 Type 2 Eutectics

(1)

2.3.3 Type 3 Eutectics

(2)

2.3.4 Type 4 Eutectics

(1)

2.3.5 Modeling Viscosity and Conductivity

(2)

2.3.6 Conclusions

(1)

References

(5)

3 Physical Properties of Ionic Liquids for Electrochemical Applications

(40)

Hiroyuki Ohno

3.1 Introduction

(1)

3.2 Thermal Properties

(7)

3.2.1 Melting Point

(5)

3.2.1.1 Effect of Ion Radius

(1)

3.2.1.2 Effect of Cation Structure on the Melting Point

(2)

3.2.1.3 Anion Species

(2)

3.2.2 Glass Transition Temperature

(1)

3.2.3 Thermal Decomposition Temperature

(1)

3.2.4 Liquid Crystallinity and Solid-Solid Transitions

(1)

3.2.5 Thermal Conductivity

(1)

3.2.6 Vapor Pressure

(1)

3.3 Viscosity

(2)

3.4 Density

(1)

3.5 Refractive Index

(2)

3.6 Polarity

(6)

3.6.1 Solvatochromism

(1)

3.6.2 Reichardt's Betaine Dye

(1)

3.6.3 Kamlet-Taft Parameters

(4)

3.6.4 Acetylacetonatotetramethylethyldiamine copper (II)

(1)

3.6.5 Pyrene

(1)

3.6.6 Nile Red

(1)

3.7 Solubility of Metal Salts

(3)

3.8 Electrochemical Properties

(10)

3.8.1 Electrochemical Window

(2)

3.8.2 Ionic Conductivity

(4)

3.8.3 Diffusion Coefficient of Component Ions

(2)

3.8.4 Ionic Liquids for Specific Ion Conduction

(11)

3.8.4.1 Ionic Liquids Containing Specific Ions

(1)

3.8.4.2 Selective Ion Conduction

(1)

3.9 Conclusion and Future Prospects

(1)

Acknowledgments

(1)

References

(9)

4 Electrodeposition of Metals

(62)

4.1 Electrodeposition in AlCl3-Based Ionic Liquids

(9)

Thomas Schubert

4.1.1 Introduction

(1)

4.1.2 Group I Metals

(4)

4.1.2.1 Electrodeposition of Lithium

(2)

4.1.2.2 Electrodeposition of Sodium

(1)

4.1.3 Group II Metals

(1)

4.1.4 Group III Metals

100

(2)

4.1.4.1 Electrodeposition of Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys

100

(2)

4.1.4.2 Electrodeposition of Indium

102

(1)

4.1.4.3 Electrodeposition of Gallium

102

(1)

4.1.5 Group IV Metals

102

(1)

4.1.5.1 Electrodeposition of Tin

102

(1)

4.1.6 Group V Metals

102

(1)

4.1.6.1 Electrodeposition of Antimony

102

(1)

4.1.7 Group VI Metals

103

(1)

4.1.7.1 Electrodeposition of Tellurium

103

(1)

References

103

(1)

4.2 Electrodeposition of Refractory Metals from Ionic Liquids

104

(15)

Giridhar Pulletikurthi

Natalia Borisenko

Frank Endres

4.2.1 Introduction

104

(2)

4.2.2 Electrodeposition of Ti, Ta, and Nb from High-Temperature Molten Salts and RTILs

106

(7)

4.2.2.1 Titanium Electrodeposition

106

(2)

4.2.2.2 Tantalum Electrodeposition

108

(2)

4.2.2.3 Niobium Electrodeposition

110

(3)

4.2.3 Electrodeposition of Chromium, Molybdenum, and Zirconium

113

(2)

4.2.3.1 Electrodeposition Studies on Refractory Metals from Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

114

(1)

4.2.4 Conclusions

115

(1)

References

115

(4)

4.3 Deposition of Metals from Nonchloroaluminate Eutectic Mixtures

119

(13)

Andrew P. Abbott

Karl S. Ryder

4.3.1 Introduction

119

(3)

4.3.2 Type 1 Eutectics

122

(3)

4.3.2.1 Chlorozincate Ionic Liquids

122

(2)

4.3.2.2 Other Type 1 Eutectics

124

(1)

4.3.3 Type 2 Eutectics

125

(1)

4.3.4 Type 3 Eutectics

126

(2)

4.3.5 Type 4 Eutectics

128

(1)

4.3.6 Lewis Acidity Effects on Deposit Morphology

129

(1)

4.3.7 Future Developments

129

(2)

References

131

(1)

4.4 Troublesome Aspects

132

(5)

Andrew P. Abbott

Frank Endres

4.4.1 Deposition of Reactive Elements

132

(2)

4.4.2 Viscosity/Conductivity

134

(1)

4.4.3 Impurities

134

(1)

4.4.4 Additives

135

(1)

4.4.5 Cation/Anion Effects

135

(1)

4.4.6 Price

136

(1)

4.4.7 Conclusions

136

(1)

References

137

(1)

4.5 Complexation and Redox Behavior of Metal Ions in Ionic Liquids

137

(20)

Gero Frisch

Jennifer Hartley

4.5.1 Introduction

137

(2)

4.5.2 Methods of Determining Metal Speciation in Ionic Media

139

(9)

4.5.2.1 Controlling Speciation in Ionic Liquids

140

(2)

4.5.2.2 Measuring Redox Potentials in Ionic Liquids

142

(2)

4.5.2.3 Speciation and Redox Behavior

144

(4)

4.5.3 Issues with Overpotentials and Passivation Effects

148

(2)

4.5.4 Outlook and Future Challenges

150

(1)

References

151

(6)

5 Electrodeposition of Alloys

157

(30)

I-Wen Sun

Po-Yu Chen

5.1 Introduction

157

(3)

5.2 Electrodeposition of Al-Containing Alloys from Chloroaluminate Ionic Liquids

160

(7)

5.2.1 Al-Ti

160

(1)

5.2.2 Al-Mo

161

(1)

5.2.3 Al-Zr

162

(1)

5.2.4 Al-Pt

163

(1)

5.2.5 Al-Mg

164

(1)

5.2.6 Al-Ce

164

(1)

5.2.7 Al-Zn

164

(1)

5.2.8 Al-W

165

(1)

5.2.9 Al-Mn

165

(1)

5.2.10 Al-Hf

165

(1)

5.2.11 Al-Mo-Mn

166

(1)

5.2.12 Al-Mo-Ti

166

(1)

5.2.13 Al-Cr-Ni

167

(1)

5.3 Electrodeposition of Zn-Containing Alloys from Chlorozincate Ionic Liquids

167

(3)

5.3.1 Alloys of Zn with Cu, Cd, and Sn

167

(1)

5.3.2 Zn-Co

168

(1)

5.3.3 Zn-Fe

168

(1)

5.3.4 Zn-Ni

169

(1)

5.3.5 Zn-Mg

169

(1)

5.3.6 Pt-Zn

169

(1)

5.4 Fabrication of a Porous Metal Surface by Electrochemical Alloying and Dealloying

170

(1)

5.5 Nb-Sn

171

(1)

5.6 Air- and Water-Stable Ionic Liquids

171

(7)

5.6.1 Pd-Au and Pd-Ag

172

(1)

5.6.2 Pd-In

172

(1)

5.6.3 Pd-Cu

172

(1)

5.6.4 Pd-Sn

173

(1)

5.6.5 Pd-Ni

173

(1)

5.6.6 In-Sn

173

(1)

5.6.7 Cu-Sn

174

(1)

5.6.8 Zn-Mn

174

(2)

5.6.9 Cu-Zn

176

(1)

5.6.10 Mg-Li

176

(1)

5.6.11 Au-Ag

176

(1)

5.6.12 Al-Cu

176

(1)

5.6.13 Al-Fe

177

(1)

5.7 Deep Eutectic Solvents

178

(4)

5.7.1 Co-Pt

178

(1)

5.7.2 Ni-Co

178

(1)

5.7.3 Ni-Zn

178

(1)

5.7.4 Ni-Sn

179

(1)

5.7.5 Ni-Cu

179

(1)

5.7.6 Zn-Co

179

(1)

5.7.7 Zn-Ti

179

(1)

5.7.8 Zn-Sn

180

(1)

5.7.9 Cu-Ga and Cu-In

181

(1)

5.7.10 Fe-Ga

181

(1)

5.7.11 Co-Sm

182

(1)

5.7.12 Co-Cr

182

(1)

5.8 Summary

182

(1)

References

183

(4)

6 Electrodeposition of Semiconductors from Ionic Liquids

187

(24)

Natalia Borisenko

Abhishek Lahiri

Frank Endres

6.1 Introduction

187

(1)

6.2 Group IV Semiconductors

188

(8)

6.2.1 Si

189

(2)

6.2.2 Ge

191

(4)

6.2.3 SixGe1-x and GexSn1-x

195

(1)

6.3 II-VI Compound Semiconductors

196

(2)

6.3.1 CdTe

196

(1)

6.3.2 ZnTe

197

(1)

6.3.3 CdSe

197

(1)

6.3.4 Metal Oxides (ZnO)

197

(1)

6.3.5 Metal Sulfides (CdS, ZnS, and SnS)

198

(1)

6.4 III-V Compound Semiconductors

198

(3)

6.4.1 GaAs

199

(1)

6.4.2 InSb

199

(1)

6.4.3 GaSb

199

(1)

6.4.4 Al-Containing Semiconductors (A1Sb and AlInSb)

200

(1)

6.4.5 GaN

201

(1)

6.5 Other Compound Semiconductors

201

(1)

6.5.1 II-V Compound Semiconductors (ZnSb)

201

(1)

6.5.2 Cu-Based Chalcogenide Ternary Semiconductors (CuSbS2)

201

(1)

6.6 Conclusions

202

(2)

References

204

(7)

7 Conducting Polymers

211

(42)

Jennifer M. Pringle

7.1 Introduction

211

(3)

7.2 Electropolymerization - General Experimental Procedures

214

(5)

7.2.1 Temperature

215

(1)

7.2.2 Electrochemical Techniques

215

(1)

7.2.3 Electropolymerization Potential

216

(1)

7.2.4 Electrodes

216

(1)

7.2.5 Atmosphere and Water Content

217

(1)

7.2.6 Choice of IL

217

(2)

7.3 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers in Chloroaluminate ILs

219

(2)

7.3.1 Poly(pyrrole)

219

(1)

7.3.2 Poly(p-phenylene)

220

(1)

7.3.3 Poly(thiophene)s and Poly(fluorene)

221

(1)

7.3.4 Poly(aniline)

221

(1)

7.4 Synthesis of Conducting Polymers in Air- and Water-Stable ILs

221

(14)

7.4.1 Poly(pyrrole)

221

(2)

7.4.2 Poly(thiophene)s

223

(6)

7.4.3 Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

229

(3)

7.4.4 Poly(p-phenylene)

232

(1)

7.4.5 Poly(aniline)

233

(1)

7.4.6 Copolymers, Composites, and Nanostructured Polymers

233

(2)

7.5 Characterization

235

(9)

7.5.1 Electrochemical Characterization

236

(2)

7.5.2 Morphological Characterization

238

(3)

7.5.3 Spectroscopic Characterization

241

(3)

7.6 Conclusions and Outlook

244

(1)

References

245

(8)

8 Nanostructured Materials

253

(68)

8.1 Nanostructured Metals and Alloys Deposited from Ionic Liquids

253

(25)

Rolf Hempelmann

Harald Natter

8.1.1 Introduction

253

(2)

8.1.2 Pulsed Electrodeposition from Aqueous Electrolytes

255

(4)

8.1.2.1 Fundamental Aspects

255

(2)

8.1.2.2 Nanometal Deposition with Nano-Gold as an Example

257

(1)

8.1.2.3 Nanoalloy Deposition with Fex Ni1-x Alloys as an Example

258

(1)

8.1.3 Special Features of Ionic Liquids as Electrolytes

259

(2)

8.1.4 Nanocrystalline Metals and Alloys from Chlorometallate-Based Ionic Liquids

261

(5)

8.1.5 Nanocrystalline Metals from Air- and Water-Stable Ionic Liquids

266

(7)

8.1.6 Conclusion and Outlook

273

(1)

Acknowledgments

273

(1)

References

274

(4)

8.2 Electrodeposition of Ordered Macroporous Materials from Ionic Liquids

278

(11)

Yao Li

Jiupeng Zhao

8.2.1 Introduction

278

(1)

8.2.2 3DOM Germanium and Silicon

279

(4)

8.2.3 3DOM Gallium

283

(1)

8.2.4 3DOM Silver

284

(1)

8.2.5 3DOM Aluminum

284

(1)

8.2.6 3DOM Copper

285

(1)

8.2.7 3DOM Lithium

285

(1)

8.2.8 3DOM Zinc and Zinc Oxide

285

(1)

8.2.9 3DOM Conducting Polymer

286

(1)

8.2.10 3DOM Bilayer Films

286

(2)

8.2.11 Summary

288

(1)

References

288

(1)

8.3 Electrodeposition of Nanowires from Ionic Liquids

289

(15)

I-Wen Sun

Po-Yu Chen

8.3.1 Introduction

289

(1)

8.3.2 Template-Assisted Electrodeposition of Nanowires

290

(6)

8.3.2.1 Silver

290

(1)

8.3.2.2 Aluminum

291

(1)

8.3.2.3 Zinc

292

(2)

8.3.2.4 Tin

294

(1)

8.3.2.5 Zinc-Copper and Zinc-Tin

294

(1)

8.3.2.6 Cobalt

294

(1)

8.3.2.7 Germanium and Silicon Semiconductors

295

(1)

8.3.2.8 Conducting Polymers

295

(1)

8.3.3 Template-Free Electrodeposition of Nanowires

296

(6)

8.3.3.1 Nanowires Grown from Chlorometalate ILs

296

(4)

8.3.3.2 Tin, Tin-Silicon, and Tellurium from Nonchlorometallate ILs

300

(2)

8.3.4 Summary

302

(1)

Acknowledgment

302

(1)

References

303

(1)

8.4 Electrochemical Synthesis of Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium Batteries

304

(17)

Sherif Zein El Abedin

8.4.1 Introduction

304

(1)

8.4.2 Template-Assisted Electrodeposition of Nanowires/Tubes

305

(9)

8.4.2.1 Silicon

305

(1)

8.4.2.2 Germanium

306

(2)

8.4.2.3 Aluminum

308

(3)

8.4.2.4 Lithium

311

(1)

8.4.2.5 Tin and Zinc

312

(2)

8.4.3 Template-Free Electrodeposition of Nanowires

314

(2)

8.4.4 Summary

316

(1)

Acknowledgments

317

(1)

References

317

(4)

9 Ionic Liquid-Solid Interfaces

321

(24)

Hua Li

Timo Carstens

Aaron Elbourne

Natalia Borisenko

Rene Gustus

Frank Endres

Rob Atkin

9.1 Introduction

321

(1)

9.2 IL-Au(1 1 1) Interface

322

(5)

9.3 IL-HOPG Interface

327

(5)

9.4 Influence of Solutes on the IL-Electrode Interfacial Structure

332

(3)

9.5 Thin Films of Ionic Liquids in Ultrahigh Vacuum (UHV)

335

(4)

9.6 Outlook

339

(1)

References

339

(6)

10 Plasma Electrochemistry with Ionic Liquids

345

(28)

Jurgen Janek

Marcus Rohnke

Manuel Polleth

Sebastian A. Meiss

10.1 Introduction

345

(1)

10.2 Concepts and Principles

346

(5)

10.2.1 Plasma Electrochemistry

346

(1)

10.2.2 Low-Temperature Plasmas: Electrodes or Electrolytes?

347

(1)

10.2.3 The Plasma-Electrolyte Interface

348

(2)

10.2.4 Types of Plasmas and Reactors

350

(1)

10.3 Early Studies

351

(4)

10.4 The Stability of Ionic Liquids in Plasma Experiments

355

(4)

10.5 Plasma Electrochemical Metal Deposition in Ionic Liquids

359

(8)

10.5.1 Deposition of Silver Metal

360

(4)

10.5.2 Deposition of Copper Metal

364

(1)

10.5.3 Deposition of Platinum Metal

365

(1)

10.5.4 Deposition of Palladium Metal

365

(2)

10.6 Conclusions and Outlook

367

(1)

Acknowledgments

368

(1)

References

368

(5)

11 Impedance Spectroscopy on Electrode I Ionic Liquid Interfaces

373

(28)

Jens Wallauer

Marco Balabajew

Bernhard Roling

11.1 Introduction

373

(5)

11.1.1 Fundamentals of Impedance Spectroscopy

374

(1)

11.1.2 The Impedance Response of Common Systems

375

(3)

11.2 Measurement: Basics and Pitfalls

378

(3)

11.2.1 Working Principles of Impedance Analyzers

378

(1)

11.2.2 Artifacts in Measurements with More Than Two Electrodes

379

(2)

11.2.3 Conclusions

381

(1)

11.3 Analysis of Experimental Data

381

(6)

11.3.1 Fitting

382

(4)

11.3.1.1 Introduction

382

(1)

11.3.1.2 Initialization of Fitting Algorithms

382

(1)

11.3.1.3 Weighting

383

(1)

11.3.1.4 Fit Quality and Data Validity

384

(2)

11.3.2 Conclusions

386

(1)

11.4 Application: IL Interfaces at Metal Electrodes

387

(14)

11.4.1 Introduction

387

(2)

11.4.2 Measurement and Data Analysis

389

(1)

11.4.3 Experimental Setup

390

(1)

11.4.4 Results

391

(3)

11.4.4.1 [ Pyrr1,4]FAP

391

(1)

11.4.4.2 [ EMIm]FAP

392

(1)

11.4.4.3 Origin of the Fast Capacitive Process

392

(1)

11.4.4.4 Origin of the Slow Capacitive Process

393

(1)

11.4.5 Conclusions

394

(1)

References

395

(6)

12 Technical Aspects

401

(68)

12.1 Metal Dissolution Processes

401

(7)

Andrew P. Abbott

Wrya Karim

Karl S. Ryder

12.1.1 Counter Electrode Reactions

401

(7)

12.1.1.1 Pretreatment Protocol

405

(3)

References

408

(1)

12.2 Reference Electrodes for Use in Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids

408

(16)

Douglas R. MacFarlane

12.2.1 What Is a Reference Electrode?

408

(2)

12.2.2 Essential Characteristics of a Reference Electrode

410

(1)

12.2.3 Pseudo-Reference Electrodes and Internal Redox Reference Couples

411

(1)

12.2.4 Liquid Junction Potentials

412

(1)

12.2.5 Reference Electrodes in RTILs: What Has Been Used?

412

(5)

12.2.6 Recommendations and Comments

417

(5)

12.2.6.1 When and How Can I Use a Pseudo-Reference Electrode in Voltammetry?

417

(3)

12.2.6.2 How Do I Conduct an Electrosynthetic Experiment under Potential Control?

420

(1)

12.2.6.3 What Options Are Available for Rigorous, Quantitative Voltammetry?

420

(2)

References

422

(2)

12.3 Process Scale-Up

424

(14)

Andrew P. Abbott

12.3.1 Chromium

424

(1)

12.3.2 Zinc Alloys

424

(2)

12.3.3 Immersion Silver

426

(1)

12.3.4 Electropolishing

427

(3)

12.3.5 General Issues

430

(1)

12.3.6 Material Compatibility

430

(1)

12.3.7 Pretreatment Protocols

431

(1)

12.3.8 Conductivity and Added Electrolytes

432

(4)

12.3.8.1 Brighteners

433

(1)

12.3.8.2 Counter Electrode Reactions

434

(1)

12.3.8.3 Posttreatment Protocols and Waste Treatment

434

(1)

12.3.8.4 Supply

435

(1)

12.3.8.5 Breakdown and Recycling

435

(1)

12.3.9 Conclusions

436

(1)

References

436

(2)

12.4 Toward Regeneration and Reuse of Ionic Liquids in Electroplating

438

(19)

Daniel Watercamp

Jorg Thoming

12.4.1 Introduction

439

(1)

12.4.2 Recovery, Regeneration, and Reuse of Electrolytes in Electroplating

440

(8)

12.4.2.1 The Concept

440

(1)

12.4.2.2 Regeneration Options for Water-Based Process Liquors

441

(3)

12.4.2.3 Regeneration Options for Ionic Liquids in Electroplating

444

(4)

12.4.3 Case Study

448

(4)

12.4.4 Conclusions

452

(1)

Acknowledgments

453

(1)

References

453

(4)

12.5 Impurities

457

(12)

Andrew P. Abbott

Frank Endres

Douglas MacFarlane

12.5.1 Origin of Impurities

457

(2)

12.5.1.1 Synthetic Impurities

457

(1)

12.5.1.2 Water

458

(1)

12.5.1.3 Gaseous Impurities

459

(1)

12.5.1.4 Particulate Impurities

459

(1)

12.5.2 Impurities in Deep Eutectic Solvents

459

(2)

12.5.3 Impact of Impurities on Electrochemistry

461

(6)

A.1 Protocol for the Deposition of Zinc from a Type III Ionic Liquid

467

(1)

A.1.1 Preparation of Ionic Liquids

467

(1)

A.2 Electroplating Experiment

467

(1)

A.2.1 Method

467

(1)

A.2.2 Safety Precautions

468

(1)

References

468

(1)

13 Plating Protocols

469

(14)

Frank Endres

Sherif Zein El Abedin

Douglas R. MacFarlane

Karl S. Ryder

Andrew P. Abbott

13.1 Electrodeposition of Al from [ C2mim]Cl/AlCl3

469

(3)

13.1.1 Experimental Setup

469

(1)

13.1.2 Chemicals and Preparation

470

(1)

13.1.3 Results

470

(2)

13.2 Electrodeposition of Al from 1-Buty1-3-methylimidazoliumchloride- AlCl3-Toluene

472

(1)

13.2.1 Apparatus, Materials, and Chemicals

472

(1)

13.2.2 Preparation of AlCl3-[ C4mim]Cl-Toluene Ionic Liquid Mixture ([ 2:1]:3)

472

(1)

13.2.3 Pretreatments

472

(1)

13.2.3.1 Cathode (Mild Steel Rods)

472

(1)

13.2.3.2 Anode (Al)

473

(1)

13.2.4 Electroplating and Morphology Analysis

473

(1)

13.2.5 Results

473

(1)

13.3 Electrodeposition of Al from [ C2mim] NTf2/AlCl3

473

(3)

13.3.1 Experimental Setup

474

(1)

13.3.2 Chemicals and Preparation

474

(1)

13.3.3 Results

475

(1)

13.4 Electrodeposition of Al from [ C4mpyr]NTf2/AlCl3

476

(1)

13.4.1 Experimental Setup

476

(1)

13.4.2 Chemicals and Preparation

476

(1)

13.4.3 Results

476

(1)

13.5 Electrodeposition of Li from [ C4mpyr]NTf2/LiNTf2

477

(2)

13.6 Electrodeposition of Ta from [ C4mpyr]NTf2

479

(1)

13.6.1 Electrodes

479

(1)

13.6.2 Chemicals

479

(1)

13.6.3 Results

479

(1)

13.7 Electrodeposition of Zinc Coatings from a Choline Chloride: Ethylene-Glycol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent

480

(1)

13.7.1 Experimental Setup

480

(1)

13.7.2 Pretreatment

480

(1)

13.7.3 Results

481

(1)

13.8 Electrodeposition of Nickel Coatings from a Choline Chloride: Ethylene-Glycol-Based Deep Eutectic Solvent

481

(1)

References

482

(1)

14 Future Directions and Challenges

483

(8)

Frank Endres

Andrew P Abbott

Douglas MacFarlane

14.1 Impurities

483

(2)

14.2 Counter Electrodes/Compartments

485

(1)

14.3 Ionic Liquids for Reactive (Nano)materials

486

(1)

14.4 Nanomaterials/Nanoparticles

486

(1)

14.5 Cation/Anion Effects

487

(1)

14.6 Polymers for Batteries and Solar Cells

487

(1)

14.7 Variable-Temperature Studies

488

(1)

14.8 Intrinsic Process Safety

488

(1)

14.9 Economics (Price, Recycling)

489

(1)

14.10 Fundamental Knowledge Gaps

490

(1)

Index

491

Frank Endres studied chemistry and physics at Saarland University, Germany, gaining his doctorate in 1996. He obtained his lecturing qualification at Karlsruhe University in 2002, since when he has been a full professor at Clausthal University of Technology.

Andrew Abbott gained his PhD in electrochemistry from Southampton University in 1989. Following post-doctoral studies at the universities of Connecticut and Liverpool, he became a lecturer at the University of Leicester in 1993, and Professor of Physical Chemistry there in 2005. Since 1999, Professor Abbott has been Research Director of Scionix Ltd.

Professor Doug MacFarlane leads the Monash Ionic Liquids Group at Monash University. He is currently the holder of an Australian Research Council Laureate Fellowship. He is also the Program Leader of the Energy Program in the Australian Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science. His group focuses on a range of aspects of ionic liquids and their application in the energy sciences and sustainable chemistry. Professor MacFarlane was a BSc(Hons) graduate of Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand and then undertook his graduate work in the Angell group at Purdue University, Indiana, graduating in 1983. After postdoctoral fellowships in France and New Zealand he took up an academic position at Monash. He has been a Professor of Chemistry at Monash since 1995 and was Head of School 2003-2006.

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E-raamat: Electrodeposition from Ionic Liquids 2e 2nd Edition [Wiley Online]

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