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E-raamat: Electromagnetic Well Logging - Models for MWD/LWD Interpretation and Tool Design: Models for MWD / LWD Interpretation and Tool Design [Wiley Online]

  • Formaat: 632 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1118835077
  • ISBN-13: 9781118835074
Teised raamatud teemal:
  • Wiley Online
  • Hind: 212,46 €*
  • * hind, mis tagab piiramatu üheaegsete kasutajate arvuga ligipääsu piiramatuks ajaks
Electromagnetic Well Logging - Models for MWD/LWD Interpretation and Tool Design: Models for MWD / LWD Interpretation and Tool DesignSuurem pilt
  • Formaat: 632 pages
  • Ilmumisaeg: 13-May-2014
  • Kirjastus: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 1118835077
  • ISBN-13: 9781118835074
Teised raamatud teemal:
Wiley Online e-raamatudRohkem infot Wiley Online kohta
Raamatu kodulehekülg: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118835074
"Almost all publications on borehole electromagnetics deal with idealizations that are not acceptable physically, and unfortunately, even these models are company proprietary. On the other hand, 'exact models' are only available through detailed finite element or finite difference analysis, and more often than not, simply describe case studies for special applications. In either case, the models are not available for general use and the value of the publications is questionable. This new approach provides a rigorous, fully three-dimensional solution to the general problem, developed over almost two decades by a researcher familiar with practical applications and mathematical modeling. Completely validated against exact solutions and physics-based checks through over a hundred documented examples, the self-contained model (with special built-in matrix solvers and iteration algorithms) with a 'plain English graphical user interface' has been optimized to run extremely fast--seconds per run as opposed tominutes and hours--and then automatically presents all electric and magnetic field results through integrated three-dimensional color graphics. In addition to state-of-the-art algorithms, basic 'utility programs' are also developed, such as simple dipolemethods, Biot-Savart large diameter models, nonlinear phase and amplitude interpolation algorithms, and so on. Incredibly useful to oilfield practitioners, this volume is a must-have for serious professionals in the field, and all the algorithms have undergone a laborious validation process with real use in the field"--

"The book explains why the completely new model succeeds where others fail, and demonstrates through numerous validated examples several suites of important 'hands on' applications"--



Preface xv
1 Motivating Ideas - General Formulation and Results 1(36)
1.1 Overview
1(1)
1.2 Introduction
2(2)
1.3 Physical Model and Numerical Formulation
4(9)
1.3.1 Design philosophy
4(1)
1.3.2 New discretization approach
4(1)
1.3.3 Analytical formulation
5(1)
1.3.4 An alternative approach
6(4)
1.3.5 Solution philosophy
10(1)
1.3.6 Governing equations
11(1)
1.3.7 Finite difference methodology
11(2)
1.4 Validation Methodology
13(3)
1.4.1 Fundamental physics
14(1)
1.4.2 Biot-Savart finite coil validations
14(1)
1.4.3 Analytical dipole validations
15(1)
1.4.4 Fully three-dimensional solutions
15(1)
1.5 Practical Applications
16(18)
1.5.1 Example
1. Granularity transition to coil source
16(3)
1.5.2 Example
2. Magnetic field, coil alone
19(1)
1.5.3 Example
3. Steel mandrel at dip
20(2)
1.5.4 Example
4. Conductive mud effects in wireline and MWD logging
22(2)
1.5.5 Example
5. Longitudinal magnetic fields
24(4)
1.5.6 Example
6. Elliptical coils
28(2)
1.5.7 Example
7. Calculating electromotive force
30(2)
1.5.8 Example
8. Detailed incremental readings
32(1)
1.5.9 Example
9. Coil residing along bed interface
33(1)
1.6 Closing Remarks
34(1)
1.7 References
35(2)
2 Detailed Theory and Numerical Analysis 37(105)
2.1 Overview
37(3)
2.2 Introduction
40(7)
2.2.1 Physical and mathematical complications
40(1)
2.2.2 Numerical challenges
41(1)
2.2.3 Alternative approaches
42(1)
2.2.4 Project summary
43(4)
2.3 Preliminary Mathematical Considerations
47(11)
2.3.1 General governing differential equations
48(1)
2.3.2 Anisotropic model
48(1)
2.3.3 Equivalent vector and scalar potential formulation
49(2)
2.3.4 Recapitulation and mathematical observations
51(1)
2.3.5 Matching conditions at bed interfaces
52(3)
2.3.6 Exact surface charge modeling
55(2)
2.3.7 Constant frequency analysis
57(1)
2.4 Boundary Value Problem Formulation
58(8)
2.4.1 Model for weak charge buildup
59(3)
2.4.2 Distributed surface charge
62(1)
2.4.3 Predictor-corrector model for strong polarization
63(1)
2.4.4 Fully coupled model for strong polarization
64(2)
2.5 Computational Issues and Strategies
66(14)
2.5.1 Alternative computational approaches
67(1)
2.5.2 Difference model at field points within layers
68(1)
2.5.3 Discontinuous functions and normal derivatives
69(2)
2.5.4 Scalar potential solution
71(1)
2.5.5 No limiting assumptions
72(1)
2.5.6 Logging tool mandrels
72(1)
2.5.7 Matrix analysis
73(1)
2.5.8 Programming notes
74(1)
2.5.9 Validation procedures
74(6)
2.6 Typical Simulation Results
80(32)
2.6.1 Example
1. Vertical hole, 20 KHz
80(1)
2.6.2 Example
2. Vertical hole, 2 MHz
80(1)
2.6.3 Example
3. Vertical hole, 2 MHz, collar
80(4)
2.6.4 Example
4. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 20 KHz
84(4)
2.6.5 Example
5. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 2 MHz
88(4)
2.6.6 Example
6. Tilted beds, 60° dip, 2 MHz
92(1)
2.6.7 Example
7. Tilted beds, 75° dip, 2 MHz
93(2)
2.6.8 Example
8. Tilted beds, 90° dip, 2 MHz
95(3)
2.6.9 Example
9. 90° dip, 2 Hz, with collar
98(3)
2.6.10 Example
10. Anisotropic effects
101(2)
2.6.11 Example
11. More anisotropic effects
103(2)
2.6.12 Example
12. Transmitter placement
105(1)
2.6.13 Example
13. More, transmitter placement
106(2)
2.6.14 Example
14. Double bed intersections
108(4)
2.7 Post-Processing and Applications
112(14)
2.7.1 Amplitude and phase
112(4)
2.7.2 Effects of interfacial surface charge
116(2)
2.7.3 Cylindrical radial coordinates
118(3)
2.7.4 Coordinate system notes
121(3)
2.7.5 Magnetic field modeling
124(2)
2.8 Restrictions with Fast Multi-frequency Methods
126(2)
2.8.1 Method 1
126(1)
2.8.2 Method 2
127(1)
2.9 Receiver Design Philosophy
128(3)
2.10 Description of Output Files
131(7)
2.10.1 Output Answer.Dat files in rectangular coordinates
131(4)
2.10.2 Output 'Quiklook.Dat' files in rectangular coordinates
135(1)
2.10.3 Output functions in cylindrical coordinates
135(1)
2.10.4 Typical "Point Summary" output
135(2)
2.10.5 Additional simulation files
137(1)
2.10.6 Creating color plots in planes perpendicular to z coordinate surfaces
137(1)
2.11 Apparent Resistivity Using Classic Dipole Solution
138(1)
2.12 Coordinate Conventions for Mud and Invasion Modeling
139(1)
2.12.1 Modeling borehole mud and invaded zones
139(1)
2.13 Generalized Fourier Integral for Transient Sounding
140(1)
2.14 References
141(1)
3 Validations - Qualitative Benchmarks 142(138)
3.1 Overview
142(6)
3.2 Introductory Problems
148(97)
3.2.1 Example
1. Horizontal "coil alone," vertical well in homogeneous un-layered medium
148(18)
3.2.1.1 Validation of results
152(1)
3.2.1.2 Understanding electric fields
153(3)
3.2.1.3 Understanding magnetic fields
156(7)
3.2.1.4 Understanding point summaries
163(3)
3.2.2 Example
2. Vertical "coil alone horizontal well in homogeneous unlayered medium
166(6)
3.2.3 Example
3. 45 degree "coil alone" problem in homogeneous unlayered medium
172(9)
3.2.4 Example
4. Ninety degree dip, three-layer problem, "coil alone"
181(15)
3.2.4.1 Understanding interfacial surface charge
193(3)
3.2.5 Example
5. Ninety degree dip, three-layer problem, "steel mandrel"
196(3)
3.2.6 Example
6. Forty-five degree dip, three-layer problem, "coil alone"
199(23)
3.2.7 Example
7. Fully 3D, anisotropic, three-layer problem, with non-dipolar transmitter coil residing across three thin beds
222(23)
3.3 Advanced Problems
245(32)
3.3.1 Example
1. Vertical hole, 20 KHz
245(2)
3.3.2 Example
2. Vertical hole, 2 MHz
247(1)
3.3.3 Example
3. Vertical hole, 2 MHz, collar
248(1)
3.3.4 Example
4. Titled beds, 45° dip, 20 KHz
249(4)
3.3.5 Example
5. Tilted beds, 45° dip, 2 MHz
253(4)
3.3.6 Example
6. Tilted beds, 60° dip, 2 MHz
257(1)
3.3.7 Example
7. Tilted beds, 75° dip, 2 MHz
258(2)
3.3.8 Example
8. Tilted beds, 90° dip, 2 MHz
260(3)
3.3.9 Example
9. 90° dip, 2 MHz, with collar
263(2)
3.3.10 Example
10. Anisotropic effects
265(2)
3.3.11 Example
11. More anisotropic effects
267(2)
3.3.12 Example
12. Transmitter placement
269(2)
3.3.13 Example
13. More, transmitter placement
271(2)
3.3.14 Example
14. Double bed intersections
273(4)
3.4 Sign Conventions and Validation Methodology
277(2)
3.5 References
279(1)
4 Validations - Quantitative Benchmarks at 0° and 90° 280(76)
4.1 Overview
280(1)
4.2 Wireline Validations in Homogeneous Media
281(23)
4.2.1 Simplified analytical models and comparison objectives
281(6)
4.2.1.1 Classical dipole model
281(2)
4.2.1.2 Nonconductive Biot-Savart model
283(1)
4.2.1.3 Electromagnetic versus simulation parameters
284(2)
4.2.1.4 Reiteration of basic ideas
286(1)
4.2.2 Inverse dependence of magnetic field source strength on coil diameter
287(4)
4.2.3 Calculating transmitter magnetic field source strength
291(1)
4.2.4 Validating receiver Bimag/Breal ratio on a wide range of variable grids
292(7)
4.2.4.1 Stretching Simulation Set No. 1
294(1)
4.2.4.2 Stretching Simulation Set No. 2
295(1)
4.2.4.3 Stretching Simulation Set No. 3
296(1)
4.2.4.4 Stretching Simulation Set No. 4
297(2)
4.2.5 Simulations holding resistivity fixed, with frequency varying
299(3)
4.2.6 Simulations holding frequency fixed, with resistivity varying
302(2)
4.3 Wireline Validations in Two-Layer Inhomogeneous Media
304(24)
4.3.1 Remarks and observations
304(4)
4.3.1.1 Detailed simulation results
306(1)
4.3.1.2 Simulation differences explained
306(2)
4.3.2 One inch diameter transmitter, vertical well
308(6)
4.3.2.1 Run 22a highlights
309(3)
4.3.2.2 Run 22b highlights
312(1)
4.3.2.3 Run 22c highlights
313(1)
4.3.3 Six inch diameter transmitter, vertical well
314(3)
4.3.3.1 Run 23a highlights
314(1)
4.3.3.2 Run 23b highlights
315(1)
4.3.3.3 Run 23c highlights
316(1)
4.3.4 One inch diameter transmitter, horizontal well
317(8)
4.3.4.1 Run 25a highlights
318(2)
4.3.4.2 Run 25b highlights
320(4)
4.3.4.3 Run 25c highlights
324(1)
4.3.5 Six inch diameter transmitter, horizontal well
325(3)
4.3.5.1 Run 26a highlights
325(1)
4.3.5.2 Run 26b highlights
326(1)
4.3.5.3 Run 26c highlights
327(1)
4.4 Electric and Magnetic Field Sensitive Volume Analysis for Resistivity and NMR Applications
328(12)
4.4.1 Depth of electromagnetic investigation in layered media with dip
328(1)
4.4.2 Typical layered media simulations (Cases 1-5)
329(11)
4.5 MWD "Steel Collar" and Wireline Computations in Homogeneous and Nonuniform Layered Dipping Media
340(7)
4.5.1 Wireline vs MWD logging scenarios
340(1)
4.5.2 Wireline "coil alone" simulation in uniform media
341(1)
4.5.3 MWD "steel drill collar" simulation in uniform media
342(2)
4.5.4 Wireline "coil alone" simulation in layered media
344(1)
4.5.5 MWD "steel drill collar" simulation in layered media
345(2)
4.6 Exact Drill Collar Validation Using Shen Analytical Solution
347(2)
4.7 Dipole Interpolation Formula Validation in Farfield
349(3)
4.8 Magnetic Dipole Validation in Two-Layer Formation
352(3)
4.9 References
355(1)
5 Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles 356(26)
5.1 Overview
356(1)
5.2 Limit
1. No Collar, No Mud
356(7)
5.2.1 Observations on variable mesh system
357(1)
5.2.2 Review of results for 0° and 90°
358(1)
5.2.3 Validation for general dip angles
359(4)
5.3 Limit
2. Collar Only, No Mud
363(8)
5.4 Limit
3. Mud Only, No Collar
371(6)
5.5 Limit
4. Collar and Mud
377(5)
6 Validations - Quantitative Benchmarks at Deviated Angles with Borehole Mud and Eccentricity 382(58)
6.1 Overview
382(1)
6.2 Repeat Validations
382(57)
6.2.1 Simulation Set
1. Objective, validate steel drill collar logic for 6 inch transmitter coil in homogeneous medium, with borehole radius of "0" meaning "no mud" first. Later on, add mud effects
382(1)
6.2.2 Simulation Set
2. Objective, borehole modeling at 0 deg dip, vertical well application. Here, 1 ωm formation runs next, model the borehole with 0.01ωm if there is a hole, so we can "see" 0.02 its attenuative effects quickly
383(1)
6.2.3 Simulation Set
3. Objective, repeat calculations immediately above, but for 90 deg dip, horizontal well application. Intention is to duplicate above results with differently oriented logic loop
383(1)
6.2.4 Simulation Set
4. Objective, repeat work just above, but for 45° dip deviated well. Intention to duplicate prior results with differently oriented logic loop
383(1)
6.2.5 Simulation Set
5. Objective, next test eccentering of borehole relative to coil center, using our vertical well logic
384(35)
6.2.6 Simulation Set
6. Objective, test a 45° deviated well run with color reporting
419(7)
6.2.7 Simulation Set
7. Objective, consider magnetic fields with color reporting and validation, i.e., depth of investigation in layered media with dip
426(14)
6.2.7.1 Advanced electromagnetic modeling
426(2)
6.2.7.2 Layered media simulations
428(7)
6.2.7.3 Discussion
435(2)
6.2.7.4 Concluding remarks
437(2)
6.3 References
439(1)
7 Validations - Receiver Voltage Response and Apparent Resistivity 440(51)
7.1 Overview
440(1)
7.2 Focused Studies
440(45)
7.2.1 Pitfalls in calculating receiver voltage response using classical formula
440(10)
7.2.2 Operating the "custom receiver design" interface
450(3)
7.2.3 Validating receiver voltage calculations at different dip angles
453(21)
7.2.4 Apparent resistivity predictions can be dangerous
474(2)
7.2.5 Receiver voltage response in deviated wells without collars
476(6)
7.2.6 Apparent resistivity calculations, classical dipole versus 3D finite difference method for small 1 inch diameter coil shows consistent agreement
482(3)
7.3 General Transmitter Design Philosophy
485(2)
7.4 General Receiver Design Philosophy
487(3)
7.5 Apparent Resistivity Estimation from Classic Dipole Model
490(1)
8 Simulator Overview and Feature Summary 491(28)
8.1 Overview
491(2)
8.2 Simulator Comparisons
493(3)
8.3 Technical Specifications
496(2)
8.4 Advanced Logging Applications
498(1)
8.4.1 Constant frequency electromagnetic tool operation
498(1)
8.4.2 Nuclear magnetic imaging
498(1)
8.4.3 Pulsed resistivity logging
499(1)
8.4.4 Downhole hardware design
499(1)
8.5 Formulation Features
499(4)
8.5.1 Partial differential equations
499(1)
8.5.2 Transmitter coil modeling
500(1)
8.5.3 Boundary conditions
501(1)
8.5.4 Finite difference grid system
501(1)
8.5.5 Electromagnetic properties
502(1)
8.6 Computational Technology
503(1)
8.7 User Interface
504(1)
8.8 Integrated Utility Programs
505(1)
8.9 Detailed Output and Integrated Graphics
506(1)
8.10 System Requirements
507(1)
8.11 Validation Approach
508(2)
8.11.1 Fundamental physical validations
508(1)
8.11.2 Biot-Savart finite coil validations
509(1)
8.11.3 Analytical dipole validations
509(1)
8.11.4 More demanding validations
510(1)
8.12 Simulator Speed Analysis
510(1)
8.13 Sample User Interface Screens
511(6)
8.14 Transmitter and Receiver Design Interface
517(2)
9 Simulator Tutorials and Validation Problems 519(64)
9.1 Problem Set
1. Dipole and Biot-Savart Model Consistency - Validating Magnetic Fields
520(8)
9.2 Problem Set
2. Validating Farfield Phase Predictions
528(4)
9.3 Problem Set
3. Drill Collar Model Consistency - Exact Drill Collar Validation Using Shen Analytical Solution
532(2)
9.4 Problem Set
4. Magnetic Dipole in Two-Layer Formation
534(4)
9.5 Problem Set
5. Effects of Eccentricity and Invasion
538(4)
9.6 Problem Set
6. A Complicated Horizontal Well Geology
542(4)
9.7 Problem Set
7. Effects of Layering, Anisotropy and Dip
546(8)
9.8 Problem Set
8. Transmitter and Receiver Design
554(6)
9.9 Problem Set
9. Apparent Anisotropic Resistivities for Electromagnetic Logging Tools in Horizontal Wells
560(17)
9.10 Problem Set
10. Apparent Anisotropic Resistivities for Borehole Effects - Invasion and Eccentricity
577(6)
Cumulative References 583(2)
Index 585(6)
About the Author 591
Wilson C. Chin, who earned his PhD from MIT and MSc from Caltech, heads StrataMagnetic Software, LLC in Houston, which develops mathematical modeling software for formation testing, MWD telemetry, borehole electromagnetics, well logging, reservoir engineering, and managed pressure drilling. He is the author of ten books, more than 100 papers, and over forty patents.
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